中考英语常考语法题型总结超全超实用 24页

‎ 中考英语常考语法题型总结 ‎ 目录 一、冠词 1‎ 二、代词 2‎ 三、名词 5‎ 四、数词 6‎ 五、时态 7‎ 六、形容词、副词 9‎ 七、介词 10‎ 八、连词 11‎ 九、情态动词 13‎ 十、被动语态 14‎ 十一、主谓一致 14‎ 十二、感官动词 15‎ 十三、固定短语 16‎ 十四、情景对话 17‎ 十五、反意疑问句 18‎ 十六、定语从句(状语从句详见连词中的从属连词部分） 19‎ 十七、宾语从句 20‎ 十八、感叹句 21‎ 十九、非谓语动词 22‎ 一、冠词 ‎ 1、定冠词the ‎ （1)表示一家人 ‎ The Smith are very nice to their neighbors. ‎ ‎ The Greens are preparing for the coming Thanksgiving Day.‎ ‎ (2)表示一类人, 谓语用复数 ‎ ‎ The poor sometimes are even happier than the rich. ‎ ‎ (3)表示确定的人或事 ‎ A. 双方都知道的人或事 ‎ ‎ Would mind open the door?‎ ‎ Let’s go to the library ‎ B. 后面有限定的，常常是定语从句。如：Is this the book you talked about yesterday?‎ ‎ (4)独一无二的事物 the sun，the Great Wall. The earth runs around the sun.‎ ‎ (5)序数词、最高级、西洋乐器前 ‎ 序数词。试比较：‎ ‎ A. He got the first prize in the maths competition. (用the，前面无my， his等形容词性物主代词修饰）‎ ‎ B. I got my first birthday gift at the age of ten. (不用the，前面有形容词性物主代词修饰）‎ ‎ 最高级同理，如：‎ ‎ A. I try my best to win the first prize.‎ ‎ B I’m the best.‎ ‎ 西洋乐器前面 ‎ John loves playing the guitar.‎ ‎ Tom loves play football.‎ 2、 不定冠词 a/an ‎ 用于可数名词前，表示一个或一类人或事。‎ ‎ A. I ate an apple this morning ‎ B.Tom bought a toy car for his son.‎ ‎ C. A plane is a machine that can fly. (常用来表示定义）‎ ‎ 以元音开头的字母（非元音字母a, e,i,o,u, 如 an “s”，而不是a “s”)用an. 原理是两个元音连在一起发音有些不便，因此加个辅音”n“隔开。‎ 总结：a/an 与 the 分别对应汉语中的“一+量词（个、本、张...）”、“这/那+量词”‎ 翻译出“一....”的概念的，通常 a/an 没有翻译出“一...”的概念的，通常不用a/an，而用 the 或不用冠词。‎ 如： I saw a cat on the floor. 我看见地板上有一只猫。‎ ‎ What a nice day! 多么美好的一天啊！‎ ‎ A： Did you see a boy around? 你看见附近有一个男孩吗？‎ ‎ B： You mean the one with a hat？ 你指的是带着一顶帽子的那个吗？‎ ‎ Tom usually goes to school by bus. Tom 通常做公交车去上学。‎ ‎ 这里没说坐一辆公交车，故不能用a/an，同时也没特指，所以也不用the，属于零冠词。注：play the piano 属于固定搭配，可以单独记忆。‎ 知识延伸：（1）a/an 与 the 的转化 ‎ 如：He gets up at six in the morning. 他早上六点起床。‎ ‎ He returned home on a cold winter morning. 他在一个寒冷的冬天的早上回到家。‎ （2） 零冠词与a/an的转化 ‎ He called his parents on Friday. 他星期五给他父母打了电话。‎ ‎ He called his parents on a sunny warm Friday. 他在一个晴朗温暖的星期五给他父母打了电话。‎ 二、代词 1、 不定代词 ‎ 对应中文的“一些、很少、很多、几乎没有、没有、某个人、某件事、每个人、所有的...用来表示一个不确定的数量。‎ ‎（1)few, little 均表示几乎没有，其中few修饰可数名词，little修饰不可数名词（否定语气）‎ ‎ A few 跟 a little 表示有几个、有一些，分别修饰可数、不可数名词，肯定语气。‎ ‎ 如：Tom has few friends. 汤姆几乎没有什么朋友。‎ ‎ Few of us can speak French. 我们当中很少有人会说法语。‎ ‎ This is little milk in the fridge and we need to call the milkman. 冰箱里没什么牛奶了，我们需要打电话给送牛奶的人。 ‎ ‎ There is still a little milk in the fridge. 冰箱里还有一点牛奶。‎ ‎ There are only a few students in the classroom. 教室里只有几个学生。‎ 知识延伸：‎ A. 含有few，little的反意疑问句中，后半部分用肯定形式。‎ ‎ 如：Tom has few friends, does he?‎ ‎ There is little milk in the fridge, is there?‎ B. a little 也可用作副词，表示“有点，稍微”‎ ‎ 如：I’m a little tired. 我有点累了。‎ ‎ She is a little hungry. 她有点饿了。‎ （2） some，any 表示一些，修饰可数或不可数名词。其中some常用于肯定句中，any多用于疑问句、否定句中。‎ ‎ 如：I have some old books. 我有一些旧书 ‎ I don’t have any old books? 我没有任何旧书。‎ ‎ Do you have any old books? 你有一些旧书吗？‎ ‎ I’m thirsty, and I want to have some water. 我很渴，我想喝点水。‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ A. 由some, any 衍生出来的词 something, anything，somebody, anybody，someone，any用法基本同上。‎ 如：I’m hungry and I want something to eat.‎ ‎ It’s dark here. I can’t see anything.‎ ‎ B. some/something 可用于疑问句中，表示征询对方意见的意思；any/anything 用于肯定句中，表示任何的意思。‎ ‎ 如：Would you like something to drink? 你想要喝点什么吗？‎ ‎ Can you give me some advice? 你能给我一些建议吗？‎ ‎ Anything is possible. 一切皆有可能。‎ ‎ He is taller than any boys in his class. 他比他班上任何一个男生都要高。‎ C. 当句中something, anything 有形容词修饰时，形容词需后置，如 something new ‎ 例句：I hate eating potatoes everyday. I want to have something new today.‎ ‎ Do you have anything interesting to tell us.‎ 知识衔接：类似的表达还有 形容词+enough 如 strong enough（足够强，enough 后置）‎ ‎ 例句： He is old enough to go to school. ‎ ‎ She is not strong enough to move the box.‎ （3） all ，both；none，neither; either ‎ All 表示三者或三者以上都...对应的否定形式为 neither ‎ ‚Both 表示两者都，对应的否定形式为neither。‎ ‎ 如： All of us love listening to music. 我们所有人都喜欢听音乐。（三人或三人以上）‎ ‎（否定）None of us loves listening to music. 我们所有人都不喜欢听音乐。‎ ‎ Both Tom and John are from America. 汤姆和约翰都来自美国。（两人）‎ ‎ （否定）Neither Tom nor John is from America. 汤姆和约翰都不是来自美国。‎ ‎ ƒeither 表示 “两者中任何一个”；“either...or...”表示“要么...要么...”‎ 如：---Which do you prefer, tea or coffee. 茶跟咖啡你要喝哪一个？‎ ‎ ---Either is OK. I don’t mind. 哪个都行，我不介意。‎ Either you or I am going to the meeting. 要么你去参加这个会议，要么我去。‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎  all 的否定形式有两种 加“not”表示的是部分否定，none 表示的是全部否定。‎ 如： All of us don’t like listening to music. 不是我们所有人都喜欢听音乐（有一部分人喜欢，一部分人不喜欢）‎ ‎ None of us like（s）listening to music. 我们所有人都不喜欢听音乐（完全否定）‎ ‎ ‚含有neither...nor... either...or...句子，谓语动词的单复数要根据最靠近它的名词而定。‎ ‎ 如：Either you or I am going to the meeting.‎ ‎ ‎ (4) other 表示“其他的”形容词性 ‎ 如：Tom is not here. You can ask other students. 汤姆不在这里，你可以问其他的学生。‎ ‎ any other 表示任何其他的一个 ‎ He is taller than any other boys in his class. 他比他班上其他任何男生都高。‎ ‎ others 表示“其他的人”‎ ‎ 如：We should help others. 我们应该帮助他人。‎ ‎ ‎ the other ‎ 一个，另一个（两个）‎ 如：I have two brothers. One is 7 years old and the other is 5 years old.‎ ‚表示“剩余其他的”‎ ‎ Where have the other students gone? 其他的学生去哪儿了？‎ the others+the other +前面提到的复数名词 如：He is clever than the others in his class.‎ another 三个或以上中的另一个 如：This skirt is too big. Can you show me another one?‎ ‚固定用法 another+数词/few +复数名词 表示另外的、额外的 ‎ 如：I need another three hours to finish my homework.‎ 2、 人称代词 ‎ （1）主格 I, you, he, she, we, they, it (做主语）‎ ‎ 如：I/She/He...want(s) to see a film.‎ ‎ （2）宾格 me, you, him, her, us, them, it(做宾语或表语）‎ ‎ 及物动词后 ‎ We don’t like him because he is very strict.‎ ‎ I asked him a question.‎ ‎ ‚介词后面 ‎ It’s good for us to do exercise everyday.‎ ‎ I haven’t heard from her since 1997.‎ ‎ ƒBe 动词之后做表语 ‎ ‎ -----Who is there?‎ ‎ ------It’s me, Jack.‎ 3、 物主代词 ‎ （1） 形容词性：my your his her our their its, 放在名词前。‎ （2） 名词性： mine yours his hers ours theirs its 代替前面提到的名词 ‎ 如： This is my book. It ’s not yours .‎ ‎ This is not my pen. Mine is red. 这不是我的笔，我的笔是红色的。 （mine=my pen)‎ ‎4、反身代词 ‎ myself , yourself/yourselves himself, herself, ourselves, themselves itself ‎ 表示我自己、他自己、他们自己、我们自己，常见的固定短语有“‎ ‎ enjoy oneself(玩得开心） by oneself（独自） help oneself(to) 随便吃...‎ ‎ 如：We really enjoyed ourselves last night. 昨晚我们玩得很开心。‎ ‎ He did his homework all by himself. 他的家庭作业都是自己独立完成的。‎ ‎ Help yourself to the dishes. 随便吃点鱼。‎ 三、名词 重要考点 （1） 名词复数不规则变化: 各国人的单复数 ‎ 常考：Frenchman---Frenchmen， German----Germans， ‎ ‎ Englishman---Englishmen, American---Americans ‎ 如：There are five foreign students in our class. Three are Frenchmen, and two are Germans.‎ ‎（2）所有格 名词+’s，如 Tom‘s book， 表示所属关系。‎ ‎ 如：Lily’s father is a doctor.‎ ‎ Tom’s house is near a lake.‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎  组合名词的复数形式 ‎ A. 一般加在最后一个名词上 ‎ 如：There are 24 boy students and 25 girl students in our class.‎ ‎ I saw two policemen in the street this morning.‎ ‎ B. 特殊情况：前半部分是man/woman，将两部分变成复数。‎ ‎ 如：Two women doctors were injured in the accident.‎ ‎ A group of men scientists are working on this project.‎ ‚名词所有格中出现两个或以上名词时：‎ ‎ A. 表示各自关系时，各名词末尾均加“s”‎ ‎ B. 表示共有关系时，只在末尾名词加“s”‎ ‎ 如：Tom’s and Lily’s fathers are teachers. (两人的父亲不是同一个人）‎ ‎ Tom and Lily’s father is a teacher. （两人的父亲是同一个人）‎ 考点解析：此知识点主要考察主谓一致，解题时可以通过谓语动词的单复数判断前面名词的关系，一般情况下，若为复数，则为各自关系；若为单数，则为共有关系。同样地，也可以根据前面名词的关系，判断后面谓语的单复数。‎ ‎ ‎ 四、数词 ‎1、基数词 ‎ (1) 用“百”、“千”修饰名词的情况 ‎ A. hundreds of; thousands of 数百的；数千的 ‎ 前面不能有数词修饰，如不能写成： four hundreds of students B. 数词+hundred/thousand +名词复数：four hundred students 例句： Thousands of people lost their homes after the earthquake.‎ ‎ Hundreds of students took part in the sports meeting this year.‎ ‎ There are five hundred students in our school. ‎ ‎ This temple was built hundreds of years ago.‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ Hundreds of thousands of 表示成千上万的。‎ 如：Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in the square to celebrate the new year.‎ ‎ 成千上万的人聚集在广场上庆祝新年。‎ 2、 序数词 表示“第...”的概念：first 第一 second 第二 third 第三；其他均在末尾加“Th”‎ 但有几个例外，如： fifth 第五； ninth 第九；eighth 第八； twelfth 第十二 例句：He lives in the second floor. 他住在第二楼。‎ ‎ Mary won the second place in the competition. 玛丽在比赛中获得了第二名。‎ 知识衔接：序数词前无物主代词修饰时要用定冠词“the”‎ 3、 分数 ‎ 形式：分子基数词+分母序数词，分子超过1，分母加“s“。‎ ‎ 如：two thirds 2/3 one fifth 1/5‎ ‎ 例句：Two fifths of the students are boys.‎ ‎ Three thirds of this area is countryside. 这个地区的三分之二是乡村。‎ 注：句子中的谓语动词单复数要根据分数后面的名词而定，可数则用复数，不可数则用单数。‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ A. 1/4 属于特殊的分数，多写作 one quarter， 如 3/4 为three quarters ‎ B. 1/2 写作 half， 一个半小时 写作：one hour and a half 或 one and a half hours.‎ 五、时态 中考涉及的常用时态有6种：一般现在时、一般过去时；现在进行时，过去进行时；现在完成时，一般将来时；其中重点考察过去进行、现在完成时态。‎ ‎1、一般现在时 ‎ ‎ ‎ 表示一般性、经常性动作，标志性副词有：everyday，usually， sometimes，everyday morning等。‎ ‎ He exercises everyday to keep fit. 他每天锻炼身体来保持健康。‎ ‎ Jimmy usually goes to school by bike. 吉米通常骑自行车去学校。‎ 表示恒定不变的规律，如 ‎ The earth runes around the sun.‎ ‎ Light travels faster than sound.‎ ‎2、一般过去时 ‎ 表示过去已经完成的动作，标志性副词有：yesterday，last year， in 1997， three days ago 等明确表示过去时间的词。‎ ‎ I lost my bag yesterday.‎ ‎ Tim was born in 1997.‎ ‎ A car accident took place in the street three hours ago.‎ 3、 现在进行时 ‎ 表示现在正在进行的动作，基本结构为：is/am/are +V-ING，标志性词语有：now, at the moment.‎ ‎ I’m doing my homework now.‎ ‎ He is watching TV at the moment.‎ ‎ 表示即将发生的动作，多见于come， leave，run 等方向性动词，如 ‎ The bus is coming! 车来了 ‎ I’m leaving tomorrow! 我明天就要走了 4、 过去进行时 ‎ A. 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间正在进行的动作 ‎ 如：-----I called you last night, but there was no answer.‎ ‎ -----Sorry, I was playing football with my friends outside.‎ ‎ (当他打电话时，“我”正在外面跟朋友踢足球）‎ ‎ B. 主句是过去进行时，从句是when/while 引导的时间状语从句。‎ ‎ I was having dinner with my parents when the light went out. ‎ ‎ 电灯熄灭时，我正和爸妈在吃晚餐 ‎ I was watching TV when the bell rang.‎ ‎ 门铃响时，我正在看电视。‎ ‎ 特殊情况下，也可以是主句是一般过去时，从句是过去进行时 ‎ 如：He fell asleep when he was reading his newspaper.‎ 5、 现在完成时 A. 过去发生的动作持续到现在，标志性词语：for，since, so far, in the past...years/months ‎ I‘ave studied English for five years. 我学英语5年了（现在还在学）‎ ‎ We’ave known each other since we were nine or ten. 我们九到十岁时就已经相识。‎ ‎ We’ave learn over 3,000 English words so far. 到目前为止，我们学了3000多个单词。‎ ‎ Great changes have taken place in China in the past 30 years. 在过去的30年间，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。‎ ‎ B. 过去发生的事，但对现在仍有影响，标志性词：already，yet（already 对应的否定句，常置于句末）never，ever，before， just.‎ ‎ I’ave already finished my homework. 我已经完成了家庭作业 ‎ I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我的家庭作业还没做完 ‎ I have never been to America. 我从来没去过美国。‎ ‎ I‘ave just finished my homework. Now I can go out to play football with my friend.‎ ‎ 我刚做完了家庭作业，现在我可以跟朋友出去踢足球了。‎ ‎ Julia has never seen an elephant before. 茱莉亚以前从来没有见过大象。‎ 6、 一般将来时 ‎ A. 表示很快要发生或打算去做的事： be going to +动词原形 ‎ It’s going to rain. Let’s hurry up. 天马上要下雨了，我们快点走吧 ‎ I’m going to visit my uncle this weekend. 这个周末我打算去看望我的叔叔。‎ ‎ I‘m going to buy a new bike. The old one was broken. 我的旧单车坏了，我打算买一辆新的。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ B. 表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或状态，标志性词: tomorrow, in the future, in three days, next year/month/week, some day, one day.‎ I’ll have an exam tomorrow. 明天我有场考试。‎ The famous singer, Jay Chou, will come to our city next week. 著名歌手周杰伦下周将会来我们的城市。‎ All my dreams will come true one day. 总有一天，我所有的梦想都会实现。‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ 在“if， as long as”引导的条件状语从句以及“when, while, before as soon as”等引导的时间状语从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句中用一般现在时代替。‎ ‎ I won’t come if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，我就不来了。‎ ‎ I will call you as soon as I get there. 我一到那里就会打电话给你。‎ ‎ As long as you don’t give up, your dream will come true. 只要你不放弃，你的梦想就会实现 ‎ I will send you a letter when I get there. 当我到达那里时，我会给你寄封信 ‎ I will have everything prepared before i leave. 在我离开之前， 我会把一切都准备好。‎ 误区整理：注意区分宾语从句中的”if“跟”when”‎ 如：----I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow.‎ ‎ ----If it rains, I will stay at home.‎ ‎ -----Do you know when he will come tomorrow?‎ ‎ -----No,when he comes, I will let you know.‎ ‚短暂性动作如come， go，marry，leave，die等在现在完成时中不能同“for，since”表示的一段时间短语连用，需要转化成相应的持续性动作。‎ 如：（1)She has married for three years. ×‎ ‎ She has been married for three years. (将短暂性动作化成持续性状态）√‎ ‎ (2) Mr. Lee has come to China for thirty years. ×‎ ‎ Mr. Lee has been in China for thirty years. √‎ ƒ have been to 跟 have gone to 的区别。‎ ‎ “have been to”指去过某地，但现在已经回来了；“have gone to”指在去某地的路上，现在还没回来。试比较：‎ ‎ ---Have you been to Australia?‎ ‎ ---Yes, I went there last summer. （去年夏天去过澳大利亚，现在已经回来了）‎ ‎ ---May I speak to Mr. D win？‎ ‎ ---Sorry, Mr. D win has gone to China. He will be back next Monday. (现在还没回）‎ 六、形容词、副词 解析：英语形容词对应汉语中的“...的”，如：漂亮的、高大的，友好的；副词对应汉语中的”...地“，如”慢慢地，悄悄地“。跟中文习惯相同，形容词一般位于名词前或者系动词之后做表语。副词一般位于动词之后（及物动词的，位于动词宾语之后）。‎ （1） 比较级，两者之间的比较。 A比B... A is ...er than B ‎ 最高级 三个或以上的比较 ‎ 形式：形容词副词后+er/Ier(辅音字母+y结尾）；est/est ‎ ‚more+形容词/副词； the most+形容词、副词 ‎ ‎ ƒ不规则的，需单独记忆 ‎ 例：tall---taller---tallest strong---stronger---strongest ‎ fast---faster----fastest easy---easier---easiest ‎ beautiful---more beautiful---the most beautiful ‎ ‎ good---better---the best bad---worse---worst ‎ ‎ 例句; He is taller than me. ‎ ‎ He is the tallest in his class.‎ ‎ This skirt looks more beautiful than that one.‎ ‎ Tom did a better job than Jerry.‎ ‎ Robertson runs faster than any other boys in his class.‎ ‎ Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ 比较级前面可以加序数词、或”much, a little, even, far”等修饰，表示“第几..“”...得多，远远...“等意思。‎ ‎ The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。‎ ‎ His English is even worse than mine. 他的英语甚至比我的还要差。‎ ‎ Wyoming is much taller than Gunslinging. 姚明比郭敬明要高得多。‎ ‎ His French is a little better than mine.( than me ×) 他的法语比我好一点。‎ 知识链接：序数词与定冠词的搭配使用；不定代词与名词性物主代词的使用。‎ ‚表示A跟B一样...可用”...as ... as...“中间的形容词副词用原级。‎ ‎ He is as tall as me. 他跟我一样高 ‎ He speaks English as well as me. 他英语说得跟我一样好。‎ 附：表否定，形式如下（第一个as改成so）‎ He is not so tall as me. 他不比我高 He speaks English not so well as me. 他英语不比我说得好。‎ （2） 形容词的-ING跟-ed形式 ‎-ING 表示”令人...“，一般形容事物；‎ ‎-ed 表示“感到...”，一般形容人。‎ 如：The film is boring. I’m bored.‎ ‎ I’m surprised by the surprising news.‎ ‎ You look tired. What happened?‎ ‎ Mr. Wang’s class is very interesting.‎ 七、介词 常考知识点：地点、方位介词、时间介词、方式介词 ‎ (1) at, in, on ‎ at 表示 某个时间点或小的地方 ‎ He was at home last night. (at home 在家）‎ ‎ He usually gets up at six o’clock in the morning. (表时间点）‎ ‎ Tom awns’t at school today. He was ill.‎ ‎ in 表示大的地点或一段时间 ‎ Chairman Mao was born in 1897. (年份）‎ ‎ Gao takes place in June every year. (月份）‎ ‎ You can see many flowers in spring. (季节）‎ ‎ It’s usually hot in the afternoon in summer. (一段具体的时间）‎ ‎ More and more foreigners are studying in China. (国家）‎ ‎ There will be a big festival in Shanghai next month. (城市）‎ （2） 方位的（可结合地图进行理解记忆）‎ ‎ between ，opposite， in front of， next to， near， behind..‎ ‎ The post office is between the bookstore and the supermarket. 邮局在书店跟超市中间。‎ ‎ The hotel is opposite the park. 酒店在公园的对面。‎ ‎ There is a car in front of the classroom 教室前面有一辆车 ‎ ‎ 知识延伸： in front of 跟 in the front of 的区别，前者表示在某个范围以外的前面，后者 表示在某个范围以内的前面。‎ ‎ 如：The blackboard is in the front of the classroom. 黑板在教室前面。（黑板位于教室内部）‎ ‎ There is a tree in front of the classroom. 教室前面有棵树。（树长在教室的外面）‎ ‎ ‚between 跟 among 的区别 ‎ between 表示两者之间 如：between you and me ‎ among 表示三者或以上之间 Among all the singers, I love Jay Chou best. ‎ （3） 表“方式”，意思为“用....”‎ ‎ by+交通工具 ‎ ‎ I go to school by bus.‎ ‎ Mrs. Green traveled to London by plane.‎ ‎ ‚in+语言 ‎ What’s this in English.‎ ‎ Can you say it in Chinese?‎ ‎ ƒwith +具体的工具 ‎ He opened the door with a key.‎ ‎ In the western restaurant, people usually use a knife.‎ ‎ ‎ 八、连词 ‎ 1、并列连词：and，or，but，so；not only...but also; both...and; neither...nor; either...or ‎ He study very hard and he is never late for class. (关系平等的两个句子）‎ ‎ Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? (or 用于疑问句中，表选择）‎ ‎ My family are not rich, but we are happy. (but,但是，表转折）‎ ‎ Judy was ill, so she could’t come to school today. (表因果）‎ ‎ Not only Jack but also Johnson is going to to party.‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ 祈使句，and/or....‎ ‎ Don’t give up, and your dream will come true one day. 不要放弃，总有一天你的梦想会实现。‎ ‎ =If you don’t give up, your dream will come true one day.‎ ‎ Study hard, or you will fail in the exam. 努力学习，否则你将会考试不及格。‎ ‎ =If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam.‎ 2、 从属连词 ‎ A. 表如果：if it does’t rains tomorrow, we will have a picnic.‎ ‎ If you study hard, you will get high scores.‎ 知识链接：条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替简单将来时。‎ 知识延伸：If 还可以表“是否”，意思跟whether 一样，如：‎ ‎ I don’t know whether he will come. 我不知道他是否会来。‎ ‎ I’m not sure if it is true. 我不知道它否正确。‎ 注：这种情况下通常表示不确定的意义。当从句中含有“...or not”时，只能用whether，不能用”if“，如：‎ ‎ We don’t know whether he will come or not. (不能用 if）‎ ‎ We are not sure whether it is true or not.‎ ‎ B. 表原因 because，since，as ‎ ----Why are you late？‎ ‎ ----Because I missed the bus.‎ ‎ Since everybody is here, let’s begin. (=now that 既然）‎ ‎ As it was late, I had to go. 由于太晚了，我必须得走了。‎ ‎ C. 表让步 though, although 尽管 ‎ Although it’s snowy, he goes to school as usual. 尽管下着雪，他还是像往常一样去上学。‎ ‎ Although he is poor, he is very happy. 尽管他很穷，但他很幸福。‎ ‎ D. so...that... Such...that... 如此...以至于...‎ ‎ The box is so heavy that no one can move it. 这箱子太重了，以至于没人能够移动它。‎ ‎ She eats so much that she becomes very fat.‎ ‎ She is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her.‎ ‎ 知识延伸：so...that...与“too...to..”或“enough...to..”的句型转化 ‎ He is so old that he even can’t walk.‎ ‎=He is too old to walk.‎ ‎ He is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.‎ ‎=He is strong enough to carry the heavy box.‎ 九、情态动词 ‎ （1）can ，could（can的过去式）‎ ‎ A. 表能力， 会，可以 ‎ I can swim. / I can play the guitar.‎ ‎ Mary could play the piano when she was ten.‎ ‎ B. 表推测，只能是否能形式。‎ ‎ ---I saw Tom just now.‎ ‎ ---It can’t be him. He is on holiday with his parents.‎ ‎（2）may，might 可能 A. 表请求准许 ‎ May I come in? 我可以进来吗？‎ ‎ May I watch TV? 我可以看电视吗？‎ 否定回答时，用“munts’t”, 表示禁止，不允许，如：‎ ‎ ----May I smoke here?‎ ‎ ----No, you munts’t.‎ B. 表推测 ‎ He may/might come tomorrow. 他明天可能回来.‎ ‎ He may/might know about this. 他可能知道这件事。‎ ‎ 注：might 表示的可能性比”may“小。‎ ‎(3) need 需要 ‎ 作为情态动词时，用于疑问句和否定句中，如：‎ ‎ ----Need I finish my homework by Friday? 我需要在周五之前完成作业吗？‎ ‎ ----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t ‎ You Needles’t come so early. The meeting begins at 9:00. 你没必要来这么早，会议9点 才开始。‎ 注：回答时，肯定回答用”must“，表示”必须“；否定回答用”Needles’t”表示“没必要”。‎ ‎（4）must 必须，一定 ‎ A. 表必须。‎ ‎ I must go now. 我必须现在离开。‎ ‎ Everyone must arrive on time. 每个人都必须按时赶到 回答时，肯定回答用“must”，否定回答用“Needles’t”，如：‎ ‎ ----Must I stay in bed all day?‎ ‎ ----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t.‎ B. 表推测：一定，肯定 ‎ The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 路面很潮湿，昨晚肯定下过雨。‎ ‎ The light is on. He must be at home now. 灯还亮着，他一定在家。‎ 注：表示不可能时，用“can‘t”，而不用”munts’t”。‎ ‎ ‎ 十、被动语态 表示“被”的含义，如：‎ The police caught him. 警察抓到了他。（主动）‎ He was caught by the police. 他们警察抓住了。（被动）‎ ‎ ‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ （1）在一些动词如“make, see,hear”的被动语态中，主动句中省略的”to“，被动句中需要还原，如：‎ ‎ His boss made him work ten hours a day. 他的老板让他每天工作10小时。（to 省略了）‎ ‎ He was made to work ten hours a day by his boss. (to 需要补充出来）‎ ‎ I saw him read a book in the classroom.‎ ‎ He was seen to read a book in the classroom.. ‎ ‎(2) 不确定动作的发出者是谁时，一般用被动语态。‎ ‎ The bridge was built hundreds of years ago. (不知道是谁建造的）‎ ‎ My bike was stolen last night. (不知道是谁偷的）‎ ‎ （3）固定句型”It is...that...“‎ ‎ It is said that he dropped out of school at the age of ten. 据说他十岁的时候辍学了。‎ ‎ =He is said to have dropped out of school at the age of ten. (to后面用完成时）‎ ‎ It is reported that five passengers were killed in the accident. 据报道，5名乘客在这次事故中丧生。‎ ‎=Five passengers were reported to have been killed in the accident.‎ ‎(4) 不及物动词没有被动语态，切记！！‎ ‎ An accident was happened last night. ×(append 为不及物动词）‎ ‎ Great changes have been taken place in the city. ×(take place 为不及物动词）‎ 十一、主谓一致 ‎1、就近原则：either...or; neither...nor; not only...but also; there be 句型 ‎ 谓语动词的单复数由最靠近它的一个主语决定。‎ ‎ 如：Either I or him is in class 1.‎ ‎ Not only you but also I am shocked by the news.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ There is a banana and two apples on the table.‎ 知识链接：不定代词的意义及用法。‎ ‎2、语法一致的原则 ‎ 基本原则：单数主语，谓语用单数；复数主语，谓语用复数。‎ ‎ （1）and 或 both...and，谓语动词用复数，如：‎ ‎ Tom and Jim are good friends.‎ ‎ Both Tom and Jim are good at sports.‎ ‎ (2)句中有”with, along with, together with, as well as, except”等词时，谓语动词单复数 由前面的主语决定。‎ ‎ 如：The teacher with his students is going to the museum.‎ ‎ Mr. Green, along with his three children, are going to America next week. ‎ ‎ All the class, except Tom, were at the meeting yesterday.‎ ‎ 注：这些词只是对主语起到一个补充说明、插入的作用，并不能对谓语动词的单复 数造成影响。‎ ‎ 3、意义一致的原则 ‎ 主要是看是否将主语当成一个整体来看，如 ‎ Twenty miles is a long way to go. (20英里整体来看是一段很长的路程，故用单数）‎ ‎ My family is a big one. 我的家庭很大（整体来说的）‎ ‎ My family are having dinner. 强调每个家庭成员的动作，故用复数。‎ 十二、感官动词 ‎ ‎ 五官：look，feel，taste，smell，sound，后面直接+adj, 表示”看起来，感觉起来，尝起来，闻起来，听起来...“的意思，如：‎ ‎ ‎ Wow！Look at the picture. It looks so beautiful! 看起来很漂亮 I love the soup. It tastes so good. 尝起来很好。‎ The flowers you sent me smells sweet. 闻起来很香 I bought a new dress this afternoon. It feels comfortable. 感觉起来很舒服。‎ ‎----How about going fishing this afternoon？‎ ‎----Sounds great!(=Good idea!) 听起来很棒 ‎ ‎ 知识延伸：‎ 感官动词+like+名词，意思为...起来像...,如：‎ That sounds like a good idea! 那听起来像个好主意。‎ The mountain looks like an elephant. 这座山看起来像一头大象。‎ This T-shirt feels like silk. 这件T恤摸起来像丝绸。‎ 附注：feel like 还有一层意思，表示“想要...”‎ ‎ 如： I don’t feel like eating anything 我不想吃任何东西。‎ ‎ I feel like a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。‎ The food in the restaurant is disgusting. It smells like dead fish.‎ 十三、固定短语 ‎ 中考常考的固定短语有以下一些：‎ 1、 give的短语 ‎ （1） Give up 放弃（及物或不及物）‎ ‎ Don’t give up. You can do it. 不要放弃，你能行的。（不及物）‎ ‎ He finally decided to give up smoking. 他最终决定戒烟了。‎ ‎ 放弃某个人，用 give up on sb.‎ ‎ Come on! We will never give up on you. 加油，我们永远不会放弃你！‎ ‎ 当宾语是it是，it 位于短语中间，如：‎ ‎ He has been smoking for 20 years. It’s very hard for him to give it up.‎ ‎ (2) give off 散发出（气味、热量等）‎ ‎ The flowers give off a sweet smell.‎ ‎ Rotten eggs give off a bad smell. 腐烂的鸡蛋散发出一股难闻的气味。‎ （3） give out 公布、分发 ‎ He would’t give out any information. 他不愿透露任何信息。‎ （4） give away 赠送，泄露 ‎ Brad gives all his old toys away to the poor children. 布莱德把他所有的旧玩具送给了 贫穷的孩子。‎ ‎ Don’t give away the secret. 不要泄露这项机密。‎ 2、 put 的短语 ‎ (1)put up 张贴，举起 Tom, please put up the pictures on the wall. 汤姆，请把照片贴到墙上。‎ Put up your hand,please.‎ ‎ (2) Put off 延迟，推迟,脱掉（衣、帽等）‎ ‎ The meeting was put off because of the heavy rain.‎ Please put off your shoes before you enter this room ‎ (3)put out 扑灭，熄灭（火、烟头等）‎ The fire was put out before the police arrived. 在警察到来之前，火就已经被扑灭了。‎ He put out the cigarette and went out the room. 他灭掉烟头，走出了房间。‎ ‎ （4）put away ‎ Put away your shoes. They‘re too dirty. 把你的鞋子收起来，它太脏了。‎ ‎ All the books must be put away during the exam. 考试中所有书籍都要收起来。‎ 3、 turn 的短语 ‎ (1)Turn up （声音）调高；出现 ‎ Could you please turn up the radio. I can’t hear it.‎ ‎ 延伸：He promised to come to my birthday party, but he did’t turn up. 他答应要来我的生日晚会，结果却没出现。‎ ‎ （2）turn down （音量）调小；拒绝 ‎ Can you turn down the radio. It’s too noisy. 你能把收音机调小吗？它太吵了。‎ 延伸：He gave me an offer, but I turn it down. 我拒绝了他提供的帮助。‎ （3） turn on 打开 ‎ Turn on the TV, please. I want to see the football match.‎ ‎ Turn on the lights,please. It’s too dark here.‎ ‎（4）turn off 关闭 ‎ Tom turned off the TV and went to bed.‎ ‎ We should turn off the lights when we leave the room.‎ ‎4、Look 的短语 ‎ （1）look up 查找，向上看 ‎ If you see a new word, you can look it up in the dictionary.‎ ‎ He looked up at the window and saw nothing.‎ ‎ (2)look after 照顾 ‎ She is too busy to look after her son.‎ ‎ Mary asked me to look after her pet dog when she was away.‎ ‎ (3) look into 调查 ‎ The police are looking into the case. 警方正在调查这起案件。‎ ‎ I’ll look into the matter later. 我稍后再研究这个问题。‎ ‎（4）look forward to(doing/n）期待，盼望 ‎ I’m looking forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望很快能见到你。‎ ‎ I‘m looking forward to your letter. 我期待你的来信。‎ 十四、情景对话 ‎ 1、接听电话 ‎ ----May I speak to Mary please?‎ ‎ ----Speaking/ This is Mary speaking ‎ ----Hold on please. I’ll go and get her. 请稍等一下，我去叫一下她。‎ ‎ ----Sorry, she is not here at the moment. Can I take message? 不好意思，她现在不在这里， 我可以帮你留言吗？‎ ‎ 2、听到好或不好的消息 ‎ 听到好的消息时，表示祝贺，如：‎ ‎ ----I won the first prize in the writing competition!‎ ‎ ----Congratulations！（恭喜！）‎ ‎ 听到不好的消息时，表示抱歉或遗憾。‎ ‎ ----My mother was ill at bed. I have to look after her.‎ ‎ ----(I’m) sorry to hear that.‎ ‎ 3、当受到他人帮助、或赞美时，表示感谢，如：‎ ‎ ----You look so beautiful today!‎ ‎ ----Thanks/Thank you.‎ ‎ 4、当别人心情沮丧、遇到困难、挫折时，鼓励、帮助他人，如：‎ ‎ ----I’m afraid that I can’t pass the exam this time.‎ ‎ ----Cheer up! I’m sure you’ll make it.(振作起来，我相信你一定行的）‎ ‎ ----I failed the exam yesterday. What should I do?‎ ‎ ----Cheer up！You‘ll do better next time.‎ ‎5、当别人提出道歉时 ‎ ----I’m sorry that I lost your pen.‎ ‎ ----That’s alright/It’s OK/It does’t matter. Forget it.‎ ‎ ----I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.‎ ‎ ----It does’t matter/ Never mind.‎ 6. 当别人提出建议、想法时 ‎ ---Why not go out for dinner.‎ ‎ ---(That’s a) good idea!‎ ‎ ---Sounds great!‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ---How about going shopping this weekend.‎ ‎ ---Sounds good,(but I have to study for the final exams)‎ ‎ ---Would you mind opening the door?‎ ‎ ---Of course not!/Certainly not! （当然不介意）‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ---Would you mind my smoking here?‎ ‎ ---Yes, you’d better smoke outside./I’m afraid so. (表示介意，不同意对方的做法）‎ 十五、反意疑问句 ‎ 基本特点：前肯后否，前否后肯，抓准助动词。‎ ‎ 1、入门级别：‎ ‎ You like football, don’t you? 你喜欢足球，不是吗?（前肯后否，助动词为do）‎ ‎ Tom is 5 years old, hisn’t he? 汤姆5岁了，不是吗？（前肯后否，助动词为is）‎ ‎ He can’t swim, can he? 他不会游泳，是吗？ （前否后肯，助动词为can）‎ ‎ Jimmy haen’t been to Beijing, has he? 吉米没去过北京，是吗？（前否后肯，助动词为has）‎ ‎ The story is interesting， hisn’t it? (主语为一个具体的名词时，反问部分主语用“it/them”代替。‎ 2、 渐进级别：‎ ‎ 反意疑问句前半部分有“hardly，never，seldom，nothing，little，few，nobody”等否定词时，后半部分用肯定形式，如：‎ He speaks little English, does he?‎ Nina has few friends, has she? (知识链接：不定代词little，few用法）‎ He never eats onions, does he?‎ You seldom exercise, do you?‎ 3、 高级级别 ‎ 当主语是this,that,these,those时，反意部分主语分别改为it, they; 当主语是 everybody，everyone，no one，nobody等指人的合成词时，反意部分主语通常用he. 当主语是everything，something， anything，nothing等指物的合成词时，反意部分主语用it.‎ This is his first time here, hisn’t it?‎ These are Sarah’s books, Daren’t they?‎ No one likes Germy, does he?‎ Nothing is more important than life, is it?‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ （1）There be 句型的反意疑问句。‎ ‎ There are two books on the desk, Daren’t there?‎ ‎ There is a pen and two bananas on the table, hisn’t there?‎ (2） 祈使句的反意疑问句：统一用will you？/won’t you.‎ ‎ Open the window, won’t you?‎ ‎ Don’t talk aloud in the reading room, will you?‎ ‎(3)Let’s 句型跟Let us句型的反意疑问句 ‎ Let’s have a rest, shall we?‎ ‎ Let us have a rest,will you?‎ 详解：Let’s缩写时是针对大家的意见，用“shall we？”，Let us 针对的是被询问的人，用“will you？”‎ 十六、定语从句(状语从句详见连词中的从属连词部分）‎ 定语从句：相当于形容词的功能，根据先行词（被修饰的名词或代词）的不同，关系代词有如下变化：‎ 1、 who/whom: 先行词是人，who在从句中充当主语，whom充当宾语 ‎ He is the boy who got the first prize in the competition.‎ ‎ I saw an old man in the street who had no hair.‎ ‎ Is she the girl to whom you were talking?‎ ‎ The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.‎ ‎2、whose,that：先行词是人或物，whose表示...的，如：‎ ‎ I know this girl whose mother is a nurse.‎ ‎ I bought a book whose cover was red.‎ ‎ He went into a shop that supplied food.‎ ‎ Ryan showed me a photo (that) he took in Casa.‎ 3、 which，先行词是物 ‎ Last night, I watched a film which was made by Spielberg.‎ ‎ I found my computer which was stolen last night.‎ ‎ The book (which)I gave you was worth 10$.‎ ‎ 知识延伸：‎ ‎ （1）当先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级时，常用that，如：‎ ‎ This is the most beautiful lake (that )I’ave ever seen.‎ ‎ Thomas Edison was the first person that invented the lamp.‎ ‎ He is always the first one that arrives at school.‎ ‎ (2) 当先行词既有人又有物时，用that.‎ ‎ This is the photo of the boy and the house that I will never forget.‎ ‎ Mr. Thomas and his dog that I talked about last night were two characters from the book.‎ 十七、宾语从句 ‎ 从句在句子中充当宾语，主要有两大类：‎ ‎ （1）that 引导的宾语从句，that在从句中不充当任何成分。‎ ‎ He said that he wanted to have a car.‎ ‎ I’m sorry that I hurt you.‎ ‎ I’m sure that he will come.‎ ‎ (2)由 when，where,how, what, which,why,who,whose,whom等引导 的宾语从句，在从 句中充当某种成分。‎ ‎ Do you know when he will come?‎ ‎ I don’t know what I should do.‎ ‎ Can you tell me where the post office is .‎ ‎ I don’t know why he did this to me.‎ ‎ Do you know who our new headteacher will be?‎ ‎ Do you know whom they are waiting for?‎ ‎ 重要考点：此种类型的宾语从句中，从句采用陈述句语序。‎ 知识延伸：宾语从句的化简 ‎ ‎ ‎ I don’t know what should I do.‎ ‎ =I don’t know what to do.‎ ‎ I don’t know what should I say.‎ ‎ =I don’t know what to say.‎ ‎ I don’t know where should I go.‎ ‎ =I don’t know where to go.‎ ‎ I don’t know how I can do it.‎ ‎ =I don’t know how to do it.‎ He does’t know which one he should choose.‎ ‎ =He does’t know which one to choose.‎ 基本句型： ‎ 主语+don’t/does’t/did’t +know +what/where/how/when/which +should/could+人称+动词 ‎ =主语+don’t/does’t/did’t +know+what/where/how/when/which +to+动词原形。‎ ‎ ‎ 十八、感叹句 ‎ 1、What 引导的感叹句 句型：‎ ‎ （1）What+a/an +adj+可数名词单数+主语+谓语。‎ ‎ What a beautiful girl she is!‎ ‎ What an interesting book it is!‎ ‎ What a nice day it is!‎ ‎ 知识延伸：口语交际中，后面的主语+谓语可以省略，如可以直接说成：What a nice day!‎ ‎ (2) what +adj+不可数名词或可数名词复数+主语+谓语 ‎ What fine weather it is！‎ ‎ What wonderful ideas (we have)!‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 2、How 引导的感叹句 句型： How +adj/adv+主语+谓语 ‎ How big the house is!‎ ‎ How fast they are running!‎ ‎ How cute the baby is!‎ 十九、非谓语动词 ‎ 1、动词不定式 ‎ （1）做主语，谓语动词用单数 ‎ To learn a new language is difficult.‎ ‎=It is difficult to learn a new language.‎ ‎ To make some friends is wonderful.‎ ‎=It is wonderful to make some friends.‎ (2) 作宾语，常见的动词带不定式的有：‎ ‎ decide，choose，want, plan,agree, promise, can’t wait, refuse ‎ I decide to finish my homework first.‎ ‎ He chooses to study abroad instead of studying in China.‎ ‎ Mary wanted to buy a new dress.‎ ‎ I plan to visit my aunt on Sunday.‎ ‎ We agreed to meet at 9 o’clock.‎ ‎ My uncle promised to buy me a new toy car.‎ ‎ I can’t wait to tell my experiences in Australia.‎ ‎ Huzzaings refused to take the food from the government.‎ (3) 做宾补：动词+sb +to do，如：‎ ‎ ask, want, teach, wish, advice, tell, encourage 等 ‎ The teacher asked Li Lei to clean the blackboard.‎ ‎ I want you to do me a favor. 我想让你帮我一个忙。‎ ‎ My father taught me to fish. 我父亲教我钓鱼。‎ ‎ The doctor advices David to have a good rest.‎ ‎ My mother tells me to finish my homework on time.‎ ‎ Our teacher encourages us to help each other.‎ (4) 作定语 ‎ 常见格式：主语+谓语+宾语+to do ‎ I have a lot of homework to do ‎ There many things to see in Guangzhou.‎ ‎ We still have a long way to go.‎ (5) 固定句型 ‎ It is +adj+(for sb) to do ‎ It is difficult to learn English well.‎ ‎ It is important for us to drink enough water.‎ ‎ It is useful to learn English well 2、 动词ING形式 ‎ （1）常见的动词后+动词ING的有：‎ ‎ Advice, avoid,keep, mind,suggest, can’t help He advises/suggests sitting here.‎ The thief tried to avoid being seen by others.‎ We should keep advertising English everyday.‎ Would you mind opening the window?‎ I can’t help thinking about my parents.‎ (2) 介词后面用动词ING，常见的有：‎ ‎ think about, look forward to, pay attention to, be used to 等 ‎ I’m thinking about giving my parents a call.‎ ‎ I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.‎ ‎ We should pay attention to taking note in class.‎ ‎ I’m used to getting up very early.‎ ‎ (3)固定句型 have difficult doing spend...doing Be busy doing John had difficult memorizing new words.‎ My father is busy washing his car.‎ Don’t spend too much time playing computer games.‎ 知识延伸：有些动词既可以+to do, 也可以+doing，但意思不同，如：‎ forget, remember, stop, try I forgot to lock the door. 我忘记锁门了。（门没锁）‎ I forgot locking the door. 我忘记自己已经锁过门了。（门锁了）‎ I remember to buy a new pen. 我记得要去买一支新钢笔。‎ I remember buying a new pen. 我记得我买过一支新钢笔。‎ Let’s stop to have a rest. 让我们停下来休息一下。（停下来做）‎ Please stop talking. 请不要说话。（停止做）‎ ‎ I try to finish my homework. 我努力完成作业。‎ ‎ I try finishing my homework. 我尝试着完成作业。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎