英语人教版中考满分作文精选20篇 10页

一．‎ 假设你是Emma，你的笔友Josh给你写了一封电子邮件，向你倾诉他在家里的一些烦恼。请根据来信和提示，给Josh回一封电子邮件。先说说你的看法，再给出建议，并适当发挥。‎ 提示：‎ ‎1. 内容要点：（1）看法：在父母看来，我们仍是孩子；父母这样做是为了保护我们。‎ ‎（2）建议：给父母写信谈谈你的想法；主动帮你父母做些力所能及的事情。‎ ‎2. 回信应包括以上所有提示的信息，做到行文连贯，不要逐字翻译 ‎3. 词数：不少于80。开头和结尾已经写好，不计入总词数。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Dear Josh, 　　Thanks for your e-mail. I have ever had the same experience. I even had a fight with my parents. But now, I understand them. We are growing up, but often, it's hard for our parents to see this. To them, we are still children and they want to protect us.‎ Sometimes, it's hard for you to talk to your parents. Here's an idea: Write your mother and father a letter. In the letter, tell your parents what you are thinking about. Then maybe they will understand you better. After your parents read the letter, try to talk to them. In your free time, you'd better do something you can to help your parents. For example, you can help your parents with some housework. What's more, you can describe your friends to your parents and tell them more about you and your life. 　　I hope this helps! Emma ‎ 二. ‎ 在和谐社会里，人与人之间的互帮互助已构成我们生活中的重要组成部分。下周英国友好学校将来你校访问，你校英语俱乐部将举行一次以"Helping Each Other Makes the World Wonderful"为主题的英语演讲比赛。假如李智要参加演讲比赛，请你以"李智"的名义用英语写一篇讲稿。内容要点提示： 1. 帮助同学 —— 友谊; 2. 帮助老人——幸福; 3. 帮助病人——快乐; 4. 帮助别人体会......‎ 要求： 1. 词数：80词左右。正文开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数; 2. 文中不能出现自己的姓名和所在学校的名称。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Helping Each Other Makes the World Wonderful ‎ Hello, everyone. I'm Li Zhi. It's nice to speak about help here. In our life we often help others ‎ and also get help from others. When we help our classmates with their study and other things, we can develop our friendship. If we give a hand to old people, we can understand the meaning of pleasure. As we know, patient in our life. I think we can get much when we help the people around us. As the saying goes, "Giving is much better than receiving." 　　Thank you for your listening. ‎ 三. ‎ 幸福是什么？幸福是父母为你营造的温馨的家，幸福是老师望向你的赞许的目光，幸福是孤独时朋友送来的一杯奶茶，幸福是...... 请以My happiness为话题，写一件曾经发生过的令你感到幸福的事情。 要求：条理清晰，语言流畅，用词准确, 字迹工整，80－100词。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Happiness is important in our life. In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it.‎ I will never forget one thing. Once, I had a bad mark at a math test. I was shy and afraid to meet my parents. But when I got back home late, my parents knew what happened, they said to me: "It doesn't matter, my child. Remember we'll be always beside you when you need help. We believe you can be better next time. Never give up!" I was moved and made up my mind to work harder and harder.‎ I feel happy. Whenever I am in trouble, I can feel my parents' love. I want to be a good child for my parents. ‎ 四. ‎ 健康是一个重要话题，健康的身心，能使我们和谐相处，愉快的学习。为此，学校英语广播站举行"健康成长"征文比赛活动。请你根据要求写一篇80词以上的短文。 内容要求：1. 健康重要。 　　 2. 如何做到身心健康（饮食、起居、运动、沟通）。 参考词汇：health, keep healthy, keep a balanced diet, communicate, exercise, relax, junk food, enough sleep ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Growing Up Healthily Growing up healthily is our duty. Every one of us should try our best to keep ourselves healthy. 　　First of all, keep a balanced diet. We should eat a lot of vegetables and fruit every day. Don't eat junk food. Drink water instead of cola. 　　Secondly, get enough sleep and enough exercise. Early to bed and early to rise help a lot to our health. Try to sleep eight or nine hours every night. Try to exercise every day or at least two or three times a week and relax ourselves by listening to light music. 　　Besides the physical health, we also need friendship. We should try to get along well with people around us. We can share our problems and happiness with them. And we should often communicate with our parents and teachers. Communication plays an important part in our life. 　　A healthy lifestyle and communicating well with others can help us grow up healthily. ‎ 五. ‎ 今年6月5日世界环境日的主题是倡导"低碳生活"，老师就"节能减排"问题组织了一场主题讨论：日常生活中，我们能为保护环境、减少污染做些什么？请用英语写一篇不少于80词的短文，谈谈自己的想法。 　　参考词汇：discussion, protect the environment, be caused by, ordinary people, instead of driving cars, use plastic bags, cut down on, recycle, natural food, save energy, reduce pollutions ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Our class had a discussion about protecting the environment. Here is my opinion. I think the ‎ environment is one of our biggest worries. It was found out that a lot of air pollution is actually caused by ordinary people, not just by big factories. There are so many things each one of us can do every day. It's best for people to take buses or walk instead of driving cars. We should stop to use plastic bags for shopping. We can cut down on waste, recycle trash and eat more natural food. In these ways we can save energy and reduce pollutions. ‎ 六. ‎ 时光匆匆，不知不觉中，同学们的初中生活即将结束，你们有一个懵懂的孩童成长为有知识有理想的少年。在你们成长的历程中，渗透了父母的心血，充满了师长的关爱，得到了朋友的帮助，请以My_______________为题，写一篇短文，描述你心中最重要的人或最令你难忘的人。‎ 要求：1. 把题目补充完整。 　　 2. 文中不得出现真实的人名和校名。 　　 3. 词数在60 - 80之间。 　　 4. 内容要齐全，包括以下几点： Who is the person in your heart? 　　 Why is the person so important in your heart? 　　 What will you learn from the person in the future? 【满分作文欣赏】‎ My father 　　My father is a hero in my heart. Although he has been away for many years, he still lives in my heart now. 　　As a father of the five children, he knew his duty. When I was a little girl, I thought my father never knew tired. He always worked and worked. He was a man of great strength both physically and in the mind. 　　My father not only worked hard to support the whole family, but also looked after my sick mother. Day and night, he struggled for years with mother's disease. At last, my mother recovered because of my father's love and help. However, my father, a man who was great and gentleness, fell down. I lost my hero. He was too tired. He slept for ever. 　　A few years has passed, but I think my father never left me. He always smiles at me and lives in my heart. I know I have my father's love. It gives me courage to do anything, to face any difficulties in my life. 　　From him, I will learn to stand up straightly, to be proud of who I am! ‎ 七．‎ 假定你叫张华，最近从报纸上得知美国某公司将在你的家乡建一座工厂，请给该公司写封电子邮件。要点如下： ●表示欢迎：有利于家乡发展等； ●感到担忧：造成环境污染等； ●希望了解有关环保措施及更多信息。 注意：1．词数80-100； 2．请不要逐句翻译，可适当发挥以使行文连贯； 3．邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 【满分作文欣赏】‎ Dear Sir or Madam,‎ I am a middle school student. I have recently learned from the newspaper that you are going to build a factory here in my hometown. ‎ There is no doubt that it is good for the development of my hometown and it will provide us with more jobs. Most of us stand by the program. However, some of us are worried that the factory will make much noise and pollute the environment of the area. ‎ I would like to know whether you have any plans for the environment protection. Would you please offer us more information about it? I'm looking forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Zhang Hua 八.‎ 网络正逐渐走进我们的生活，而其利弊也都不同程度地显现了出来。请以Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet 为题，写一篇80字左右的短文。 提示：可以从read news, e-mail, chat, study, play games, see the pictures or films even the unhealthy ones等方面加以评论。 要求：1. 要有表明自己观点的句子。 　　　2. 书写工整，句式规范，条理清楚，标点符号使用正确。 　　　3. 短文中应包括提示内容，可适当发挥，但不能出现真实的人名、地名。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet 　　Internet is now coming into our life. It brings us not only a lot of convenience , happiness but also troubles. Some students use Internet as a tool to study. They look up the meanings of the words, a translated form of a sentence, the background of an event or a story, the information of a company or a famous person, etc. They also read news or send e-mails through it. Internet helps them learn more and study well. 　　On the other hand, some students play games, chat with friends , see the pictures or films even the unhealthy ones on the Internet the whole day. They are not interested in their subjects. It's very dangerous for them! 　　The Internet's advantages and disadvantages are shown clearly to us. I think we should make good use of it and stay away from the unhealthy websites.‎ 九．‎ 近来，全国正在进行平安校园建设，我市也不例外。作为一名学生，我们更应该珍惜自己的生命，更应该注意自己的人身安全。假如你是Daming，并担任校学生会主席，请你就安全问题，向全校学生发出倡议，写一封安全倡议书。 内容提示：（1）不带管制刀具到学校； （2）不私自下河洗澡； （3）不打架； （4）上学放学的途中应该注意安全； （5）遇紧急情况，立即报告警察或老师。‎ 参考词汇：管制刀具：restricted knives or things；洗澡：have a bath；打架：fight；紧急情况：emergency；交通安全：pay attention to the traffic。‎ 写作要求：（1）用词恰当，要点全面，层次清晰，书写规范。‎ ‎（2）可适当发挥，80词左右，开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。‎ ‎（3）严禁出现自己的真实姓名和学校等相关信息。 【满分作文欣赏】‎ Dear students, 　　As we know, safety is the most important thing in our lives. So, we should try our best to make sure we are safe. We mustn't bring restricted knives or things to our school because these things may cause serious problems. Do not have a bath in rivers or ponds by ourselves without our parents permission. And, we should be friendly to others so fighting is strongly banned. Make sure that we should always pay attention to the traffic on our way to school or home. Furthermore, if we meet some emergency, we must call for help from the police or our teachers. In a word, following these safety rules above can make us live in peace. Yours, Daming 十.‎ 目前，内江市正在积极创建全国文明城市，请你以校学生会的名义就"创建文明城"这一主题，根据下列提示写一封倡议书。 要点提示： 1. 爱护花草树木； 2．不在公共场所随地吐痰、乱扔垃圾； 3．遵守交通规则； 4．尊敬师长，礼貌待人； 5．团结友爱，助人为乐； .............　　 注意： 1. 字数在80字左右；倡议书应该包含所有要点；不要逐句翻译，但可适当发挥。 2. 倡议书的开头与结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。 3. 参考词汇：traffic rules 交通规则；respect vt.尊敬 ‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Dear schoolmates , 　　Our Neijiang City is trying to set up a national civilized city . We know it includes excellent environment and good behavior . So we middle school students can do something for it. 　　To make our city more beautiful, we are supposed to take care of flowers and trees. We mustn't spit in public or throw everywhere. And we should not break the traffic rules. 　　As middle school students, we should respect our teachers and the old. We should also get on well with each other friendly and be polite to other people. Besides, we should be always ready to help each other. Do you agree with us? 　　Let's start from ourselves ! 　　 The Student Union 　　 June 13th ,2010 十一.‎ 为配合我市"礼仪宜宾(Charm Yibin)"活动的开展，某学校开展以"How to behave well？"为主题的英语作文比赛，请你以一名初中学生的身份写一篇60--80词的短文参赛。 内容包括：‎ ‎1. 守时，不说脏话；‎ ‎2. 礼貌待人，热心助人；‎ ‎3. 遵守交通规则，不乱扔垃圾；‎ ‎4. ...... 注意：‎ ‎1.文中不能出现校名和自己的姓名；‎ ‎2. 内容可适当扩展。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ How to behave well?‎ As a student in Yibin, we should behave well. ‎ First, I think it's very important to do everything on time and keep promises. Never lie to others or say dirty words. ‎ Next we should be polite to others and ready to help people in need. Then we'd better not talk loudly in public. Don't throw litter or spit about. And remember to obey traffic rules.‎ Finally, learn to work with others. We need good team work in our life.‎ 十二.‎ 某市今年举办主题为"把希望带给贫困孩子"的活动。现在请你以学生会的名义写一份倡议书，内容要点如下（括号中的词汇可供参考）： 1. 许多贫困家庭无力负担孩子去上学；(afford) 2. 孩子们没有足够的钱去买学习用品和衣物；(school things and clothes) 3. 每个孩子都应该有上学的权力；(have the right to do something) 4. 我们应该尽最大的努力去帮助他们，比如......; (try one's best to do something) 5. 让我们一起给贫困孩子创造一个更美好的未来。(work together) 注意： 1. 文章开头、结尾已给出，但不计入总词数； 2. 词数80左右。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Dear students,‎ In some parts of our country, there are many children out of school. Because their family can't afford to send them to school. At the same time, children don't have enough money to buy school things and clothes. In my opinion, each child should have the right to go to school, but there are few chances for them. So we should try our best to do something to help them, just like giving them school things, clothes and so on. We believe if we work together, we can make a better future for them. 　　Thanks for your joining! 　　 Students' Union 十三.‎ 人们对于学生网上交友持不同意见。请你用英语写一篇关于学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。　　‎ 赞成的理由 反对的理由 ‎1.广交朋友 ‎1.浪费时间 ‎2.可自由表达思想 ‎2.影响学习 ‎3.有利于外语学习 ‎3.可能上当受骗 ‎　‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ ‎　　Should students make friends on line? Some people say yes. Internet helps people make many friends. Chatting on line, students can express more freely their feelings and opinions, and even get help for their foreign language studies。‎ ‎　　Others, however, think students should not. They say making friends on line is a waste of time, which should be spent more meaningfully on study. Besides, some students get cheated on line。‎ It is my opinion that students should place their study, health and safety before other things. As for friendship, we can readily find it in our classmates and other people around us.‎ 十四.‎ 假设你是刘伟，你的美国朋友MIKE 想通过你了解中国的传统节日。请你根据提示，给Mike 写一封e-mail，向他介绍我国传统节日春节的情况。‎ 内容提示：‎ ‎1.春节是中国最重要的传统节日;‎ ‎2.春节期间人们的主要活动(节前、除夕、节日期间)< Spring Festival, traditional, decorate, on the eve of the festival, get together, set off fireworks, lucky money>‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Dear Mike,‎ How are you? I’m really glad that you are interested in traditional Chinese festivals. There are many traditional festivals in China, such as Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and so on. I’d like to introduce the Spring Festival to you. Spring Festival is the most important traditional holiday in China. It usually lasts for 15 days.‎ Days before the festival, people clean their houses. They think cleaning sweeps any bad luck. They decorate their houses with paper cuts. On the eve of the festival, family members get together and have big meals. Then they watch the Spring Festival Gala on TV. At midnight, they set off fireworks to welcome the New Year. During the festival, kids get lucky money from old people. People visit their relatives and friends. They wish each a happy year and good luck. How happy we are.　 Best wishes!‎ ‎　 　Yours,‎ ‎　　 Liu Wei 十五.‎ 在今年的"地球一小时(Earth Hour)"活动中，中国很多城市的人们都自觉熄灯一小时,体现了低碳生活的新理念。假定你是CCTV9的记者，请你根据以下采访信息用英语写一篇80个词左右的新闻稿。注意：部分内容已为你写好，不计入总词数。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Thank you for joining CCTV's Around China show ! Now it's 8∶45 P．m．during the famous Earth Hour．People in many cities have turned off their lights and are having a very special time．In Shanghai, some people are taking a walk with their family．They feel very relaxed．In Beijing，some people are having a nice talk with their friends．And in Ningbo, some young people are holding a party in the park singing and dancing Without lights，people can also enjoy themselves．‎ Many people share with us their plans．Some say they will spend more time with their family and friends．Others say they will try their best to protect the environment，like planting more ‎ trees，saving water and so on．What's more，some people tell me that they will use paper both sides（drive less，ride bikes，use plastic bags less．．．）in their daily life．‎ 十六.‎ 为配合我市举行的"6月5日世界环境日"万人骑自行车城区环游活动，请你写一篇以"Lower Carbon（低碳）, Happier Life"为主题的英语短文。（以上背景内容无需表述） 短文要点如下： 　　1．在6月5日自己骑自行车上学，父母骑车上班； 　　2．在家使用节能灯；减少洗澡淋浴时间； 　　3．将用过的课本留给下届学生； 　　4．请你就此话题补充1-2个个人做法。 要求： 　　1．不要逐词翻译； 　　2．在文中不要提及真实的校名和姓名； 　　3．词数80左右；短文标题和首尾句已给出，不计入词数。‎ 参考词汇： 　　节能灯 energy-saving lamp 　　用过的 used 　　下届 lower grades ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ ‎　　 Lower carbon, happier life 　　It's our duty to save the environment. I will go to school by bike or on foot instead of taking the bus on June 5. And I will also ask my parents to ride bikes to work that day. At home, we will use energy-saving lamps and spend less time when we are taking a shower. Don't throw away the used textbooks and leave them to the students of lower grades. At the same time, I will tell my parents to take bags when they are shopping.(I will turn off the lights before leaving.) 　　Lower carbon, happier life. Let's take actions.‎ 十七.‎ 每个人的成长都是一种蜕变的过程，从幼稚走向成熟，从逆境走向成功。请你用英语写一篇80词以上的短文，谈谈你在成长过程中所经历的最大的一次转变。 内容要求： 　　1. 变化前后分别是什么样子的？ 　　2. 促成你转变的主要原因是什么？ 　　3. 你为此变化付出了怎样的努力？ 注意：短文中不允许出现与考生本人相关的真实姓名和校名等信息。‎ ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ I used to be a shy girl in my primary school. I was weak in English at that time, especially for spoken English. So I was afraid to answer the teacher's questions during English classes. 　　After I entered my dream middle school, something changed. I started to learn many interesting English stories and my English teacher was patient to help me a lot. I studied hard in class and practiced by watching films and listening to English songs in my free time. Little by little, I found it more and more interesting to learn English. I could even talk with my classmates fluently in English and I was not shy any more. At last, I got high grades in English and I had confidence to do it better in the future. ‎ 十八.‎ 在我们的生活中，总会遇到许多困难或不如意的事情，如生活上的、学习上的、情感上的......我们要有信心去克服它，不要轻言放弃！请你以"Never Give Up"为题写一篇短文，让我们分享你的经历、感受或想法。字数：80左右。 温馨提示：‎ ‎1、短文中请勿使用真实姓名。地点或所在学校名称。 2、 这些单词也许对你有帮助：difficulty, unhappy, deal with, confident 【满分作文欣赏】‎ Never Give Up 　　I come from a small village. My family is poor. I don't have any money to buy a computer or an e-dictionary like other students. But I never feel unhappy. I try my best to study hard and get along well with my classmates. I like reading. I've learned a lot from it. Books give me not only knowledge but also confidence. 　　I believe that I will have a better life in the future. After the storm, there must be a wonderful rainbow. I will overcome any problem and never give up.‎ 十九.‎ 李华沉迷于电脑游戏中，影响了学习。作为他的好朋友，你打算怎么帮他呢?‎ 请用下面所给的提示词写一篇不少于80字的短文。字迹工整，语言流畅。　‎ 提示词：give up/ concentrate on /be (become)interested in ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ Li Hua spent too much time playing computer games and he fell behind others. As a good friend of his, I must do something to help him.‎ Firstly, I think it’s very important for him to learn lessons well. He should spend most of his time on his study instead of computer games. ‎ Secondly, I must tell him that playing computer games too much is bad for his health, especially for his eyes. So he must give it up. I can play more sports with him after school. Maybe he will become more interested in sports than computer games. And then I'll ask him to concentrate more on his study. Of course, I will try my best to help him with all his subjects. I think I can do it in many fun ways and let him find much fun in studying. At the same time, I'll ask both his parents and our teachers to help him, too. If I try these, I'm sure he will make great progress soon.‎ 二十. 　‎ 越来越多汽车进入我们的家庭生活，改善了我们的生活，但同时也带来了很多问题，如塞车和车祸，给家庭和社会带来极大的危害。作为中学生，我们应该怎样做呢? ‎ 请写一篇有关交通安全的短文(80字左右) 内容包含：‎ ‎1.　遵守交通规则，如走人行道/过斑马线。‎ ‎2.　别在街道上或马路上玩耍和踢球。‎ ‎3.　劝父母不能酒后驾车。‎ 你可以适当增加内容，让短文通顺，过渡自然。‎ 参考词汇：sidewalk 人行道 zebra-crossing 斑马线 注：第一段已给出，不计入总数 ‎【满分作文欣赏】‎ With more and more cars coming into our families, we are happy that it has greatly improved ‎ our life. But unluckily, it has also brought many problems, such as heavy traffic and traffic accidents.‎ Traffic safety is everybody's business. We must obey the rules. For example, we must walk on walk side, when we cross zebra – crossing, stop and look right and left, then go across fast. Don’t play football on the road .we can tell our parents not to drink before they drive, not to run through red lights, not to talk and laugh while driving etc.‎ ‎　　We can say cars are coming into our life, but only when everybody thinks traffic safety is everybody's business can we be safe driving on roads and walking on sidewalks.‎ ‎【远古先秦音乐】 　　我们的祖先和世界上的许多民族一样，经历了几十万年原始氏族公社的生活。氏族公社分为母系和父系两个阶段。我国地域广大，各地都发现有远古人们活动的遗迹，但其历史发展是不平衡的。各种类型的文化在每个历史阶段存在和延续的时间，有先有后，有长有短，有着错综复杂的关系。大致说来属于较早的新石器时代文化遗存有距今约六千年左右的长江流域河姆渡文化与黄河流域的裴李岗文化、大汶口文化、仰韶文化、马家窑文化。它们的音乐遗物证明，黄河、长江流域是中(蟹)华民族音乐文化的最早发祥地。约五千年前，各个氏族部落先后进入氏族社会晚期，音乐文化有了显著的发展。属于这个时期的龙山文化、青(蟹)龙泉三期文化、良渚文化遗址出土的原始乐器皆可为证。先民们在漫长的原始社会中创(蟹)造了原始音乐。从现存远古传说，可以看出音乐起源于劳动，并与巫术、原始舞蹈、诗歌溶为一体，为劳动实践和氏族集体的利益服务。我国古书所载“百兽率舞”与“奋五谷”等传说均说明它们与先民们的祭祀、狩猎、畜牧、耕种生活有关。各个文化遗存地区出土有原始乐器，如陶埙、用禽兽肢骨制成的“骨笛”、陶角、鼍鼓及陶铎等。
从公元前二十世纪的夏朝起，我国历史进入奴隶社会。
关于夏文化仍在探索中。夏以后的商（约前17—前11世纪）和西周（约前11世纪—前770年），已是文明灿烂的青铜文化的鼎盛时期。音乐达到了更高的水平，出现了《桑林》、《濩》（hú音户）、《裓》（jiè音节）、《大武》等乐舞，并有更多的乐器品种出现。此外还产生了多种音阶调式，创立了十二律，已经有了绝对音高、半音观念，对旋宫转调有了初步的认识，也兴办了一些音乐教育事业。　春秋战国（前770——前221年）是我国奴隶社会向封建社会转化和封建社会初步形成的时期。当时列国纵横，战争频繁，几百个小国逐渐归并为几个大国，为我国统一的多民族的封建国家的建立奠定了基础。这个时期，由于铁器的使用，各国农业、手工业和商业都得到了迅速的发展。各地区、各民族在经济文化方面相互交流、相互影响，也推动了音乐文化的发展。首先在郑、卫、宋、齐、（今河南、山东）各国，商周旧乐“雅颂”开始失去往昔至高无上的神圣地位，民间新乐“郑声”日益受到重视。《诗经》所载十五国“风”和二“南”、“小雅”，很多都是各地优秀的民歌或贵族的吟唱。城市中的音乐生活也很丰富，产生了不少杰出的民间歌手和器乐演奏家。以编钟为主的钟鼓乐队得到了充分的发展。南(蟹)方楚、越、滇等地的音乐文化相当发达。大诗人屈原填词、楚国女巫祀神时唱的“楚声”——“九歌”，越国裸体女巫跪唱祭祀的铜雕，滇人祭祀时敲击的铜鼓、羊角编钟，似乎使我们看到了南国艺术特有的神韵和丰采。 春秋战国时期，音乐理论空前活跃。见于曾侯钟的乐律铭文和《管子·地员篇》、《吕氏春秋·音律》的三分损益法，记述了我国最早的乐律计算方法。音乐美学方面，儒家孔丘、荀卿、公孙尼重功利、重情理；道家老聘、庄周重艺术、重精神。他们的见解，对日后中国音乐的发展育着极为深远的影响。 一、“百兽率舞”与《奋五谷》 先秦典籍《尚书》中记有“击石挝石，百兽率舞”的传说故事。大约在几万年以前，我们的祖先开始进入以渔猎为生的母系氏族社会。他们在劳动之余需要抒发和表达生活和劳动中的感受，用艺术的形式再现狩猎时手持武器与野兽搏斗的情景，于是产生了用于祭祀以狩猎为内容的原始歌舞音乐。所谓“击石挝石，百兽率舞”，就是远古人们敲击着石头化装成各种野兽歌舞祭祀的生动写照。 近年在青海省大通县上孙寨出上的新石器时代舞蹈纹彩陶盆，其内壁上有五人一列，共三列舞人，环绕盆沿形成圆圈。下面有四道平行带纹，代表水面。盆中盛水以后，这些舞人好像在河边，摆动着身上装饰的兽尾，欢快地歌舞。从画面来看，舞者神态逼真，作育节奏的跳跃动作。它是我们了解原始社会歌舞的生动的形象资料。 至于敲击的石头，最早可能是原始的石制生产工具，后来逐渐演变成祭祀时伴奏歌舞的礼乐器。近年在山西夏县东下冯夏代文化遗址，发现了至今年代较早的“石磬”（图2）。它的斜上方，有一个悬桂用的圆孔，并有长期使用的磨损痕迹，整体打制得非常粗糙，有的棱角还十分锐利，形状像耕田用的石犁。我们曾将它悬挂起来敲击，仍能发出清脆嘹亮的声音。测音结如表明，其音高为　　大约从六、七千年前起，在长江流域和黄河流域，我们祖先的经济生活有了较大的改变。他们除狩猎以外，已经开始种植谷物和饲养家畜。社会生活的变化，也在音乐上得到相应的反映。传说在一个叫做葛天氏的氏族里，流行着一种集体歌舞。表演时，由三个人手里拿着牛尾，踏足而歌。殷商时代甲骨文中的“舞”字，写作“”或“”，像一个人两手各执一根牛尾在舞蹈，就是表现了当时人们跳舞的形象。 《吕氏春秋》记载，跳这种舞蹈时所唱的歌有《载民》、《玄鸟》、《遂草木》、《奋五谷》、《敬天常》、《达帝功》、《依地德》、《总禽兽之极》等八阕（què音缺）。其中，《奋五谷》是祝愿五谷更快地成长；《遂草木》是祈求牧草长得更加茂盛，《总禽兽之极》是希望牲畜繁殖得很多；《敬天常》和《依地德》是颂扬天和地的功德，反映先民们为了耕种的需要，对气候和土壤的重视；《达帝德》、《载民》、《玄鸟》（燕子）等，则是歌颂祖先与图腾（氏族的标志）的。在原始社会，人们对于自然界的许多现象，如生死、风雨、雷电等，都不能理解。为了更好地生存，他们常常在一定的季节举行种种宗教的仪式，唱歌跳舞，祈求祖先、天(蟹)地、图腾保佑他们，希望风调雨顺，免除灾难，更能够五谷丰稔，牲畜兴旺。这八首歌就是在宗教仪式上唱的。它的内容说明，农耕和畜牧在人们的经济生活中已占有重要地位。 《奋五谷》等乐舞在音乐上有何特点，由于年代久远，已难以查考。看来它与原始舞蹈结合紧密，可以推知节奏应是它的基本因素。曲调可能较为简单朴实，古人记载说原始歌曲“乐而无转”（《盐铁论》），其旋律性不强，是可信的。 二、治水之歌一《大夏》 《大夏》传说是我国原始社会到奴隶社会的过渡时期产生的著名的歌舞。 　　大约四千年前，黄河流域洪水为患，农田无法耕种，人民颠沛流寓。传说当时部落联盟的首领舜（shún音顺）任用鲸（gǔn音滚）来治水。鲸用筑堤堵水的办法，始终不能制服洪水。后来，舜又让鲧的儿子禹来治水。禹用了十年时间，日夜操劳，不敢稍懈，三过家门而不入，最后终于疏通三江五湖，凿开龙门，让洪水通畅地东流入海。洪水平息后，禹又亲自拉犁开荒，发展农业生产。人民为了欢庆治水的胜利，歌颂禹的功绩，举行盛大的歌舞祭把活动，人们表演的乐舞，后来就叫做《大夏》。 　春秋时期，南(蟹)方的吴国（今江苏苏州一带）有一个贵族，名叫季札，非常喜爱音乐。有一次，他充当吴国使臣，到鲁国（今山东曲阜一带）去访问。他听说鲁国保存了很多西周宫廷中的著名乐舞，就请求参观学习。鲁国很热情地为他演出了《大夏》、《韶》等古乐和“大雅”、“小雅”、“周南”、“召南”，以及郑、卫（今河南）、豳（bin音宾）、秦（今陕西）、齐（今山东临淄）、魏（今山西）、陈（今河南、安徽一带）等国的民间歌曲“国风”。 　　据说《大夏》演出时，舞者每八个人站成一行，称为一“佾”（yì音义）。舞者头上戴着毛皮帽子，袒露上半身，下身穿着白色短裙。右手持羽毛，左手持乐器“籥”（yuè音月），边唱边舞，颇为质朴、粗旷。季札看后，深深地被它的内容和表演所感动，说：“真美啊！像这样勤劳而又有道德的人，除了禹，谁能比得上呢？”季札的话，虽然带有过分赞誉的成分，但也说明《大夏》的内容确与大禹治水有关。所以商周以来，它一直被奴隶主贵族用来作为祭祀山川的乐舞。　　《大夏》已具有一定的艺术性。它共分“九成”（九段），用“籥”伴奏，又称“夏籥九成”。“籥”在甲骨文里写作“”像是用数根苇竹制成的管子，周围用绳子捆扎在一起，管子上端有一个吹孔，可以吹奏发声。一个籥，可吹出数个不同的乐音。这种乐器，就是后来“萧”（排萧）的前身。《大夏》用这种乐器伴奏，比起“击石拊石”的原始乐舞来，要进步多了。不过，因其乐音较少，推想其曲调可能比较简单。 　除《大夏》以外，这个时期还流传一首与禹有关的南(蟹)方民歌。据《吕氏春秋》记载，禹在治水的过程中，遇到一个“涂山氏”氏族的女子。后来禹又到其他地方巡行，那个女子便派人站在涂山（今浙江会嵇）南麓，唱着她所作的“候人兮猗”这首情歌，等待禹的到来。这首歌是目前所知最早的一首南(蟹)方民歌。 这首歌的歌词，实际上只有“候人”两个字，即等待她的情人的意思。它可能反映了父系氏族社会里，人们的爱情生活。结尾的“兮猗！”两字，是感叹词。“兮”，古音读如“啊”，“猗”与“兮”字音相同。这种结尾形式表明原始歌曲是用婉转起伏的旋律抒发其强烈的思念之情的。歌词中词语的重复，说明旋律性已逐渐成为原始音乐的重要因素。三、埙的演变和音阶的形成与发展 　　埙是我国古代一种重要的吹奏乐器。其形状有管形、橄榄鱼形、圆锥形等多种。它们的顶端都有一个吹孔，埙体上有的无按音孔，有的有若干按音孔。多为陶制品，也有骨制品。 　　埙的历史很悠久，目前发现的最古老的埙，是大约六千年前居住在今天浙江杭州湾河姆波遗址的居民使用的椭圆形无音孔陶埙与西安半坡村仰韶文化遗址发现的两个陶埙。其中一个无音孔，另一有一音孔者能吹出一个小三度音程：即羽（F）与宫（bA）两个音。　　据近年对新石器时代晚期至殷商时期众多陶埙的测音结果来看，这些陶埙的绝对音高虽然各不相同，但都可吹出小三度昔程。就是说，都能吹出后来五声音阶中的lado（羽、宫）或misol（角、徵）两个音，它是目前所知最古老的一种音阶形式。估计当时的乐曲，如《奋五谷》等，可能就是由这少数几个音组成的。 　　大约在四、五千年以前，在今天山西万泉县荆村和太原市郊义井村，还使用一种二音孔陶埙。这种陶埙能吹出三个音： 　　荆村埙 义井埙　　　　其中荆村埙吹出的音，构成一个纯五度和小七度音程；义井埙吹出的音，构成一个小三度和纯四度音程。就是说，荆村埙能吹出相当于后来G调五声音阶中的635（羽、角、徵）或D 调的261（商、羽、宫）三个音。义井埙能吹出相当于G调五声音阶中的612（羽、宫、商）或C调的356（角、徵、羽）三个音。当时人们尚无绝对音高观念，因此，这两个埙实际上就是在半坡埙所吹出的小三度音程基础上，又增加了一个“商”音或“羽”音。它们所构成的两种三昔列，应是目前已知的最古老的三声音阶。 　　　据目前考古实物证明，埙的进一步发展是在进入奴隶社会以后。近年在甘肃玉门属于父系氏族社会晚期至奴隶社会早期的火烧沟文化遗址的平民墓葬中，出土了二十多个彩陶埙。其形休呈鱼形，鱼嘴处是吹孔，埙体上有三个按音孔。测音结果表明，这些埙的绝对音高各不相同，但都能吹出相当于后世五声音阶中的domisolla即宫、角、徵、羽四个骨干音。有的埙还能吹出fa（清角）。少数埙能吹出羽、宫、商、角四个骨干音。据此推想，当时可能至少已有上述以宫、羽为调式主音的两种四声音阶调式。　　埙的基本定型，大体在晚商时期。实物有河南辉县琉璃阁殷墓、河南安阳小屯妇好墓出土三枚一套的陶埙和殷墟1001大墓出土兽面纹骨埙。三者埙体均呈圆锥形，有五个按音孔。测音结果表明，辉县埙与妇好埙基音相同，均为a，因此当时可能已有绝对音高的观念。从辉县埙的音阶结构来看，实际上是在甘肃埙两种四声音阶的基础上增添了两个变化音。如以a为宫，可构成宫、角、徵，羽与清羽及变宫的音阶序列；或以e为宫，可构成羽、宫、商、角与清商、清角的音阶序列。变化音的出现，说明已存在使用色彩性变音进行变化装饰或旋宫转调——改变调高转换音阶调式的可能性。 　　后世文献都说“商已前但有五音”，至周代始有“七音”。近年出土的殷王室妇好墓五枚一套的编铙能奏出相当于后世G调的56145的音阶结构，如果联系起来看，我国五声音阶正式形成，可能不会早于商周之际。　　关于七声音阶“七音”的最早记载，见于《左传》昭公二十年（前632）。如果从商埙已能吹出七声结构中的某些偏音的事实来看，它的正式形成可能与“五声”相差不会太远。目前由于缺乏确证，尚难定论。 　　随着七声音阶的出现，牵涉到中国传统调式研究中经常遇到的新、旧音阶与清商音阶问题。旧音阶“角”、“徵”之间为“变徵”（#fa），半音位置在四度、五度和七度、八度之间；新音阶“角”、“徵”之间为“清角”（fa），半音位置在三度、四度和七度、八度之间；清商音阶“角”、“徵”之间为清角，半音位置在三度、四度和六度、七度之间（“”表示半音关系，其余均为全音）：　　在上述三种七声结构中，五声音阶的五个正音始终处于核心的地位。这就是子产所说的“九歌、八风、七音、六律，以奉五声”（《左传·昭二十五年》）。 　从现有测音材料看，辉县塌虽然还未形成完整的七声结构，但是清角在火烧沟文化遗址鱼形坝已经能吹出的事实，以及清羽在辉县埙中的存在，说明上述三种七声结构都是我国具有悠久历史的音阶形式。 　从半坡埙产生最早的一个小三度音程到晚商至春秋之际出现完整的五声音阶和七声音阶，其间经历了三千多年的漫长岁月，可见，人们对于音阶的认识是经过长期的探索和实践的。 四、巫与商代音乐 　　巫原是原始社会拥有较多知识、能歌善舞，传说能交通神人的神秘人物。 　　商殷的巫，与史、卜、贞等同掌占卜的职务，能替鬼神说话，影响国家的政治与国王的行动。《尚书·洪范篇》就讲到商殷的国王有疑难的事情就应该和卿士（高级贵族）、庶民（低级贵族）商量并以巫、史等所进行的“卜筮（shì音事）”定吉凶，“卜筮”的吉凶有决定行动与否的作用。占卜、祭祀时，巫常要唱歌跳舞来配合，所以巫也是商殷精通音乐与舞蹈的人。 　　商代音乐属于巫文明。 　　商原是居住在黄河下游的一个以玄鸟（燕子）为图腾的原始部族。夏末，已进入今河南地区居住，并在汤的领导下灭夏建立商朝。商代在盘庚迁殷前（约前16—前14世纪），尚处于刚进入早期奴隶制的阶段，从郑州二里岗等早商遗址出上的二音孔或三音孔埙看，这个时期的音乐文化并不特别发达。在祭祀等重大场合，往往由巫主持表演本部族的传统乐舞《桑林》和赞颂汤代夏立商武功的乐舞《濩》等等。我国古书《左传》记有一(蟹)个(蟹)故(蟹)事：公元前641年，商王室后裔宋襄公在楚丘为晋侯举行盛大的宴会，晋侯提出要看宋国祖先的传统乐舞《桑林》。这个乐舞，据说由用鸟羽化装成玄鸟的舞师与化装成先批简狄的女巫进行表演。由于它描写了筒狄吞玄鸟卵生商始租契的具体过程，因而使讲究礼法的晋侯看了十分害怕，不得不躲到房中去。商代音乐正因为带有浓厚的原始古风，而显得那么粗野离奇，荒诞不经。 　　商代音乐真正进入文明的盛期，是在定都安阳以后（前13—前11世纪）。出土于安阳殷墟王室墓葬的成组饰有狰狞可怖的饕餮、夔龙等纹样的各类乐器均可为证。这个时期，不仅王畿及其邻近地区，甚至一些偏远的方国，如武丁时进贡“亚弱”编铙的弜国、出有多件青铜大铙的今湖南宁乡与安徽、浙江、江西等地，均已存在相当发达、既有商文化特征又有本地特色的音乐文明。 　　商代后期，乐器的品种已相当多样，制作工艺也很巧妙。打击乐器有多种形制的铙、铎、磬（qng音庆）和鼓等。铙与铎，最早原是原始社会末期象征氏族贵族权力的礼乐器，用陶上制成。现存实物有陕西长安客省庄龙山文化的素面陶铎商代的铙均为青铜铸造，或手持演奏，或植于座上演奏。商铙因其形休的大小不同而有大铙、小铙之分。其中，单个的大铙，有人称为“庸”（yòng音拥）。卜辞中“其（置）庸，壴（鼓）于既卯”就说明这一点。由多枚铙组成一套的称为编铙。小型编铙比较常见，一般由三枚组成一套。近年在殷代大型王室墓葬妣（bǐ音比）辛墓中发现有五枚一套的编饶。我们曾对这套编饶进行测音，其音高大约相当于：G、A、C、F（？）、G，可构成四声音阶序列。大型编铙比较少见，现存实物仅见于湖南宁乡一带。商代的磬有石制、玉制和青铜制等多种。它分为两种，一种为单个的大磬，如安阳武官村殷代大墓出土的虎纹石磬，纹饰瑰丽，声音悠扬。经测音，其音高为#C;，与山西夏县东下冯夏代遗址出土石磬音高相同。一种是编磬，一般均为三枚一套。近年在殷墟西区出土有五枚一套的编磬。鼓，在原始时代已有，叫做“土鼓”，鼓框可能是由陶土制成，故有此名。另有一种大鼓，鼓腔用木制成，外施彩绘，鼓面蒙有鼍皮，又称鼍鼓。商代的鼓有多种，一般鼓身下面有鼓座，鼓身上面有羽毛作为装饰，甲骨文中的“”字，就是它的正面形象。近年在湖北崇阳出土一件晚商至西周早期的铜制贲鼓，即是这样一种形制。此外