中考英语语法复习大全 53页

‎2005年中考英语语法复习大全 一.名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数 ‎ ‎1.直接加s: maps, books, bags, days, boys, birds. 2.以辅音字母加y 结尾时变y为i加es: country-countries, factory-factories, baby-babies, family-families, ‎ ‎3.以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的单词加es: fox-foxes, dish-dishes, brush-brushes, bus-buses, class-classes, glass-glasses box-boxes, watch-watches ‎4.以o 结尾的加s, radio-radios, photo-photos, zoo-zoos, 但potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes必须加es ‎5.以f, fe 结尾的单词变f 为v加es: wife-wives, half-halves, shelf- shelves, knife-knives, life-lives, thief-thieves,但　reef必须加s.‎ 不规则变化为：sheep-sheep, fish-fish, deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen, policeman-policemen, German-Germans, foot-feet, child-children, tooth-teeth. ‎ 不可数名词：work, homework, housework, time, knowledge, money, weather, fruit, food, rain snow, wind, ice, bread, porridge, orange, water, tea, rice, meat, news, paper, help, help, excuse 名词（借口，理由）, beef, cotton(棉花)， health, pork, salt, silk（丝绸） sand（沙子） space=room(空间) sugar, wood（木头） wool ‎ many=a lot of=lots of=a number of=numbes of许多，a few=several几个，‎ few=not没有,跟可数名词。‎ Much=a lot of=lots of=a plenty of许多，a little=a bit of一点，little=not没有，跟不可数名词 注意: people没有单数，是复数名词，persons=people; cloud云彩和chalk既可当可数名词又可当不可数名词。‎ 二.名词所有格是在名词后面加 ’s, 以 s结尾的加’ ,另外人用’s, 物用 of ‎ 如：Meimei’s book , Bob’s bike, the students of class, a picture of my family, a friend of Jim’s the students’ desks, Teachers’ Day教师节，Women’s Day, Children’s Day, ‎ Lucy and Lily’s room 路丝和利丽共有的房间，Jim’s and Tom’s fathers吉姆和汤姆各自的父亲三..代词的用法:1.主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 作主语 ‎ ‎ 2. 宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 用在动词和介词后作宾语 . ‎ ‎3.形容词性物主代词：my your, his, her, its, our your, their ‎ 后面必须跟名词 ‎ ‎4. 名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours yours, theirs,‎ ‎5.反身代词：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves,‎ ‎6.反身代词的搭配： teach oneself=learn by oneself(自学) ‎ 如: I teach myself English.=I learn English by myself.‎ ‎ buy oneself sth. 如：He bought himself a pen.他为自己买了一支钢笔。 ‎ enjoy oneself=have a good time help oneself to some food( some drink) 自用食物和饮料，hurt oneself伤到自己，‎ look after oneself, by oneself=alone独自，leave by oneself=leave alone把某人单独留下， ‎ ‎7.指示代词：this----these, that----those, this(that) is; these(those) are ‎8.不定代词：代表人的有：everyone(body), someone(body), anyone(body), no one=nobody ‎ 代表物的有：everything , something , anything , nothing 注意：（1）当单数用。如：Is everyone here? Something is wrong with my bike. Everything begins to grow. Is there anything cheaper? ‎ ‎ （2）另外something, someone用于肯定句，anything, anyone用于否定句和肯定句。‎ ‎ no=not any, nothing=not anything, nobody=not anybody=no one=not anyone ‎ ‎ 如：I can see nothing. =I can not see anything. ‎ There is nobody here.= There is not anybody here.‎ ‎ (3)不定代词用形容词修饰时，要把形容词放在后面。‎ 如：There is nothing serious.没有什么严重的。 There is something wrong with my radio.我的收音机没有毛病。‎ ‎ 9. all____none用于三者以上，all（都）用复数，none（都没有）用单数和复数都行。它们代人代物都行。‎ ‎ 如：All of the boys are in the room .= All the boys are in the rṯom .=The boys are all in the room .所有的男孩都在间 ‎ All of the animals are jumpingḮ=All the animals are jumping.=The animals are all jumping.‎ All of the meat is on the plates.=All the meat is on the plates.=The meat is all on the plates.‎ None of the seats are / is mine. None of sheep is / are in the field.. None of us have /has an egg . ‎ ‎10. both (都)___neither(二个都不)，用于二者，both表示肯定句，neither表示否定句。 ‎ 如：They both study French.=Both of them study French..肯定句 Neither of them studies French. 否定句 The girls are both at home.=Both of the girls are at home.肯定句 ‎ Neither of the girls is at home.否定句 Both of the persons are doctors. 肯定句 Neither of the persons is a doctor.否定句 Both of you do sports at school.肯定句 Neither of you does sports at school.否定句 We both have to stay on the farm. 肯定句 ‎ Neither of us has to stay on the farm.我们二个都不必呆在农场。‎ Both…and 当复数用______neither…nor根据第二个主语决定动词 Both he and she get to school at six.______ Neither he nor she gets to school at school.‎ Both he and I are students.______ Neither he nor I am a student.‎ Both Lily and lucy often fly the kites._____ Neither Lily nor Lucy often flies the kites.‎ Either…or…（或者…或者，二者中其中一个），动词也根据第二个主语决定。‎ 如：Either you or Ann has a glass of water.或者你或者我喝一杯水。 Either he or I am a worker.或他或我是一位工人。‎ ‎11.other(其他的)后跟名词复数, 没有地点的限定. 如:Some students are singing, other students are dancing. other students = others the other(后跟复数是其他的),有地点的限定. 如:Some students are writng in our class,‎ ‎ the other students are reading. ‎ ‎ the other (后跟单数是两者中另外一个). 如: There are two girls , one is my sister , the other girl is his sister.‎ ‎ another (后跟单数是另外一个),但不规定在两者用. 如:I have an apple, and I want another one. ‎ ‎2．情态动词： can (could), may(might), must(must), should应该，have to(has to),不得不，be able to 都跟动词原形。如：He can dance.=He is able to dance. 肯定句 ‎ Can he dance?=Is he able to dance?一般疑问句 ‎ ‎ 回答：Yes, he can. No,he can’t. Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.‎ 否定句:He can’t dance.=He is not able to dance.（注意：can=am/is/are able to do sth.）‎ I could read it easily last year.=I was able to read it easily last year.肯定句 Could you read easily last year?=Were you able to read it easily last year?疑问句 回答:Yes, I could. No,I could not. Yes, I was. No,I was not.‎ 否定句：I couldn’t read it easily last year.=I was not able to read it easily.(could=was/were able to)‎ She can enjoy herself in the party tomorrow.=She will be able to enjoy herself in the party tomorrow.‎ ‎ They may be at home.=Maybe/Perhaps they are at home. 他们可能在家。肯定句 They may not be at home.=Maybe/Perhaps they aren’t at home.否定句 May they be at home ? Yes, they can. No, they can’t（.注意：may用can回答）‎ She may have a meeting.= Perhaps/Maybe she has a meeting .‎ You must finish your work. 肯定句 You mustn’t finish your work. 否定句 ‎ Must I finish my work? Yes, you must. No,you needn’t.（注意：must 用needn’’t否定回答）‎ We should speak loudly. 肯定句 We should not speak loudly. 否定句 ‎ Should we speak loudly? 疑问句 Yes, you should. No,you should not.‎ ‎ 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，以上情态动词变否定句时在其后加not,疑问句往前提。‎ need 在肯定句中做行为动词，在否定句中作行为动词和情态动词都行。‎ 如：He needs to do some shopping. Does he need to do some shopping? Yes, he does. No,he doesn’t.‎ ‎ He doesn’t need to do some shopping.=He needn’t do some shopping.‎ I(We, You, They) have to watch games. I(We, You, They) don’t have to watch games.‎ Do you(I, we, they) have to watch games? Yes, I/we/they do. No,I/we/they don’t.‎ He/She/It has to go for a walk. He/ She/It doesn’t have to go for a walk.‎ Does he/she/it have to go for a walk? Yes, he/she/it does. No,he/she/it doesn’t.‎ I/We/You/You/He/She/It/They had to do housework. I/We/He/They didn’t have to do housework.‎ Did you/he/she/they/it have to have to do housework? Yes, I/he/they did. No,I/she/he/they didn’t.‎ 动词的时态有8种时态：‎ ‎1.动词的单数第三人称和名词复数一样：‎ ‎（1）加 “s”; looks , finds, jumps, begins, starts, plays ‎ (2) 以“s,x ,ch,sh,o”结尾的单词结尾加“es”, passes, relaxes, teaches, catches, watches, washes, finishes,rushes, brushes, goes, does, ‎ ‎(3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾时，变“ y”为“I”加 “es” tidy-tidies, try-tries, fly-flies, carry-carries, ‎ ‎ study-studies (4)特殊的有 “have-has” ‎ 单数第三人称用于一般现在时，它表示习惯/经常/有时有规律的事，它的构成是：‎ I(We,You,You,They，名词复数)+动词原形 ；He (She,It 名词单数) +动词的单数第三人称。‎ I (We,You,They) have lunch at home. 肯定句） He/She/It has supper at school. ‎ I(We,You,They) don’t have lunch at home. 否定句 ） He/She/It doesn’t have supper at school. ‎ Do you(we,they) have lunch at home? (一般疑问句）Does she/It have supper at school? .‎ Yes, I we/ you/ they do. No, I/we/ you/ they don’t. Yes, he she/ it does. No he/ she/ it doesn’t. ‎ Who has lunch at home? ( 特殊疑问句） Who has supper at school? ‎ ‎ What do you/they have lunch? (同上） What does he/she/it have at school?‎ Where do you/they have at home? （ 同上）Where does he/ she/it have supper at school?‎ The people watch the match sometimes. This person watches the match sometimes.‎ The people don’t watch the match sometimes. This person doesn’t watch the match sometimes.‎ Do the people watch the match sometimes? Does this person watch the match sometimes?‎ Yes, they do. No,they don’t. ( 肯定回答,否定回答) Yes, he does. No,he doesn’t. ‎ 注意：一般现在时通常用always, often, usually, every( day, week, month, year), in the(morning, afternoon, evening), on( Sundays, Saturdays Tuesdays) , sometimes, 等时间状语连用。‎ ‎2.动词的过去时和过去分词一样，规则变化都是加 “ ed’’。‎ ‎（1）加 “ ed” 。例如：worked, catched, planted, played, needed, ‎ ‎ (2)以辅音字母加 “Y”结尾的单词变 “y”为 “I” 加 “ed”。‎ ‎ carry-carried, study-studied, tidy-tidied, try-tried.‎ ‎ (3)以 “e”结尾的加 “d”, move-moved, liked, loved .‎ ‎(4)双写的有：stop-stopped, shop-shopped, drop-dropped, prefer-preferred, travel-trve(l)led, plan-planned. ‎ 动词的过去时用于一般过去时，它表示过去某一时间发生的动作和存在的状态。‎ 常与yesterday, three days ago,the day before yesterday, last week( month, year), just now=a moment ago, in 1990 等时间状语连用。‎ I/ We/ You/ You/ He/ She/ It/ They tidied the house just now.（肯定句 ） ‎ I/ We/ You/ You/He/ She/ It/ They didn’t tidy the house just now（否定句） ‎ Did you/ I / we /he /she/ it/ they/ tidy the house just now?（一般疑问句 ）‎ ‎ Yes, I/ we/ he/ she/ they did. No, I/ we didn’t. ‎ What did you/ he/ she/ it/ they do? What did you/ he/ she/ they tidy? ‎ When did you/ he/ she/ they tidy the house? ‎ ‎3.动词的过去分词用在现在完成时和过去完成时中。‎ ‎（1）它表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果。‎ 常与already（已经）, yet（还）, just（刚刚）, ever（曾经）, never（从来没有过）, before（以前） so far（至今为止）,in one’s life（终生）连用。already用于肯定句和一般疑问句中，即可放在have/has与过去分词之间，又可放在句末。Yet用于疑问句和否定句句末。Before， so far ， in one’ s life 放在句末。(just ever never)放在 have/has和过去分词的中间。in the past 2 years在过去的二年 如：I have already finished my homework. I haven’t finished my homework yet.‎ ‎ Have you finished your homework yet ? Yes ,I have. No, I haven’t. ‎ He has ever broken windows before. He has never broken windows before.‎ ‎ Has he ever broken windows before? Yes ,he has. No ,he hasn’t.‎ They have just left home for school. How many songs has she learned so far? ‎ ‎ I have never seen such a beautiful mountains in my life.‎ ‎（2）现在完成时还表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，延续到现在，与 for three days(三天时间)，since last year(自从去年)， ever since1996（自从1996 年），同时动词要用延续动词。‎ Leave-be away, come back-be back , come here-be here, go out-be out, go there-be there begin( start)-be on, finish-be over, join-be in, die-be dead, open-be open, close-be closed borrow-keep, buy-have, get to know-know 如：My father has left here for a month..___My father has been away from here for a month.. ‎ ‎ I have come back for a week._____ I have been back for a week. ‎ She has come here since yesterday.____ She has been here since yesterday. ‎ They have gone out since a year ago.____ They have been out since a year ago.‎ He has gone to Beijing for 3 years.____ She has been in Beijing for 3 years. ‎ This film has begun since this morning._____ This film has been on since this morning.‎ The meeting has finished since we arrived at the office.______ ‎ The meetinting has been over since we arrived at the office. ‎ He and I have joined the army since we were 18 years old.______ ‎ He and I have been in the army since we were 18 years old.‎ My dog has died for 5 years.____ My dog has been dead for 5 years. ‎ ‎This shop has opened since 1990._____ This shop has been open since 1990.‎ Lily has bought this bike since she came here._____ Lily has had this bike since she came here.‎ We have borrowed this book for ten minutes._____ We have kept this book for ten minutes. ‎ This shop has closed ever since last week.______ This shop has been closed ever since last week. ‎ She started to teach for20 years .____ She has taught for 20 years.‎ ‎（3）have /has been to somewhere=have/has ever been to somewhere 曾经去过某地 ‎ have/has never been to somewhere（从来没去过某地） ‎ ‎ have/has gone to somewhere（已经去了某地，现在没回来） ‎ have/has been in somewhere for an hour (since a year ago)（已经在某地多久了）‎ 如：I have (ever)been to Xian twice.（我曾去过西安两次。）‎ How many times have you been to Xian? ‎ ‎ She has gone to that park.（她已经去那个公园了。）‎ ‎ They have been in that city for one month..（他们已经在那座城市一个月了。） ‎ ‎ How long have they been in that city ? ‎ ‎ He has been in Guangzhou since one month ago.（自从一个月之前他就在广州了。）‎ ‎ How long has he been in Guangzhou? ‎ ‎ We have never been to Beijing.（我们从来没去过北京。）‎ ‎ 4．过去分词还用过去完成时中，它的构成是 had +过去分词。‎ ‎ When we got there , the train had left. By the end of the match ,they had cicked two goals. ‎ ‎ By last week ,he had written two letters. He said he had seen that bird already.‎ ‎ 5．将来时表示将要发生的动作，目前还未发生。它的构成是：be going to+动词原形；Will+动词原形； I/ We +shall+ 动词原形。 它常与tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week( month, year), next Saturday(Monday,Wednesday,Thurday), this afternoon( evening), tonight, soon等时间壮语连用。‎ I am going to have a meeting this afternoon. Are you going to have a meeting this afternoon?‎ I am not going to have a meeting this afternoon? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.‎ What are you going to do? When are you have a meeting? ‎ ‎ He/ She/ It is going to see a film tonight. Is / he/she going to see a film tonight?‎ ‎ He/ She/ It isn’t going to see a film. Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it is.‎ ‎ What is he/ she/ it going to do? Who is going to see a film? ‎ ‎ We/ You/ They are going to spend holiday in Shanghai in summer. ‎ ‎ Are you/ we / they going to spend holiday in summer? Yes, you/they are. No,you/they aren’t.‎ We/ You/ They are going to spend holiday in Shanghi in summer. ‎ Where are you/ they going to spend holiday?‎ I/ We/ You/ You/ He/ She/ It will play volleyball next week. ‎ Will you/ she/ he/ they play volleyball next week?‎ I/ We/ You/ You/ He/ She/ It will not(won’t) play volleyball. ‎ What will you/he/ she do? When will you/ they/ play it?‎ I/ We shall go for a walk on Thursday morning. Shall I/ We go for a walk on Thursday?‎ I/ We shall not go for a walk. What shall I/ We do? When shall I/ We go for a walk?‎ 注意：will =be going to用于各种人称。shall用于第一人称 ‎ I和we。一般疑问句把shall,will提前,否定句是在will后面加not, will not=won’t,或在be动词后面加not.‎ Shall I/ We have classes?= Let me/ us have classes. =Why not have classes? =Why don’t we have classes? =What about having classes? (一般疑问句提shall,既表示将来又表示请求，此五句是同意句) ‎ ‎6.过去将来时表示过去某一时间，将要发生的事。‎ 它的构成是　would+动词原形。was/ were going to+动词原形。‎ I didn’t know if he would come tomorrow. =I didn’t know if he was going to come tomorrow.‎ I was sure that she was going to speak at the meeting.‎ ‎ I was sure that she would speak at the meeting.‎ I wanted to know if/ whether it would rain next month. ( would=was going to rain)‎ They never knew that the population would become a big problem.(would=were going to become)‎ She didn’t know where they would go.(would=were going to go)‎ 注意：主句是过去时，从句的将来时就用过去将来时。Would 是will 的过去时，I/ He/ She/ It was going to+动词原形，We/ You/ They were going to +动词原形。‎ ‎7．另外动词　come, go, leave, travel, 这几个动词可用现在进行时表示将来时。用过去进行时表示过去将来时。‎ He is leaving (will leave) Lanzhou for Xi’an next January. ‎ Jim is coming (will come) the day after tomorrow.‎ They said they were going ( would go) home soon. ‎ I told him that we were traveling( would travel) next March.‎ ‎8.动词的现在分词用在现在进行时和过去进行时中，它的构成是 ving ‎(1)直接加 “ ing” ,sing-singing, play-playing, call-calling, build-building,find-finding.‎ ‎(2)以一个 “e”结尾的单词去 “e” 加 “ing” move-moving, like-liking, love-loving, shine-shining, write-writing, freeze-freezing结冰，冻结 live-living, practice-practicing, deserve-deserving应得escape-escaping逃走，逃避，frustrate-frustrating使失败，receive-receiving收到，pollute-polluting污染 ‎(3)双写的有：plan-planning, prefer-preferring, hit-hitting, cut-cutting, shop-shopping, drop-dropping, stop-stopping, grab-grabbing抓取，夺取； wag-wagging摇摆，摆动； trap-trapping使…陷入苦境 shut-shutting, beg-begging恳求，乞讨；set-setting, spit-apitting谈吐，吐唾, step-stepping踩，踏入 get-getting, run-running, put-putting, swim-swimming, begin-beginning, spit-spitting,‎ ‎ fit-fitting（合适）　‎ ‎(4)以 “ie”结尾的动词变　“ie”为 “y”加ing, lie-lying, tie-tying, die-dying.‎ 现在进行时表示正在发生和进行的动作。‎ 它的构成是: I am + ving ; He/ She/ It is ving, We/ They/ You are ving. ‎ It’s twelve o’clock,I am cutting down the trees. Are you cutting down the trees? ‎ It’s twelve o’clock, I am not cutting down the trees. What are you doing?‎ He/ She/ It is planning to surf in the sea now. Is he/ she/ it planning to surf in the sea now?‎ He/ She/ It isn’t planning to surf now? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t.‎ What is he/ she/ it doing now? Where is he/ she/ it planning to surf now?‎ Listen, they are singing in the next room. Listen, are they singing in the next room?‎ Listen, they’re not singing in the room. What are they doing? Where are they singing ?‎ Look, you are running. Look, are you running? Look, you aren’t running. ‎ ‎ What are you doing? ‎ 过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在发生和进行的动作。它的构成是was/ were +ving .‎ I/ He/ She/ Wei Hua was watching TV last night. Was he/ she/ it watching TV last night?（一般疑问句）‎ I/ He/ She/ Wei Hua wasn’t watching TV last night. Yes, he/ she was. No, he/ she was not. ‎ What was he/ she/ it doing? What was he/ she/ it doing?‎ We/ You/ They were making flowers this time yesterday. ‎ Were you/ we/ they making flowers this time yesterday? Yes, we/they are. No, we/they aren’t.‎ We/ You/ They were not making flowers this time yesterday. ‎ When were you/ they making flowers ？‎ Lucy and Lily were stopping crying at that time last Friday.. ‎ Were they stopping crying at that time last Friday? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t Lucy and Lily weren’t stopping crying at that time last Friday. .‎ Jim was putting on his clothes at six last Sunday.Was Jim putting on his clothes at six last Sunday?‎ Jim was not putting on his clothes at six last Sunday. Yes, he was. No, he wasn’tWhat was he doing?‎ ‎“when和while”引导的时间状语从句往往用过去进行时。‎ When the teacher came in, what was Li Lie doing? ‎ When/ While they were sweeping the floor, the bell rang.‎ My pen dropped on the ground when/ while I was reading. While he was cooking, I came in.‎ ‎（while 后面的从句用进行时，而when 用过去时和过去进行时都行。）‎ I was listening to the radio while I was washing . (我一边听收音机，我一边洗衣服。) ‎ 动词不定式：在一个句子中，如果有两个或两个以上的动词，第一个动词要根据时态进行变化，第二个动词要用动词不定式，它的构成是to+动词原形,有时to可以省略。 ‎ 例如:I wanted to go shopping yesterday. I will decide to learn English next year. 1. prefer, manage , want , learn , try, need , love, plan , used , agree, wish , hope, afford decide , fail, happen, seem, would like= would love ( 以上动词再跟动词都加to do sth) I managed（设法）to catch up with him. I prefer（更喜欢）to play football . He seems to be a teacher. The boy failed to swim across the river.（没有游过这条河。） She can’t afford to buy this car.（她不能付起钱买这辆车。） I used to walk。（我过去常散步。） I plan to go for a holiday. I will try to find out the answers. 2. ask , tell, want, wish , invite , get, warn, would like , encouragen, find ( sb to do sth.) He encouraged（鼓励） everyone to take part in protecting our river. She would like us to join them. They warned people to get out of the water. 3.不定式的否定形式是 to 前加not . ( not to do sth.) Ask her not to speak loudly. We found people not to throw it about. Tell the students not to make much noise. 4.It is +adj +(for sb) to do sth(对某人来说做某事)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 It is interesting ( difficult, hard, easy, important, dangerous, important, possible, late , time) for sb to do sth It is interesting for us to read this story. It’s late for me to have class. It is important for her to stay at school. 5.It is kind ( nice good careful careless ) of sb to do sth. It is very kind of you to give me a hand . It is careless of him to do exercises. 6. be glad to do sth （高兴做某事）　We are gald to take part in your birthday party. ‎ ‎7. let , make, have, had better=’d better, will you please= would you please= could you please(跟动词原形,否定式是在第二个动词原形前加not) Let me see. Let’s go. Li Feng made the baby stop crying . Don’t have them be in trouble. ‎ ‎ You had better turn the radio down. Will you please sweep the floor? Let us not talk. Make him not shout again. You’d better not come back. Will (Would) you please not follow me. Could you please not tell me about it. 8.感观动词　see, look at, watch, listen to, hear, feel（ 跟动词原形表示动作没有在发生。跟动名词,表示动作正在进行。）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　A woman saw it happen . He heard the children playing football. 9.另外help 既可以跟to +动词原形，又可以省略 to 。 help to do sth. help sb. to do sth. to She helps me (to) take care of my brother. I helped(to) buy food for him. 10. wish 和hope 的用法： 希望做某事： hope to do sth. wish to do sth. 希望某人做某事：wish sb to do sth hope+that 宾语从句hope sb to do sth （不可使用） 　It hope to get an English dictionary. You wish to stay here.（你希望留在这。）　　　　　　　 We hope (that) we can see you again.= We hope to see you again.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 特别注意： We hope us to see you again.是错误的。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　11..和疑问词连用：I don’t know where to go. He wants to know what to do. We knew who(whom) to ask. Do you know how to answer this question? I didn’t know how to when to leave. I want to know why to stand there. 12.宾语从句可以转化成含有特殊疑问词的简单句（也就是动词不定式）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Could you tell me where we show our tickets? Could you tell me where to show our tickets? He asked how he can get to the plane. He asked how to get to the plane. They don’t know when they will start. They don’t know when to start. She asked us why we were late. She asked us why to be late. 二.某些情况第二次跟动词用动名词： 1.用在介词的后面：be used for doing sth. Thank you for helping us. What about asking them? go on walking = walk on ; go on living = live on ; 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 keep on thinking about it.（一直在考虑它）　take part in doing sth　(参加)　　　　　 be good at swimming =do well in swimming （擅长游泳） He is weak in skating.（不擅长溜冰） make a contribution to doing sth(为… 作贡献;捐赠) ; be interested in ; be afraid of ; be amazed at; instead of; be/get used to( 习惯做某事)；have confidence in( 对…有信心) ‎ ‎2.一些动词后面必须跟动名词： keep waiting for us(一直在等我们) ； be busy getting ready for it（忙于准备它） finish cleaning the classroom（打扫完教室）； hate( enjoy) traveling （讨厌、喜欢旅行） 　mind my closing my window（介意我关住窗户）；feel like eating apples（感觉想吃苹果） be worth watching TV（值得看电视）；　spend money/time (in) doing sth.（花费钱/时间）　　　　 do some shopping=go shopping , do some reading , do some washing , go skating go hiking（去徒步旅行） , go skiing （去滑雪），go swimming（去游泳） 　　　　　　　　　 stop talking（停止谈话） stop to talk（停下开始谈话） begin/start to do sth.=begin/start doing Like to do sth.= like doing sth（但长期的爱好必须用like doing sth. Like swimming/dancing） ‎ give up doing sth.(放弃做某事); pratise doing sth.(练习做某事)‎ 动词不定式：在一个句子中，如果有两个或两个以上的动词，第一个动词要根据时态进行变化，第二个动词要用动词不定式，它的构成是to+动词原形,有时to可以省略。 ‎ 例如:I wanted to go shopping yesterday. I will decide to learn English next year. 1. prefer, manage , want , learn , try, need , love, plan , used , agree, wish , hope, afford decide , fail, happen, seem, would like= would love ( 以上动词再跟动词都加to do sth) I managed（设法）to catch up with him. I prefer（更喜欢）to play football . He seems to be a teacher. The boy failed to swim across the river.（没有游过这条河。） She can’t afford to buy this car.（她不能付起钱买这辆车。） I used to walk。（我过去常散步。） I plan to go for a holiday. I will try to find out the answers. 2. ask , tell, want, wish , invite , get, warn, would like , encouragen, find ( sb to do sth.) He encouraged（鼓励） everyone to take part in protecting our river. She would like us to join them. They warned people to get out of the water. 3.不定式的否定形式是 to 前加not . ( not to do sth.) Ask her not to speak loudly. We found people not to throw it about. Tell the students not to make much noise. 4.It is +adj +(for sb) to do sth(对某人来说做某事)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 It is interesting ( difficult, hard, easy, important, dangerous, important, possible, late , time) for sb to do sth It is interesting for us to read this story. It’s late for me to have class. ‎ ‎ It is important for her to stay at school. 5.It is kind ( nice good careful careless ) of sb to do sth. It is very kind of you to give me a hand . It is careless of him to do exercises. 6. be glad to do sth （高兴做某事）　We are gald to take part in your birthday party. 7. let , make, have, had better=’d better, will you please= would you please= could you please(跟动词原形,否定式是在第二个动词原形前加not) Let me see. Let’s go. Li Feng made the baby stop crying . Don’t have them be in trouble. You had better turn the radio down. Will you please sweep the floor? Let us not talk. Make him not shout again. You’d better not come back. Will (Would) you please not follow me. Could you please not tell me about it. 8.感观动词　see, look at, watch, listen to, hear, feel（ 跟动词原形表示动作没有在发生。跟现在分词,表示动作正在进行。）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　A woman saw it happen . He heard the children playing football. 9.另外help 既可以跟to +动词原形，又可以省略 to 。 help to do sth. help sb. to do sth. to She helps me (to) take care of my brother. I helped(to) buy food for him. 10. wish 和hope 的用法： 希望做某事： hope to do sth. wish to do sth. 希望某人做某事：wish sb to do sth hope+that 宾语从句hope sb to do sth （不可使用） 　It hope to get an English dictionary. You wish to stay here.（你希望留在这。）　　　　　　　 We hope (that) we can see you again.= We hope to see you again.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 特别注意： We hope us to see you again.是错误的。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　11..和疑问词连用：I don’t know where to go. He wants to know what to do. We knew who(whom) to ask. Do you know how to answer this question? I didn’t know how to when to leave. I want to know why to stand there. 12.宾语从句可以转化成含有特殊疑问词的简单句（也就是动词不定式）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Could you tell me where we show our tickets? Could you tell me where to show our tickets? He asked how he can get to the plane. He asked how to get to the plane. They don’t know when they will start. They don’t know when to start. She asked us why we were late. She asked us why to be late. ‎ 二.某些情况第二次跟动词用动名词： 1.用在介词的后面：be used for doing sth. Thank you for helping us. What about asking them? go on walking = walk on ; go on living = live on ; 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 keep on thinking about it.（一直在考虑它）　take part in doing sth　(参加)　　　　　 be good at swimming =do well in swimming （擅长游泳） He is weak in skating.（不擅长溜冰） make a contribution to doing sth(为… 作贡献;捐赠) ; be interested in ; be afraid of ; be amazed at; instead of; be/get used to( 习惯做某事)；have confidence in( 对…有信心) 2.一些动词后面必须跟动名词： keep waiting for us(一直在等我们) ； be busy getting ready for it（忙于准备它） finish cleaning the classroom（打扫完教室）； hate( enjoy) traveling （讨厌、喜欢旅行） 　mind my closing my window（介意我关住窗户）；feel like eating apples（感觉想吃苹果） be worth watching TV（值得看电视）；　spend money/time (in) doing sth.（花费钱/时间）　　　　 do some shopping=go shopping , do some reading , do some washing , go skating go hiking（去徒步旅行） , go skiing （去滑雪），go swimming（去游泳） 　　　　　　　　　 stop talking（停止谈话） stop to talk（停下开始谈话） begin/start to do sth.=begin/start doing Like to do sth.= like doing sth（但长期的爱好必须用like doing sth. Like swimming/dancing） ‎ give up doing sth.(放弃做某事); pratise doing sth.(练习做某事)‎ ‎8. 复合句又叫从句，包括（时间，条件，原因，结果，让步，比较状语从句。）‎ ‎（1）时间状语从句由while, when当…的时侯，after在…之后，be fore在 …之前，as soon as一…就…‎ not…until直到…才， since（自从）等连词引导的时间状语从句。这些连词后的句子叫从句，另外一个句子叫主句。主句在前也行，在后也可以，但要用逗号分开。‎ 一．I was very glad when the boy won the relay race. （当男孩赢得接力赛时，我很高兴。）‎ I met one of my friends when/ while I was walking along the street.. （当我正沿着街道走时，我碰到了一个朋友。） ‎ When/ While he was mending his car, a boy came here. （当他正在修理轿车时，一个男孩来到了这。）‎ When we heard the news, they were laughing. （当我们听到这个消息时，他们正在笑。）‎ ‎（while后面的从句必须用过去进行时，而when 用过去时和过去进行时都行。）‎ I am dancing, while I am singing. （我一边唱歌，一边跳舞。） ‎ ‎ 主从句都是进行时时，一定用while。‎ 二．After they moved the bag away, the girls let the traffic go. (在他们把袋子移开之后，女孩们让车辆通行了。)‎ 三．Before he was ten, he became interested in science. (在他十岁之前，他就对科学产生了兴趣。)‎ 四．I will tell her about it as soon as I see her. （一 …就….）注意：主句用将来时，从句要用一般现在时。‎ 五. not…until… 直到…才…, 主句用否定句，从句用until 连接。‎ My father didn’t come until I went to bed last night. （我父亲昨晚直到我上床睡觉才回来。）‎ I won’t go out until it stops raining. （直到雨停，我将才出去。） 主意：主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。‎ 六．since=ever since （自从），主句用现在完成时，从句用过去时。‎ He has worked here since it opened in 1979. You have had this bike since we were twelve years old.‎ ‎(2)条件状语从句用 “if” 引导，是“如果”的意思。 （将来时，“if”从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时。） ‎ If you are a doctor, you may say I was working in the hospital. （如果你是一位医生，你可能说我正在医院工作。）‎ I will be unhappy if he is in trouble. （如果他陷入困境，我将会很难过。）‎ The people won’t be be pleased if you jump the queue. (如果你加队，人们将不会高兴。)‎ I will not go out if it rains tomorrow. If you don’t study hard, you will fall behind the others.‎ ‎(3)原因状语从句用 “because” （因为）引导。注意:有了 “because”,不能用“ so”,有了 so,不能用 “because”.‎ I am not doing anying because I fell and hurt my neck last week. 我正什么也没做，因为我上星期摔倒了并伤了脖子。‎ ‎(4)结果状语从句用 so…that…（如此…以致于）引导 , ( such a/ an…that) 引导，如果 so前面是系动词 “be, become, feel, look, smell闻起来, taste尝起来，sound听起来，seem丝乎“，那么so后面用形容词；如果so 前面用动词，那么so 后面用副词。such a/ an 后面用可数名词单数，such 后面用名词复数和不可数名词。‎ She was so happy that she danced.=She was happy enough to dance.‎ ‎ 她是如此高兴，以致于跳起舞来。‎ 注意：that后面的从句是肯定句，用enoug改成简单句。她够高兴了，而跳起舞来。‎ He ran slowly that he fell behind. =He ran slowly enough to fall behind .他跑得够慢了，而落在了后面。‎ They speak so clearly that everyone can understand them. =They speak clearly enough to understand them.‎ I become so tall that I can reach the apples. =I become tall enough to reach the apples.‎ The food smells so delicious that I want to eat. =The food smells delicious enough to want to eat.‎ She looked so angry that she couldn’t speak. =She looked too angry to speak.她看起来如此生气，以致于不能说话。‎ 主意：too…to 太…而不能…,表示否定，当结果壮语从句的从句是否定句时，可用 too…to…转换成简单句。‎ The suit was so expensive that he couldn’t buy it. =The suit was too expensive to buy it.‎ She worked so quietly that no one knew he was there. =She worked too quietly to know he was there.‎ It is such an important match that I can’t miss it. 它是如此重要的比赛，以致于我不能错过它。‎ ‎ I have never heard such a beautiful song.我从来没有听到过如此优美的歌曲。‎ He said that he had never seen such a beautiful bird. 他说他从没见过如此美丽的鸟。‎ This new pupil had so many strang questions. 这位新学生有如此多奇怪的问题。‎ cost much花得多；cost littlt花得少 This shirt cost so much that we couldn’t buy it.=This coat cost too much to buy it.‎ This jacket cost so little that I could buy it.=This jacket cost little enough to buy it.‎ ‎(5)让步状语从句用 though=although（尽管；虽然）引导，不能要but, 有but 不能用though =although. ‎ Though/ Although I like writing to my friends, it takes much time.=I like writing to my friends, but it takes much time.‎ ‎ (6)比较状语从句。 形容词和副词用于比较级和最高级中。‎ 一．形容词在句中be 后ë作表语，在名词前叫定语，一般形容词用“的”。‎ very=quite=rather相当和too修饰形容词和副词的原级。a little=a bit 既可修饰原级又可修饰比较级。‎ They are strong. He is too tall. I am very tired. We are quite young. ‎ It is a little=a bit long. She is rather helpful.‎ It’s a big chair. They are very beautiful girls. He is a lucky person. It’s a wet=rainy day.‎ 形容词有时是名词加y变的：sun-sunny, ,wind-windy, snow-snowy, rain-rainy, cloud-cloudy, health-healthy, luck-lucky, noise-noisy;‎ 有时又是名词加ful变成形容词：use-useful, care-careful, wonder-wonderful, beauty-beautiful,forgetful, help-helpful ,hope- hopeful ‎ 有时动词的过去时，过去分词和形容词一样。worry-worried, frighten-frightened, frustrate-frustrated, fry-fried ‎ 二．副词（在句中有时用在动词后面或前面。）它的规则变化是形容词后加ly: helpful-helpfully, careful-carefully, quick-quickly, quiet-quietly, happy-happlily, noisy-noisily, lucky-luckily, heavy-heavily, widely, easy-easily, 只有三个去e 加ly 的。terrible-terribly, true-truly, possible-possibly It rains heavily. It is snowing heavily. It often snows lightly. They work quietly. ‎ ‎ English is widely spoken by people.=English is spoken widely by people.　‎ 形容词和副词一样的：late-late, early-early, long-long, much-much, fast-fast, far, a little, much, deep-deep.‎ He is late. He comes very late. Our school is quite far. They jumped too far. ‎ 注意：smell闻起来, taste尝起来, seem似乎, look, sound,听起来，feel感觉也跟形容词。‎ 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：‎ ‎(1).比较级加er, 最高级加est,如：fast-faster-fastest, short-shorter-shorest, long-longer-longest ‎(2).以辅音字母加y 结尾时变y 为i加er,est,如：heavy-heavier-heaviest, empty-emptier-emptiest,‎ early-earlier-earliest,hungry-hungrier--hungiest, easy-easier-easiest, tidy-tidier-tidiest.‎ ‎(3).以e结尾的加r, st, nice-nicer-nicest, wide-wider-widest, fine-finer-finest, late-latest ‎(4).双写的有：big-bigger-biggest, thin-thinner-thinnest, fat-fatter-fattest, wet-wetter-wettest,‎ ‎ hot-hotter-hotter, red-redder-reddest, ‎ ‎(5).部分双音节和多音节的单词比较级加more,最高级加most。‎ careful-more careful-most careful, friendly-more friendly-most friendly, , favourite-more favourite-‎ most favourite, interesting, difficult, dangerous, popular, different, useful, forgetful, wonderful, beautiful 注意：所有由形容词加ly变来的副词比较级加more, 最高级加most.‎ slowly-more slowly-most slowly, loudly-more loudly-most loudly, heavily, quickly, quietly, carefully ‎(6). 不规则变化的有:good (well)-better- best ; many (much)-more-most , ill-worse-worst , far-farther-farthest bad (badly)-worse-worst ; few (little) , few-fewer-fewest, little-less-least This road is wide. That road is wider than that one. That road is the widest of all.‎ English is very widely used by people.=English is used very widely.‎ English is more widely used than Chinese. English is the most widely used by people.‎ He is thin . He is thinner I(me). He is the thinnest of three. ‎ He is a little better than she. 他比她好一点。‎ Lucy did much worse than Lily.露西比利丽做得差得多。‎ I speak even more quietly than any other student.=I speak the most quietly of all.‎ 注意：比较级前只用a little, much, even 修饰。‎ They are the farthest of us. They jumped (the) farthest of us. ‎ 形容词最高级必须加the,副词加不加都行。‎ I think Chinese is more interesting than maths ‎ Japanese is much more popular than French. 日语比法语受欢迎得多。‎ Science is less difficult than PE.自然学科没有体育难。=Science isn’t as/so difficult as PE.‎ ‎(7).A=B. A+be/V.+as 原级+ as B. ‎ Foreign language is as impotant as Chinese.外语和汉语一样难。‎ ‎ We did as badly as they. 我们做得和他们一样差。 He throws as high as I.他扔得和我一样高。‎ A