中考复习专题 形容词和副词 19页

专题六 形容词和副词 ‎ 形容词 形容词表示人或事物的属性、特征，通常在句子中充当定语、表语和宾语补足语，如：I saw an interesting movie last night. （定语） We painted the wall blue.（宾语补足语） This way is useful to help students study well.（表语）但少数形容词如little（少的）、live（活的）、elder、 eldest等只做定语，而afraid、awake 、alone 、 asleep、 alive、ill 、worth 等形容词只能做表语。‎ 一、形容词的位置 ‎1.形容词做定语时，一般放在被修饰词前。多个形容词修饰同一个名词时，一般排列的顺序是：限定词（冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词、名词所有格等）+序数词+基数词+性质+大小+形状+颜色+来源+材料+质量或用途+名词，意义上与被修饰的名词关系越紧密，则越靠近名词，如：a high red brick wall three little round balls 形容词的位置：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。‎ ‎2.如果形容词修饰的是any, some, no, every等构成的复合不定代词时，必须后置，如：something important nothing wrong ‎3.形容词enough修饰名词时，可前置或后置，当它作为副词修饰形容词或副词时只能后置。‎ ‎4.表示长、宽、高、深、浅、厚、薄、年龄大小等形容词修饰数词短语时后置，如：four meters high three years old 二、形容词的级 大多数形容词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，用于表示人或事物之间的不同程度。通常形式的形容词称原级，在两个人或事物之间的比较用比较级（较……，更……），三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较用最高级（最……）。‎ ‎1.形容词比较等级的构成 ‎1）单音节和少数双音节形容词 ‎①在原级的词尾加‐er构成比较级，加‐est构成最高级：fast –faster-fastest new- newer- newest ‎②以-e结尾的原级，只在词尾加-r构成比较级，加-st构成最高级：nice- nicer- nicest large- larger- largest ‎③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的原级，要把-y变为i再加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级：happy- happier- happiest early- earlier- earliest ‎④原级以重读闭音节结尾，而末尾只有一个辅音字母时要双写 这个辅音字母，再加-er和-est，构成比较级 和最高级：fat- fatter- fattest hot- hotter- hottest ‎2）多数双音节和多音节形容词，是在原级前加more构成比较级，在原级前most加构成最高级：useful- more useful- most useful beautiful- more beautiful- most beautiful ‎3）少数形容词的比较级和最高级的构成是不规则的，需要逐个记忆 ‎ 原级 ‎ 比较级 ‎ 最高级 good well ‎ better ‎ best ‎ bad ill ‎ worse ‎ worst many much ‎ more ‎ most ‎ little ‎ less ‎ least ‎ far ‎ farther further ‎ farthest furthest ‎ old older elder Oldest eldest ‎ 其中，older 和oldest指事物的新旧或人的年龄大小，而elder和eldest指辈分的长幼，如：an older house the oldest man my elder sister farther和farthest指具体的距离远近，而further和furthest指抽象的程度深浅，如：‎ It is farther from our school to the museum than to the park. ‎ Could you understand the further meaning of this word?‎ 注：通常，下列形容词没有比较等级 ‎①以-ly结尾的形容词，如：monthly, friendly, daily, sisterly等；‎ ‎②表示事物性质、材料成分的形容词，如：wooden, electric等；‎ ‎③表示国籍的形容词，如：Chinese, American等；‎ ‎④表示方位的形容词，如：eastern, southwestern等；‎ ‎⑤表示时间和顺序的形容词，如：present, future, past, next, first等 ；‎ ‎⑥表示数量和部分形容词，如：unique, double, several, whole, complete等；‎ ‎⑦表示形状的形容词，如：round等；‎ ‎⑧部分表示状态的形容词，如：asleep, awake, blind, afraid, ill等；‎ ‎⑨已包含“最高级”意义的形容词，如：perfect, favourite等。‎ ‎2.形容词的比较等级的用法 ‎1）“as+形容词原级+as”，表示两者在某方面程度“相等”，否定式“as(so)+形容词原级+as”，表示两者在某方面程度“不如”：It isn’t as(so) cold today ‎ as it was yesterday.‎ ‎2）表示倍数时，用“倍数+as+形容词原级+as”，如：This room is three times as large as that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。‎ ‎3）“形容词比较级+than”，表示在某方面程度上“超过”，如：She is younger than I. I read more books than you read.‎ 注：形容词的比较级前可以被much, far, a lot, a bit, still, no, a little, even, any等修饰，如：Your school is a little bigger than ours. The pollution is far more serious than before.‎ ‎4）“形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”，表示“越来越……”，如：In summer, it’s getting hotter and hotter. I become more and more interested in physics.‎ ‎5）“the+形容词比较级…+the+形容词比较级”， 表示“越……就越……”，如：The more you do exercise, the healthier you will become. The sooner, the better.‎ ‎6）no more than 和not more than的区别 no more than= only仅仅，不过；not more than= at most 最多，不超过。‎ She has learnt no more than 1000‎ ‎ words.她仅仅学了1000个单词。‎ She has learnt not more than 1000 words.她最多学了1000个单词。‎ ‎7) no less than和 not less than的区别 no less than= as many as 多达，强调“多”； not less than= not fewer than, at least至少。‎ No less than 200 people died in this accident.在事故中死亡人数多达200人。‎ Not less than 200 people died in this accident.在这场事故中至少有200人死亡。‎ ‎8)三者或三者以上比较，表示其中一个在某方面程度最高时，用最高级，常用结构是“ the+最高级+（表范围的短语或从句）”，如： The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 注：形容词最高级前一般要加the，但有物主代词修饰时，则不用加the 。最高级可以被序数词和 much, by far, nearly, almost等副词修饰。‎ ‎9)比较级表示最高级 比较级+than+ any other+单数名词/ +all the other+复数名词 /any of the other+复数名词/ +anyone(anything)else ‎ 10）能修饰比较级的词：‎ 四A确实仍然没有任何马骑，甚至说，怎么走远？‎ 四A：a lot 、 a little、 a bit、 a great deal 确实：rather 仍然：still 没有：no 任何：any 马骑：much 甚至：even 远：far ‎ 副词 ‎ 副词表示时间、地点、方式、程度等，主要用于修饰形容词、动词、副词或整个句子。许多副词是由形容词+ -ly构成的，如happily, carefully, slowly等，但以- ly结尾的不一定是副词，而依然是形容词，如：friendly, daily, lovely, likely, lively等。此外，一些形容词本身也可以做副词，加上- ly也是副词，但意义不同，如：late晚 - lately 最近 close 紧挨地 - closely 紧紧地 deep 深- deeply 深深地（程度），hard 努力地- hardly 几乎不 一、副词的分类 ‎1.时间副词，如：now ago before later already soon recently ‎2.地点副词，如：here there above below outside inside away around ‎3.方式副词，如：carefully well badly slowly politely fast ‎4.程度副词，如：very quite much so almost nearly completely ‎5.频率副词，如：always often usually sometimes ‎ ‎ never ‎6.否定副词，如：hardly never seldom ‎7.疑问副词（用于特殊疑问句句首），如：how when why where how many ‎ ‎8.连接副词，如：otherwise or（否则） yet so then 此外，还有引导从句的关系副词when, why, where, 等。‎ 二、副词的位置 ‎1.多数副词放在其所修饰的动词之后，如：We run fast to the school.‎ ‎2.时间、地点副词放在句首、句末，如：The boy is reading now.(Now the boy is reading.) ‎ The bus comes there. Here he lived for several years.‎ ‎3.方式副词可放在句首、句中或句末，如：Quietly, she took off her shoes. He suddenly shouted at us. We live here happily.‎ ‎4.程度副词、否定副词和频率副词放在be动词，情情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前，如：‎ Our teacher is always busy. He can hardly look after her, after he moved.‎ We have never seen such a beautiful place. I almost forget to turn off the tap.‎ ‎5.程度副词放在被修饰的形容词和副词前：‎ She is very beautiful. The price is much higher. The students read quite carefully. 但副词 enough 只放在其修饰的形容词和副词后，如：He runs quickly enough.‎ 三、副词的比较等级 和形容词一样，副词的比较等级也有三级：原级，比较级和最高级。副词比较等级的构成也有规则和不规则的两种，规则的构成方法和形容词比较等级的构成基本一致：①在单节词和个别双音词后加- er, - est构成比较级和最高级。②在多音节词和大部分双音节词前加more和most来构成最高级。‎ ‎ 原级 ‎ 比较级 ‎ 最高级 ‎ well ‎ better ‎ best ‎ badly ‎ worse ‎ worst ‎ much ‎ more ‎ most little （少）‎ ‎ less ‎ least ‎ far farther further farther further 注意：有相当多的副词是没有比较等级的。构成等级的副词大部分是一些方式副词。副词比较等级的用法与形容词比较等级的用法相似：She writes faster than he. A bird doesn’t fly as fast as a plane.‎ 副词最高级前的定冠词the可加也可不加。‎ 四、没有比较等级的形容词和副词 ‎1.表示比较和特殊意义的形容词和副词：special(ly), comparative(ly), relative(ly), particular(ly)等；‎ ‎2.表示绝对意义的形容词和副词：perfect(ly), absolute(ly), entire(ly), whol(ly),total(ly)等；‎ ‎3.表示大小、极限、主次、上下、对错等意义的形容词和副词；‎ ‎4.表示性质特征、形状及状态的形容词和副词；‎ ‎5.表示独一无二的意义的形容词和副词；‎ ‎6.表示国籍、时间、方位的形容词和副词。‎ 五、几组常用副词辨析 ‎1.almost, nearly almost和nearly意思均为“几乎，差不多”，经常可以换用。almost语气较nearly强，且不能和not直接连用，但可与其他否定词如no, never, none, nothing, nobody连用。‎ ‎2. hard, hardly Hard:“困难地，努力地，费力地”；hardly：“几乎不”。‎ ‎3. aloud, loud, loudly aloud：adv. “出声地”‎ ‎，不强调声音的大小，故没有比较等级；‎ loud：adj.“大声的，吵闹的”，强调很大的声音，甚至还有嘈杂声，它的副词是loudly。‎ ‎4. very, much, very much very 和 much 都可用于修饰形容词或副词，并放在形容词或副词之前，表示“非常”。修饰形容词或副词的比较级和介词词组，以及和 too连用时，只能用 much，如：‎ It is much better to give up smoking.‎ You talked too much just now. It is much too warm here.‎ very much 用于修饰动词，一般放在句子的末尾，如： I like seeing this movie very much.‎ ‎5. very, too very “非常”，含褒义： Our classroom is very bright.‎ too “太”，含贬义： It is too loud. I can’t do my homework now!‎ ‎6. much too, too much much too: “太”，相当于too，修饰形容词或副词，但语气更强。‎ too much: “太多的”，修饰动词或不可数名词(too many修饰可数名词复数)。 ‎ The shoes are much too small for me. He eats too much.‎ ‎7. alone, lonely alone: adv.“独自地，单独地”，意指行为； lonely: adj.“孤独的，寂寞的”，意指心情。‎ Be alone feel lonely ‎8. also, either, too 这三个副词的意思都是“也”，但用法有区别 also 用于肯定句，放在行为动词之前，系动词或助动词之后； either也用于否定句，但放在句末，且前边一般有“，”； too用于肯定句，放在句末，前边一般也有“，”。‎ ‎9. late, lately late: “晚地”； lately:“最近，近来”‎ 名词变形容词 名变形，有多种，下列情况最常用：‎ 时间、称谓是一种，一般常把-ly用；‎ 天气名词要记清，后缀-y变成形；‎ 情感名词又一类，-ful 后缀。‎ 名 次 构成方法 意 义 举 例 表示天气的名词 ‎-y 充满…的 多…的 cloudy sunny windy icey 表示方位的名词 ‎-ern ‎…方位的 朝…方的 western southern eastern northern 表示称谓的名词 ‎-ly ‎…般的 friendly motherly brotherly 表示时间的名词 ‎-ly 每…的 weekly daily yearly 表示物质的名词 ‎-en ‎-y ‎…制成的 ‎…般的 wooden golden sandy stoney 表示情感的名词 ‎-ful ‎…的 有…的 careful helpful beautiful useful ‎-y ‎…的 Lucky healthy noisey ‎-less 不…的 无…的 Careless homeless hopeless 表示大洲与国家 ‎-n ‎…的 ‎…人的 American Russian ‎【例题精析】‎ 例1.You shouldn’t buy many eggs, because there are _______ in the fridge.‎ A.too much B.much too C.many too D.too many 解析：too much太多，修饰不可数名词，而too many则可修饰可数名词；much too太，十分，修饰形容词和副词。本题中egg是可数名词。答案：D 。‎ 例2.Jack works ______ in his group but Mike hardly works.‎ A. hard B. hardly C. hardest D. harder 解析：注意hard和hardly的区别：hard努力地，harder和hardest分别是它的比较级和最高级；hardly几乎不。“in his group”暗示了最高级的范围，说明杰克工作最努力，但迈克几乎不工作。答案：C 。‎ 例3.It was so ______ a story that quite a few children were______ to tears.‎ A. moved, moving B. moved, moved ‎ C. moving, moved D. moving, moving 解析：以- ed结尾的形容词意义是“感到……的”，通常修饰人，以- ing结尾的形容词则意义是“令人……的”，通常修饰事物。答案：C 。‎ 专题测试 ‎1. This ______ girl is Linda’s cousin.‎ A.pretty little Spanish B.Spanish little pretty ‎ C.Spanish pretty little D.little pretty Spanish ‎2.The horse is getting old and can’t run ___ it did.‎ A. as faster as B. so fast than ‎ ‎ C. as fast as D. so faster as ‎3. We listened ________ him.‎ A. carefully enough to catch ‎ ‎ B. carefully enough catching C. enough carefully to catch ‎ ‎ D. enough carefully catching ‎4.The pears of this kind taste___and sell___ .‎ A. well, well B. well, good ‎ C. good, well D. good, good ‎5. BBC English is ___ to the people who want to practice listening.‎ A. great use B. great useful ‎ C. of great use D. of great useful ‎6.England, USA and Australia are all___countries.‎ A. English-speaking B. English- spoken C. speaking- English D. spoken- English ‎7. The novel which the professor asked us to finish within a week is __ too difficult for us.‎ A. rather B. very C. quite D. fairly ‎8.Jack’s ___ brother is 3 years ___ than he is.‎ A. elder, elder B. elder, older ‎ ‎ C. older, older D. older, elder ‎9. The Yangtze Rive is longer than ______ rivers in China.‎ A. all B. any C. any other D. some ‎10.─Is the old man _____ ?‎ ‎ ─Yes, he lives by himself, but he never feels ___,for he is often cared for by the neighborhood.‎ A. lonely, alone B. lonely, lonely ‎ C. alone, lonely D. alone, a lone ‎11.Put on your coat before you go out. It’s ____ cold outside.‎ A.too much B.too many C.much too D.many too ‎12. Few of us like him because he thinks ___ of other than of himself.‎ A. little B. much less C. much D. much more ‎13. We decided to put off going outing in case it will rain ____.‎ A.strongly B. hardly C. heavily D. badly ‎14. What _____ it is! How ____ you are!‎ A. funny, fun B. funny, funny ‎ C. fun, fun D. fun, funny ‎15.─Did the medicine make you feel better?‎ ‎ ─No,The more medicine I take,the __ I feel.‎ A. worst B. worse C. bad D. good ‎16. Mr. Smith, ___ of the __ speech, started.‎ A. tiring, bored B. tiring, boring ‎ ‎ C. tired, bored D. tired, boring ‎17.─It’s very ___ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.‎ ‎ ─Mm, it does have a ____ smell.‎ A.pleasant, pleased B.pleasant, pleasant ‎ C. pleased, pleased D. pleased, pleasant ‎18. It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood ___ to her mother.‎ A.close B. closely C.closed D.closing ‎19.Of the two shirts,I’d like to choose ___one.‎ A.the less expensive B.less expensive C. the most expensive D. most expensive ‎20. If the manager has to choose between the two, he would say John was ___ choice.‎ A.good B. the best C. better D.the better ‎21.The students are ___ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty.‎ A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most ‎22.The pianos in the other shop will be ___,but __ .‎ A.cheaper, not as better B.cheaper,not as good ‎ C.more cheaper, not as better D.more cheaper,‎ ‎ not as good ‎23.─How did you find the visit to the museum?‎ ‎ ─I thoroughly enjoy it. It was___than I expected.‎ A.far more interesting B.even much interesting C.so more interesting D.a lot much interesting ‎24.The experiment was ___easier than we had expected.‎ A. more B. much more C. much D. many more ‎25. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes _____ .‎ A. open B. opening C. to be opened D. to open ‎26. She doesn’t speak _____ her friends, but her writing ability is excellent.‎ A. as well as B. as often as C. as good as D. so much as ‎27.──If you don’t like the red coat, take the blue one.‎ ‎ ──OK, but do you have ______ size in blue? This one’s a bit tight for me.‎ A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger ‎28. John plays football ______ , if not better than, David.‎ A. as well B. as well as C. to well D. so well as ‎ ‎29. Tony is going with ______ boys.‎ A. little some other B. some little other ‎ C. some other little D. little other some ‎ ‎30. He is _______ to visit France if he has time and money.‎ A. likely B. possible C. probable D. necessary