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中考英语总复习专题118名词

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‎2011年中考英语总复习专题1-18‎ 专题一 名词 一、考点分析:‎ 中考对于名词的考查主要侧重以下几点:‎ ‎1.可数名词的复数。   2.不可数名词的量。‎ ‎3.名词所有格的用法。 4.名词的句法作用。‎ ‎5.词义辨析。 6.名词与主谓一致。‎ 考查形式主要有:单项选择、词形转换、词语辨析、翻译句子等题型。‎ 二、考点知识讲解:‎ 考点1、名词定义及的分类 名词的定义:名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。‎ 名词分为 考点2、名词的单复数形式 ‎ ‎1>规则变化:‎ 构成方法 例子 在词尾加s Girl pen,‎ 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的加es Bus,box,watch,dish 以f或fe结尾的,变f或fe为v,再加es Wife,half,shelf,thief 某些以f结尾的词,直接加s Roof屋顶,belief信念 以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,再加es City,country,family,party 以元音字母加y结尾的,直接加s Boy,day 以o结尾的四个词(两人,两菜)加es,其余的都加s Potato,tomato,hero,negro (zoo,photo加s)‎ ‎1>不规则变化:‎ 构成方法 例子 形式不变,即单复数相同 Sheep,deer;Chinese,Japanese(中日不变,英法变,其余后加s变复。)‎ 变内部元音字母 Foot,tooth,goose,man,mouse-mice(老鼠变复数,ous变ic)‎ 词尾加ren或en Child-children ,oxen ‎3>.复合名词的复数形式有两种 ‎(1)将主体词变为复数,如:‎ sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw(嫂子)‎ boy classmate→boy classmates ‎(2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数,此种复合词中第一个词须是man或woman,如:‎ man worker→men workers woman teacher→women teachers ‎4>.特殊情况 ‎(1)有些名词只有复数形式,如:‎ clothes,shorts,pants,scissors(剪刀),goods,glasses(眼镜)‎ ‎(2)有些名词以s结尾,但不是复数形式,如:‎ news,maths,physics,politics ‎(3)有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义,如:‎ room(空间)—a room(房间)‎ work(工作)—works(著作)‎ ‎(4)不可数名词的数量表达 ‎①不可数名词本身不可数,但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量,如:‎ a piece of bread/news/paper一片面包/一条新闻/一张纸 a cup of tea/coffee一杯茶/一杯咖啡 ‎②还可用much,little,a little,a large amount of,some,any,no,lots of,plenty of等来修饰不可数名词,如:‎ much money,some milk ‎(5)数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式,如:‎ He is a fouryearold boy.他是个4岁的男孩。‎ ‎(fouryearold不能说成fouryearsold)‎ a fivefootdeep hole一个五英尺深的洞 考 点3 名词所有格 ‎ ‎1.表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式,在此名词词尾加's,或直接加'。‎ ‎(1)单数名词加's,如:Mary's book ‎(2)以s结尾的复数名词只加',不以s结尾的复数名词要加's,如:‎ the three girls' father 这三个女孩的父亲 the children's presents 孩子们的礼物 ‎(3)表示几个人共有,仅在最后一个人的名字后加's,表示各自所有时,需在各个名字后加's,如:‎ Mary and Jane's car(她俩人共有的车)‎ Mary's and Jane's cars(她俩各自的车)‎ ‎(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时,名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如:‎ the barber's=the barber's shop理发店 to my aunt's=to my aunt's house到我姑姑家 ‎(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词,也可以加's构成所有格。如:‎ a week's time 一周的时间 China's population中国的人口 two miles' distance两英里的距离 ‎2.表示无生命的东西的所有格形式:名词+of+所有者,如:‎ the name of the zoo动物园的名字 the front wall of the classroom教室的前墙 ‎3.双重所有格:即of+'s或of+名词性物主代词,如:‎ a book of my daughter's 我女儿的一本书 The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。‎ 考 点4 名词的句法功能 ‎ ‎1.名词作主语 名词在句中作的句子成分很多,但作主语尤为重要,应注意以下几种情况:‎ ‎(1)一些以s结尾的名词。如:maths、physics、news是单数或不可数名词,在句中作主语时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式;但trousers,shoes,glasses等为复数概念,它们在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但a (this)pair of+名词复数时,其主语是a(this)pair,故谓语动词应用单数形式。如:‎ Physics is a new subject in Grade Two.‎ 物理在初二是一门新科目。‎ My glasses are red. 我的眼镜是红色的。‎ A new pair of pants is on the bed.床上有一条新短裤。‎ ‎(2)表示时间、金钱、距离、价格等名词后加s作主语时,应视为一个整体,故谓语动词用单数形式。如:‎ Twenty dollars is enough. 20美元足够了。‎ Three months is a short time. 三个月很短。‎ ‎(3)family,class,police等作主语时,若表示整体概念,谓语动词用第三人称单数;当表示其中的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:‎ Her family is moving to Liaoning next week.‎ 她家下周要搬到辽宁去。‎ Her family are having supper now.‎ 她的家人正在吃晚饭。‎ ‎(4)the+姓氏名词复数(后加s)表示“……一家”或“……夫妇”,在句中作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。如:‎ The Greens are Americans.格林一家是美国人。‎ ‎(5)neither+单数名词或neither of+复数名词,在句中作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,如:‎ Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。‎ Neither of the boys often goes to the zoo on Sundays.‎ 星期天两个男孩都不经常去动物园。‎ ‎(6)主语后跟with,except,together with,as well as等短语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致,而不受这些短语的影响。如:‎ Mr Li with his students is discussing the math problem.‎ 李老师和他的学生在讨论数学题。‎ All the girls except Mary are drawing in the classroom.‎ 除了玛丽以外所有的女生都在教室里画画。‎ ‎(7)兼有双重身份的人作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式。‎ A writer and worker often gives us a talk on Sundays.‎ 一位工人作家经常在星期天给我们做报告。‎ ‎(8)主语和谓语的就近一致。‎ 就近一致即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。有下面几种情况:‎ ‎①在there be 句型中或以here开头的句子中,谓语动词be应与后面的名词保持一致,当后面的名词不止一个时,be应和其最靠近的名词的人称和数保持一致。如:‎ There are twentytwo boys and twenty girls in our class.‎ 我们班有22名男生和20名女生。‎ There is a car and two jeeps behind the house.‎ 房子后有一辆小汽车和两辆吉普车。‎ Here are two oranges and some milk.‎ 这里有两个橘子和一些牛奶。‎ ‎②either...or...(或者……或者……);neither...nor...(既不……也不……);...or...(……或者……);not only...but also...(不但……而且……)等平等结构,连接并列主语时谓语动词的人 称和数应和与之靠近的一个主语保持一致。如:‎ Either you or he has to go shopping this afternoon.‎ 今天下午或者是你或者是他必须去购物。‎ Neither he nor we are students now.‎ 他和我们现在都不是学生了。‎ both...and...连接两个主语时,谓语用复数形式。如:‎ Both he and she do well in English.‎ 他和她都擅长英语。‎ ‎2.名词作定语 ‎(1)名词作定语,一般用单数形式。如:‎ girl students(女学生) paper flowers(纸花)‎ ‎(2)名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。如:‎ sports meeting (运动会)‎ 中考试题分析:‎ ‎1、I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a ________.‎ A.letter B.dictionary C.postcard D.notice 解析:letter“书信”,dictionary“字典、词典”,postcard“卡片”,notice“布告”,根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思,你最好查词典。”所以答案选B。‎ ‎2、—What's your job, Henry?‎ ‎—I'm a ______. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.‎ A.waiter B.reporter C.teacher D.nurse ‎3、________ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.‎ A.Alice and Lily's B.Alice's and Lily's C.Alice's and Lily 解析:考查名词所有格。A选项是指他们共有的母亲;B选项表示她们各自的母亲;C选项没有这种表达形式,首先排除。由句意可知,这里指的是她们各自的母亲,因此答案为B。‎ ‎3、—Whose computer doesn't work?‎ ‎—________, I think.‎ A.John has B.John does C.John D.John's ‎4、It's said that more than 100 ________ will attend this meeting in Shanghai.‎ A.man teachers B.woman teachers ‎ C.men teachers D.womans teachers 解析:考查名词修饰名词。名词修饰名词变复数时前一个名词一般用单数,但woman和man修饰名词变复数时man和woman以及后面的名词都要变成复数。因此选C。‎ 练习:‎ 一、单项选择(30分)‎ ‎1.—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?‎ ‎—Sorry, I know nothing about him. We are ________.‎ A.friends B.neighbors C.classmates D.strangers ‎2、I don't think looking after children is just(不仅仅是) ________ work.‎ A.woman B.woman's C.women D.women's ‎3、—Why are you still waiting in line?‎ ‎—I've missed my ________.‎ A.place B.order C.turn D.time ‎(“你为什么仍然在排队?”“我错过了我的一次机会了。”place “地方”; order “顺序”; turn“(依次轮流时各自的)一次机会”; time“时间”。通过句意可知,只有C项符合题意,故答案为C。)‎ ‎4、—Lily has a silk ________. Listen, she is singing in the next room!‎ ‎—How nice!‎ A.look B.noise C.voice ‎(look可数名词,意思“相貌,样子,外表”,常用复数形式;noise 不可数名词,意思“噪杂声,吵闹声”;voice,可数名词,意思“嗓音,说话声”。故选择C)‎ ‎5、—I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.‎ ‎—Right. It is one of the ________ in my school.‎ A.choices B.plans C.hobbies D.rules ‎(句子意思是“我听说你每天必须跑步半小时。”“是的,这是我们学校的规则之一。”choices“选择”;plans“计划”;hobbies“爱好”;rules“规则”‎ ‎。所以选择答案D。)‎ ‎6、 —It's said that you have moved into a new house.‎ ‎—Yeah, and we need to buy some ________ in the mall nearby.‎ A.food B.furniture C.hamburger ‎7、________ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.‎ A.Alice and Lily's B.Alice's and Lily's C.Alice's and Lily A选项是指她们共有的母亲;B选项表示她们各自的母亲;C选项没有这种表达形式,首先排除。由句意可知,这里指的是她们各自的母亲,因此答案为B。‎ ‎8、When I was a student, I liked to sit in the front of the classroom so that I could see the words more clearly on the ________.‎ A.blackboard  B.desk  C.dictionary  D.postcard ‎9、Which is the mascot of Shanghai Exposition(世界博览会)?‎ A. B. C.‎ ‎(句中mascot指的是“吉祥物”,当然是A。)‎ ‎10、—How far is your home from school? ‎ ‎—It's about two ________ walk. ‎ A.hour's B.hours C.hours'‎ ‎(名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达法是“two hours' walk”, hour需要复数后加“'”,故选C。)‎ ‎11、I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a ________.‎ A.letter B.dictionary C.postcard D.notice ‎(letter“书信”;dictionary“字典、词典”;postcard“卡片”;notice“布告”,根据题意“我不知道这个词语意思,你最好查词典”,所以答案选B。)‎ ‎12、—Whose computer doesn't work?‎ ‎—________, I think.‎ A.John has B.John does C.John D.John's ‎(“谁的计算机出毛病啦?”“约翰的,我想。”故答语应用名词所有格形式,所以答案应选D。)‎ ‎13、—What's your job, Henry?‎ ‎—I'm a ________. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.‎ A.waiter B.reporter C.teacher D.nurse ‎(句意为“你是干什么工作的,亨利?”“我是个……,我工作很晚,当人们出来吃饭的时候我非常忙。”waiter“侍者”;reporter“报道员”;teacher“教师”;nurse“护士”,根据句意,答案应选A。)‎ ‎14、You can get much ________ about the world expo on the Internet.‎ A.map B.picture C.ticket D.information ‎(考查不可数名词的用法。由题干中的much知,其后应接不可数名词;A、B、C三项均为可数名词,故选D。)‎ ‎15、Let's get some ________ about tourism on the Internet.‎ A.information    B.message     C.invention ‎(让我们在网上找一些旅游的信息吧)‎ ‎16、—Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?‎ ‎—I'm afraid we have no ________ but to take a taxi.‎ A.choice B.decision C.reason D.information ‎(根据上一句的have missed the last bus和but to take a taxi可知是别无选择。句意是“哎,天啊,我们已经错过了最后一班车,我们应该怎么办呢?”“我想我们除了乘出租车别无选择了。”)‎ ‎17、—Good morning, madam. Can I help you?‎ ‎—Sure, I'd like ________ for cooking vegetables.‎ A.two cups of tea B.three pieces of bread C.one bowl of dumplings D.five kilos of oil ‎(“做菜用”的原料只能选D)‎ ‎18、—I hear you have to get up early every morning.‎ ‎—Right. It's one of the________ in my family.‎ A.plans B.orders C.rules D.suggestions ‎(“每天不得不早起”是“家规”之一,故选C)‎ ‎19、—Two________ died in the accident.‎ ‎—________terrible it is!‎ A.policemen; How B.policeman; What C.police; What D.policemans; How ‎(考查名词复数和感叹句的知识,警察的复数是policemen,terrible是形容词,故用how来引导感叹句,因此选A。)‎ ‎20、Connie took off her________. She wanted to feel the grass with her feet.‎ A.shoes and socks B.shirt and pants C.cap and gloves D.sweater and jacket ‎(“她想用脚感觉草地”可知,她脱掉的是“鞋和袜子”,故选A)‎ ‎21、—Do you know the woman over there?‎ ‎—Yes. She's ________aunt.‎ A.Lily and Lucy B.Lily's and Lucy's C.Lily's and Lucy D.Lily and Lucy's ‎22、After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took________ rest.‎ A.a few minute's B.a few minutes'‎ C.a little minute's D.a little minutes'‎ ‎(minute是可数名词由a few来修饰且要用复数形式,结尾以s结尾时,所有格直接加'。句意是“踢了半个小时的球后,学生们休息了几分钟。)‎ ‎23、—Where are the________?‎ ‎—They are playing________ basketball on the playground.‎ A.man teachers; the B.men teachers; the C.man teachers; / D.men teachers; /‎ ‎(man作定语时,两个名词都要变复数; 球类娱乐的短语中,球类之前不可用冠词,故选D。句意是“男老师在哪儿?”“他们正在操场上打篮球。”)‎ ‎24、Betty has a beautiful________. She can sing very well.‎ A.voice B.look C.sound D.smell ‎(根据“she can sing very well”可知她的声音很好,人的声音用voice。句意是“贝蒂的声音好,她可以唱得非常好。)‎ ‎25、—Oh, there isn't enough________ for us on the bus.‎ ‎—No hurry. Let's wait for the next one.‎ A.floor B.ground C.room D.place ‎(根据on the bus和答句可知是没有足够的空间够我们用了。句意是“哎呀,公共汽车上我们没有足够的空间了。”“别着急,让我们等下一趟吧。)‎ ‎26、—What ________ do you have for Paul?‎ ‎—I think he should study harder than before.‎ A.news B.advice C.help D.information ‎(本题题意为“对于Paul你有什么建议吗?”“我认为他应该比以前更加努力学习一些。”news“新闻,消息”;advice“建议”;help“帮助”;information“信息”,由题意及解析可知答案为B。)‎ ‎27、—Well, you look so happy!‎ ‎—Because I got a good ________.‎ A.work B.news C.job ‎(work不可数名词;news不可数名词;job可数名词,由不定冠词a可知答案为C。)‎ ‎28、I saw many ________ eating grass on the hill.‎ A.horse B.cow C.rabbit D.sheep ‎(many后跟名词复数,A,B,C都不是复数,sheep单复数相同,故答案选D)‎ ‎29、It's hot. Let's have some ________.‎ A.wine B.porridge C.ice cream D.strawberries ‎(句意为“天气热,让我们吃些冰淇淋吧。”故答案选C。)‎ ‎30. There are twenty ________ in my class.‎ A.boy student B.boy students ‎ C.boys students D.boys student 二、根据句意及所给汉语意思写出所缺单词(15分)‎ ‎1.I usually have a piece of ________(面包)and some milk for breakfast.(bread)‎ ‎2. Boys and girls, please take out your________(钢笔) and write down the new words.(pens)‎ ‎3.Both of my best friends were born in ________(十月).(October)‎ ‎4. The camera was one of the greatest ________(发明) in the 19th century. (inventions)‎ ‎5.How many times do you brush your________(牙齿) every day?(teeth)‎ ‎6、Please tell me the________(胜利者) telephone number. I want to interview him.(winner’s)‎ ‎7、There are many fresh________(土豆) in the supermarket.(potatoes)‎ ‎8、Sandy is so careful that she seldom makes________(错误) in her homework..(mistakes)‎ ‎9、Thank you very much for your________(邀请). But I'm so sorry that I can't come to your party tomorrow.(invitation)‎ ‎10、Chocolate is usually the________(孩子们) favourite food.(children's)‎ ‎11、ake a short rest after two________(小时) hard work, and you won't feel too tired.(hours’s)‎ ‎12、Great________(变化) have taken place in our hometown.. (句中的谓语动词是have taken place,因此主语要用复数changes)‎ ‎13、Many students like listening to________(音乐)very much.‎ ‎14、There are a lot of old ________(工厂) in our city.(factories)‎ ‎15、A powerful earthquake hit Wenchuan in ________(西南方), China's Sichuan Province on May 12th.‎ ‎(表示“偏方向”时,先说南北,再说东西,故西南方为southwest。)‎ 三、根据句意及所给首字母补全单词(19分)‎ ‎1、New Year is a traditional f________ for Chinese people. New Year和traditional(可知是节日。句意是“新年对中国人来说是传统的节日。”festival)‎ ‎2. Tomorrow is my cousin's birthday. I'm going to buy a g________ for her.(gift)‎ ‎3. If there's something wrong with your teeth,you'd better go to see a d________.(dentist)‎ ‎4、Your parents are your f________ and mother.‎ ‎5. W________ is the coldest season of the year.‎ ‎6. We don't go to the c________ much for movies because we have a video.( 根据movies可知是cinema。句意是“我们不经常去电影院看电影,因为我们有一个录像机。”cinema)‎ ‎7. Miss Qin is a good t________. She teaches English well.‎ ‎8. He is writing on the blackboard with a piece of c________.( Chalk)‎ When summer comes, day becomes longer and n________ becomes shorter.‎ ‎9. When summer comes, day becomes longer and n________ becomes shorter.( night)‎ ‎10.P________ are my favourite animals and they live only in China.( Pandas)‎ ‎11.Would you like to see the movie with me? I've got two t_____.( tickets)‎ ‎12. Mary is such a shy girl that it's hard for her to sing in p________. (public)‎ ‎13. In the north of China, autumn is the best s________ of a year.( season)‎ ‎14. Look at the flowers! They are in different c________: red, yellow, pink...( colors)‎ ‎15. Bill wants to buy a new jacket because his old one is out of s________.( style)‎ ‎16. England is a country in E________.( Europe)‎ ‎17. Don't smoke here. Look at the sign. It says “No S________”.( 根据句意可知是别抽烟,no的后面要接名词或动名词,故用smoking。句意是“别抽烟,看那个标志牌。写着‘别抽烟’。”)‎ ‎18. F________ is very important to us. Everyone needs friends.( Friendship)‎