中考英语总复习专题118名词 6页

‎2011年中考英语总复习专题1-18‎ 专题一 名词 一、考点分析：‎ 中考对于名词的考查主要侧重以下几点：‎ ‎1．可数名词的复数。　　　2.不可数名词的量。‎ ‎3．名词所有格的用法。 4.名词的句法作用。‎ ‎5．词义辨析。 6.名词与主谓一致。‎ 考查形式主要有：单项选择、词形转换、词语辨析、翻译句子等题型。‎ 二、考点知识讲解：‎ 考点1、名词定义及的分类 名词的定义：名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。‎ 名词分为 考点2、名词的单复数形式 ‎ ‎1>规则变化：‎ 构成方法 例子 在词尾加s Girl pen,‎ 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的加es Bus,box,watch,dish 以f或fe结尾的，变f或fe为v,再加es Wife，half,shelf,thief 某些以f结尾的词，直接加s Roof屋顶，belief信念 以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i,再加es City,country,family,party 以元音字母加y结尾的，直接加s Boy,day 以o结尾的四个词（两人，两菜）加es,其余的都加s Potato,tomato,hero,negro (zoo,photo加s)‎ ‎1>不规则变化：‎ 构成方法 例子 形式不变，即单复数相同 Sheep,deer;Chinese,Japanese(中日不变，英法变，其余后加s变复。)‎ 变内部元音字母 Foot，tooth,goose,man,mouse-mice(老鼠变复数，ous变ic)‎ 词尾加ren或en Child-children ,oxen ‎3>.复合名词的复数形式有两种 ‎(1)将主体词变为复数，如：‎ sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw(嫂子)‎ boy classmate→boy classmates ‎(2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数，此种复合词中第一个词须是man或woman，如：‎ man worker→men workers woman teacher→women teachers ‎4>．特殊情况 ‎(1)有些名词只有复数形式，如：‎ clothes，shorts，pants，scissors(剪刀)，goods，glasses(眼镜)‎ ‎(2)有些名词以s结尾，但不是复数形式，如：‎ news，maths，physics，politics ‎(3)有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如：‎ room(空间)—a room(房间)‎ work(工作)—works(著作)‎ ‎(4)不可数名词的数量表达 ‎①不可数名词本身不可数，但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量，如：‎ a piece of bread/news/paper一片面包/一条新闻/一张纸 a cup of tea/coffee一杯茶/一杯咖啡 ‎②还可用much，little，a little，a large amount of，some，any，no，lots of，plenty of等来修饰不可数名词，如：‎ much money，some milk ‎(5)数词＋名词＋形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式，如：‎ He is a fouryearold boy.他是个4岁的男孩。‎ ‎(fouryearold不能说成fouryearsold)‎ a fivefootdeep hole一个五英尺深的洞 考 点3 名词所有格 ‎ ‎1．表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式，在此名词词尾加's，或直接加'。‎ ‎(1)单数名词加's，如：Mary's book ‎(2)以s结尾的复数名词只加'，不以s结尾的复数名词要加's，如：‎ the three girls' father 这三个女孩的父亲 the children's presents 孩子们的礼物 ‎(3)表示几个人共有，仅在最后一个人的名字后加's，表示各自所有时，需在各个名字后加's，如：‎ Mary and Jane's car(她俩人共有的车)‎ Mary's and Jane's cars(她俩各自的车)‎ ‎(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如：‎ the barber's＝the barber's shop理发店 to my aunt's＝to my aunt's house到我姑姑家 ‎(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词，也可以加's构成所有格。如：‎ a week's time 一周的时间 China's population中国的人口 two miles' distance两英里的距离 ‎2．表示无生命的东西的所有格形式：名词＋of＋所有者，如：‎ the name of the zoo动物园的名字 the front wall of the classroom教室的前墙 ‎3．双重所有格：即of＋'s或of＋名词性物主代词，如：‎ a book of my daughter's 我女儿的一本书 The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。‎ 考 点4 名词的句法功能 ‎ ‎1．名词作主语 名词在句中作的句子成分很多，但作主语尤为重要，应注意以下几种情况：‎ ‎(1)一些以s结尾的名词。如：maths、physics、news是单数或不可数名词，在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式；但trousers，shoes，glasses等为复数概念，它们在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但a (this)pair of＋名词复数时，其主语是a(this)pair，故谓语动词应用单数形式。如：‎ Physics is a new subject in Grade Two.‎ 物理在初二是一门新科目。‎ My glasses are red. 我的眼镜是红色的。‎ A new pair of pants is on the bed.床上有一条新短裤。‎ ‎(2)表示时间、金钱、距离、价格等名词后加s作主语时，应视为一个整体，故谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ Twenty dollars is enough. 20美元足够了。‎ Three months is a short time. 三个月很短。‎ ‎(3)family，class，police等作主语时，若表示整体概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数；当表示其中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ Her family is moving to Liaoning next week.‎ 她家下周要搬到辽宁去。‎ Her family are having supper now.‎ 她的家人正在吃晚饭。‎ ‎(4)the＋姓氏名词复数(后加s)表示“……一家”或“……夫妇”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。如：‎ The Greens are Americans.格林一家是美国人。‎ ‎(5)neither＋单数名词或neither of＋复数名词，在句中作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，如：‎ Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。‎ Neither of the boys often goes to the zoo on Sundays.‎ 星期天两个男孩都不经常去动物园。‎ ‎(6)主语后跟with，except，together with，as well as等短语时，谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致，而不受这些短语的影响。如：‎ Mr Li with his students is discussing the math problem.‎ 李老师和他的学生在讨论数学题。‎ All the girls except Mary are drawing in the classroom.‎ 除了玛丽以外所有的女生都在教室里画画。‎ ‎(7)兼有双重身份的人作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。‎ A writer and worker often gives us a talk on Sundays.‎ 一位工人作家经常在星期天给我们做报告。‎ ‎(8)主语和谓语的就近一致。‎ 就近一致即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。有下面几种情况：‎ ‎①在there be 句型中或以here开头的句子中，谓语动词be应与后面的名词保持一致，当后面的名词不止一个时，be应和其最靠近的名词的人称和数保持一致。如：‎ There are twentytwo boys and twenty girls in our class.‎ 我们班有22名男生和20名女生。‎ There is a car and two jeeps behind the house.‎ 房子后有一辆小汽车和两辆吉普车。‎ Here are two oranges and some milk.‎ 这里有两个橘子和一些牛奶。‎ ‎②either...or...(或者……或者……)；neither...nor...(既不……也不……)；...or...(……或者……)；not only...but also...(不但……而且……)等平等结构，连接并列主语时谓语动词的人 称和数应和与之靠近的一个主语保持一致。如：‎ Either you or he has to go shopping this afternoon.‎ 今天下午或者是你或者是他必须去购物。‎ Neither he nor we are students now.‎ 他和我们现在都不是学生了。‎ both...and...连接两个主语时，谓语用复数形式。如：‎ Both he and she do well in English.‎ 他和她都擅长英语。‎ ‎2．名词作定语 ‎(1)名词作定语，一般用单数形式。如：‎ girl students(女学生) paper flowers(纸花)‎ ‎(2)名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。如：‎ sports meeting (运动会)‎ 中考试题分析：‎ ‎1、I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a ________.‎ A．letter B．dictionary C．postcard D．notice 解析：letter“书信”，dictionary“字典、词典”，postcard“卡片”，notice“布告”，根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思，你最好查词典。”所以答案选B。‎ ‎2、—What's your job, Henry?‎ ‎—I'm a ______. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.‎ A．waiter B．reporter C．teacher D．nurse ‎3、________ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.‎ A．Alice and Lily's B．Alice's and Lily's C．Alice's and Lily 解析：考查名词所有格。A选项是指他们共有的母亲；B选项表示她们各自的母亲；C选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由句意可知，这里指的是她们各自的母亲，因此答案为B。‎ ‎3、—Whose computer doesn't work?‎ ‎—________， I think.‎ A．John has B．John does C．John D．John's ‎4、It's said that more than 100 ________ will attend this meeting in Shanghai.‎ A．man teachers B．woman teachers ‎ C．men teachers D．womans teachers 解析：考查名词修饰名词。名词修饰名词变复数时前一个名词一般用单数，但woman和man修饰名词变复数时man和woman以及后面的名词都要变成复数。因此选C。‎ 练习：‎ 一、单项选择(30分)‎ ‎1．—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?‎ ‎—Sorry, I know nothing about him. We are ________.‎ A．friends B．neighbors C．classmates D．strangers ‎2、I don't think looking after children is just（不仅仅是） ________ work.‎ A．woman B．woman's C．women D．women's ‎3、—Why are you still waiting in line?‎ ‎—I've missed my ________.‎ A．place B．order C．turn D．time ‎（“你为什么仍然在排队？”“我错过了我的一次机会了。”place “地方”； order “顺序”； turn“(依次轮流时各自的)一次机会”； time“时间”。通过句意可知，只有C项符合题意，故答案为C。）‎ ‎4、—Lily has a silk ________. Listen, she is singing in the next room!‎ ‎—How nice!‎ A．look B．noise C．voice ‎（look可数名词，意思“相貌，样子，外表”，常用复数形式；noise 不可数名词，意思“噪杂声，吵闹声”；voice，可数名词，意思“嗓音，说话声”。故选择C）‎ ‎5、—I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.‎ ‎—Right. It is one of the ________ in my school.‎ A．choices B．plans C．hobbies D．rules ‎（句子意思是“我听说你每天必须跑步半小时。”“是的，这是我们学校的规则之一。”choices“选择”；plans“计划”；hobbies“爱好”；rules“规则”‎ ‎。所以选择答案D。）‎ ‎6、 —It's said that you have moved into a new house.‎ ‎—Yeah, and we need to buy some ________ in the mall nearby.‎ A．food B．furniture C．hamburger ‎7、________ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.‎ A．Alice and Lily's B．Alice's and Lily's C．Alice's and Lily A选项是指她们共有的母亲；B选项表示她们各自的母亲；C选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由句意可知，这里指的是她们各自的母亲，因此答案为B。‎ ‎8、When I was a student, I liked to sit in the front of the classroom so that I could see the words more clearly on the ________.‎ A．blackboard　 B．desk　 C．dictionary　 D．postcard ‎9、Which is the mascot of Shanghai Exposition(世界博览会)?‎ A. B. C.‎ ‎（句中mascot指的是“吉祥物”，当然是A。）‎ ‎10、—How far is your home from school? ‎ ‎—It's about two ________ walk. ‎ A．hour's B．hours C．hours'‎ ‎（名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达法是“two hours' walk”， hour需要复数后加“'”，故选C。）‎ ‎11、I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a ________.‎ A．letter B．dictionary C．postcard D．notice ‎（letter“书信”；dictionary“字典、词典”；postcard“卡片”；notice“布告”，根据题意“我不知道这个词语意思，你最好查词典”，所以答案选B。）‎ ‎12、—Whose computer doesn't work?‎ ‎—________， I think.‎ A．John has B．John does C．John D．John's ‎（“谁的计算机出毛病啦？”“约翰的，我想。”故答语应用名词所有格形式，所以答案应选D。）‎ ‎13、—What's your job, Henry?‎ ‎—I'm a ________. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.‎ A．waiter B．reporter C．teacher D．nurse ‎（句意为“你是干什么工作的，亨利？”“我是个……，我工作很晚，当人们出来吃饭的时候我非常忙。”waiter“侍者”；reporter“报道员”；teacher“教师”；nurse“护士”，根据句意，答案应选A。）‎ ‎14、You can get much ________ about the world expo on the Internet.‎ A．map B．picture C．ticket D．information ‎（考查不可数名词的用法。由题干中的much知，其后应接不可数名词；A、B、C三项均为可数名词，故选D。）‎ ‎15、Let's get some ________ about tourism on the Internet.‎ A．information 　　　B．message 　　　　C．invention ‎（让我们在网上找一些旅游的信息吧）‎ ‎16、—Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?‎ ‎—I'm afraid we have no ________ but to take a taxi.‎ A．choice B．decision C．reason D．information ‎（根据上一句的have missed the last bus和but to take a taxi可知是别无选择。句意是“哎，天啊，我们已经错过了最后一班车，我们应该怎么办呢？”“我想我们除了乘出租车别无选择了。”）‎ ‎17、—Good morning, madam. Can I help you?‎ ‎—Sure, I'd like ________ for cooking vegetables.‎ A．two cups of tea B．three pieces of bread C．one bowl of dumplings D．five kilos of oil ‎（“做菜用”的原料只能选D）‎ ‎18、—I hear you have to get up early every morning.‎ ‎—Right. It's one of the________ in my family.‎ A．plans B．orders C．rules D．suggestions ‎（“每天不得不早起”是“家规”之一，故选C）‎ ‎19、—Two________ died in the accident.‎ ‎—________terrible it is!‎ A．policemen; How B．policeman; What C．police; What D．policemans; How ‎（考查名词复数和感叹句的知识，警察的复数是policemen，terrible是形容词，故用how来引导感叹句，因此选A。）‎ ‎20、Connie took off her________. She wanted to feel the grass with her feet.‎ A．shoes and socks B．shirt and pants C．cap and gloves D．sweater and jacket ‎（“她想用脚感觉草地”可知，她脱掉的是“鞋和袜子”，故选A）‎ ‎21、—Do you know the woman over there?‎ ‎—Yes. She's ________aunt.‎ A．Lily and Lucy B．Lily's and Lucy's C．Lily's and Lucy D．Lily and Lucy's ‎22、After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took________ rest.‎ A．a few minute's B．a few minutes'‎ C．a little minute's D．a little minutes'‎ ‎（minute是可数名词由a few来修饰且要用复数形式，结尾以s结尾时，所有格直接加'。句意是“踢了半个小时的球后，学生们休息了几分钟。）‎ ‎23、—Where are the________？‎ ‎—They are playing________ basketball on the playground.‎ A．man teachers; the B．men teachers; the C．man teachers; / D．men teachers; /‎ ‎（man作定语时，两个名词都要变复数； 球类娱乐的短语中，球类之前不可用冠词，故选D。句意是“男老师在哪儿？”“他们正在操场上打篮球。”）‎ ‎24、Betty has a beautiful________. She can sing very well.‎ A．voice B．look C．sound D．smell ‎（根据“she can sing very well”可知她的声音很好，人的声音用voice。句意是“贝蒂的声音好，她可以唱得非常好。）‎ ‎25、—Oh, there isn't enough________ for us on the bus.‎ ‎—No hurry. Let's wait for the next one.‎ A．floor B．ground C．room D．place ‎（根据on the bus和答句可知是没有足够的空间够我们用了。句意是“哎呀，公共汽车上我们没有足够的空间了。”“别着急，让我们等下一趟吧。）‎ ‎26、—What ________ do you have for Paul?‎ ‎—I think he should study harder than before.‎ A．news B．advice C．help D．information ‎（本题题意为“对于Paul你有什么建议吗？”“我认为他应该比以前更加努力学习一些。”news“新闻，消息”；advice“建议”；help“帮助”；information“信息”，由题意及解析可知答案为B。）‎ ‎27、—Well, you look so happy!‎ ‎—Because I got a good ________.‎ A．work B．news C．job ‎（work不可数名词；news不可数名词；job可数名词，由不定冠词a可知答案为C。）‎ ‎28、I saw many ________ eating grass on the hill.‎ A．horse B．cow C．rabbit D．sheep ‎（many后跟名词复数，A，B，C都不是复数，sheep单复数相同，故答案选D）‎ ‎29、It's hot. Let's have some ________.‎ A．wine B．porridge C．ice cream D．strawberries ‎（句意为“天气热，让我们吃些冰淇淋吧。”故答案选C。）‎ ‎30. There are twenty ________ in my class.‎ A．boy student B．boy students ‎ C．boys students D．boys student 二、根据句意及所给汉语意思写出所缺单词(15分)‎ ‎1.I usually have a piece of ________(面包)and some milk for breakfast.(bread)‎ ‎2. Boys and girls, please take out your________(钢笔) and write down the new words.（pens）‎ ‎3.Both of my best friends were born in ________(十月)．（October）‎ ‎4. The camera was one of the greatest ________(发明) in the 19th century. （inventions）‎ ‎5.How many times do you brush your________(牙齿) every day?(teeth)‎ ‎6、Please tell me the________(胜利者) telephone number. I want to interview him.（winner’s）‎ ‎7、There are many fresh________(土豆) in the supermarket.（potatoes）‎ ‎8、Sandy is so careful that she seldom makes________(错误) in her homework..（mistakes）‎ ‎9、Thank you very much for your________(邀请). But I'm so sorry that I can't come to your party tomorrow.（invitation）‎ ‎10、Chocolate is usually the________(孩子们) favourite food.（children's）‎ ‎11、ake a short rest after two________(小时) hard work, and you won't feel too tired.（hours’s）‎ ‎12、Great________(变化) have taken place in our hometown.. (句中的谓语动词是have taken place，因此主语要用复数changes)‎ ‎13、Many students like listening to________(音乐)very much.‎ ‎14、There are a lot of old ________(工厂) in our city.（factories）‎ ‎15、A powerful earthquake hit Wenchuan in ________(西南方), China's Sichuan Province on May 12th.‎ ‎（表示“偏方向”时，先说南北，再说东西，故西南方为southwest。）‎ 三、根据句意及所给首字母补全单词(19分)‎ ‎1、New Year is a traditional f________ for Chinese people. New Year和traditional（可知是节日。句意是“新年对中国人来说是传统的节日。”festival）‎ ‎2. Tomorrow is my cousin's birthday. I'm going to buy a g________ for her.（gift）‎ ‎3. If there's something wrong with your teeth，you'd better go to see a d________.（dentist）‎ ‎4、Your parents are your f________ and mother.‎ ‎5. W________ is the coldest season of the year.‎ ‎6. We don't go to the c________ much for movies because we have a video.( 根据movies可知是cinema。句意是“我们不经常去电影院看电影，因为我们有一个录像机。”cinema)‎ ‎7. Miss Qin is a good t________. She teaches English well.‎ ‎8. He is writing on the blackboard with a piece of c________.( Chalk)‎ When summer comes, day becomes longer and n________ becomes shorter.‎ ‎9. When summer comes, day becomes longer and n________ becomes shorter.( night)‎ ‎10.P________ are my favourite animals and they live only in China.( Pandas)‎ ‎11.Would you like to see the movie with me? I've got two t_____.( tickets)‎ ‎12. Mary is such a shy girl that it's hard for her to sing in p________. (public)‎ ‎13. In the north of China, autumn is the best s________ of a year.( season)‎ ‎14. Look at the flowers! They are in different c________： red, yellow, pink...( colors)‎ ‎15. Bill wants to buy a new jacket because his old one is out of s________.( style)‎ ‎16. England is a country in E________.( Europe)‎ ‎17. Don't smoke here. Look at the sign. It says “No S________”．( 根据句意可知是别抽烟，no的后面要接名词或动名词，故用smoking。句意是“别抽烟，看那个标志牌。写着‘别抽烟’。”)‎ ‎18. F________ is very important to us. Everyone needs friends.( Friendship)‎