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透析中考英语语法时态考点
【时态命题趋势与预测】
时态是高考命题的重点,.主要考查考生在具体语境、特殊语境中对时态的运用能力。进行时、完成时以及完成进行时的考查则是重中之重,故考生在掌握特殊情况下表达一般时的同时,应更加注重进行时完成时以及完成进行时的运用。
【考点诠释】
一、对一般现在时考查
1.考查其基本概念:
一般现在时通常表示习惯性的、反复发生的动作。通常与表示频度的副词如 often, sometimes, usually, always, occasionally 等和时间状语如 in the evening, at night, twice a month, every day / week / month / year, on Sundays 等连用。一般现在时可表示主语的特征、能力或状态以及普遍真理。
【考例】The woman and her husband __________in the same office. [广东省]
A. work B. works C. is working D. has worked
[答案]A.[解析]本题考查时态。句意为“这个妇女和她丈夫在同一个办公室工作”。句中虽然没有时间状语,但是可以从句意上看出是经常性的动作,故用一般现在时;句子主语为复数,故动词用原形work。
2.考查一般现在时的替代用法:在由 when, after, before, until, till, as soon as, the minute / second / moment, the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if, so / as long as, once, even if, although, whether…or…, in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
【考例】--I'm sorry that John is out.
--Please ask him to call me as soon as he______________.[成都市]
A. returned B. returns C. will return
[答案]B.[解析]考查以as soon as引导的从句。 以as soon as引导的时间状语从句常以一般现在时代替一般将来时。
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。它常与表过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in , at that time等。 有时句子中虽然不含表示过去时间的状语,但根据语境可判断动作或状态已经发生,而且与现在没有任何联系,也需用一般过去时。
【考例】一What did you do after school yesterday?
一I ________basketball with my friends.[北京市]
A play B played C will play D.am playing
[答案]B.[解析]由上句“昨天放学后你在干什么?”句意可知对过去发生的事情询问,回答也应用过去式。故选B。
一Mr. Green,____you ____Three Lanes and Seven Alleys(三坊七巷)last Sunday?
一No.but I'll visit them next week. [福州市]
A. will;go to B have;been to C did;go to D.have;gone to
[答案]C.[解析]本题是一个单纯考查时态的题目。A项是一般将来时,B、D两项是现在完成时,c项是一般过去时。句中有一个典型的表示过去时间的状语"last Sunday",类似这样的时间状语,往往与一般过去时态的谓语动词连用,所以正确答案为C项。
His family the zoo last week. [吉林省]
A. visit B. am visiting C. visited D. will visit
[答案]C.[解析] 由关键信息last week(表过去)可直接选C。
三、对一般将来时的考查
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态。一般将来时有多种表达法:
1.be going to do 表示计划、安排或有迹象表明要发生的事情。
2.“shall / will + do”单纯表示将来,不含计划、安排之意;有时表示主语的临时决断。
3.be about to do sth 表示马上就要发生某事,通常不与时间状语连用,常用于be about to do...when... 结构, 表示“正要……突然……”。
4.某些主要用于表示动作转移的动词,如:come, go, leave, start, arrive, meet, move, sail, begin, fall, marry, publish, see, stay等,用现在时表示将来时,指的是按计划安排或时刻表要发生的事。
5.“be to + 动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定。
6.祈使句 + or / and + 一般将来时态的并列句”句型中
【考例】I the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow.[北京市]
A. will return B returned C have returned D return
[答案]A.[解析] 考查if引导的主从复合句。以if引导的条件状语从句,若主句用一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
--Mum, what are you doing?
--Your uncle has come. I_______ put an extra fork on the table. [太原市]
A. will B. have C. would
[答案]A.[解析]本题重在考查一般将来时的用法。从问句"What are you doing"推知A项will最适合语境。
--Look at the noisy kids!
--Haven't you heard the saying "When the cat is away, the mice ________. "?[河南省]
A. play B. played C. are playing D. will play
[答案]D.[解析]谚语。固定用法。
四、对现在进行时的考查
现在进行时表示目前正在进行的动作或目前所处的状态。有些动词常用现在进行时态表示按计划或安排即将发生的事情。
【考例】Jack has never been to Disneyland before,but he ____there this summer.[沈阳市]
A. has been. B is going C went D.goes
[答案]B.[解析] 依据句意:“杰克以前没有去过迪斯尼乐园,但今年夏天他打算去。”is going正在进行时表将来,故选B。
五、对现在完成时的考查ww.5zk53u.ecom
现在完成时的用法主要有两点:
1.过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有yet, already, just, ever, never, now, before, lately, recently。
2.表示某动作从过去开始发生,持续到现在,并且还有可能持续下去。常用的时间状语有today, this week, these days, so far, up to now, since, ever since, since then, by this time, for years / ages, for a long time, several times, in / over the past few years, “since + 过去某一时刻”,“for + 时间段”等。有时在时间或条件状语从句中,可用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
【考例】Hearing that she __the entrance exam to the university,Fudy is thrilled.[青岛市]
A.has failed in B. is succeeded in C.is failed in D.has succeed in
[答案]D。[解析]本题考查词义辨析 由“听说他成功地通过了考试,Judy非常兴奋。”可知选D。
——It's raining! When did it start?
一I don't know exactly.In fact,it _________all this afternoon. [北京市]
A1asts B has 1asted C.1asted D.will 1ast
[答案]B.[解析]考查现在完成时态。从句意“事实上,已持续了整整一个下午了”,不难看出,不能用一般过去时,此句中last"持续”作延续性动词。从信息"all this afternoon"可知。
--Are you going to see the film with us?
--No, thanks. I _________ it. [广东省]
A. saw B. have seen C. see D. was seeing
[答案]B.[解析]本题考查动词的时态。由对话的语境可推测句意“我已看过这部电影”,表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,故应用现在完成时。
--Hello, this is Lily speaking. Could I speak to Mr. Black?
--Sorry. He _________ the Xuanwu Lake Park. [南京市]
A. has been to B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to
[答案]C.[解析] 考查现在完成时态。have gone to(到某地去了,还没有回来);have been to(去过某地,已经回来了)。
Jane _________. I'm waiting for her. [成都市]
A. came back B. has come back C. hasn't come back
[答案]C.[解析]考查现在完成时态。根据后句句意:“我正在等她”可知。
6. 过去进行时ww.zk533u.ecom
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。过去进行时常用来解释某种行为的原因。过去进行时有时也可表示过去将来时。
【考例】——Dick gave me a note while I ___________in the library.
一I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you.[黄冈市]
A. are reading B was reading C reads D.will read
[答案]B.[解析] 考查过去进行时态。while引导的句子,当主句用一般过去时的时候·从句用过去进行时态。
--I called you at half past nine this morning, but there was no answer.
--Oh, sorry. I ________ with my cousin in the supermarket. [安徽省]
A. shop B. was shopping C. shopped D. will shop
[答案]B.[解析] 此处意为你打电话的那个时候我正在超市,故用过去进行时态。
7.被动语态考查
—Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.
–I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet. (江西)
A. don’t tell B. didn’t tell C. haven’t told D. wasn’t told
[答案]:D
[命题立意]:本题考查时态的用法。
[试题解析]:依据句意:对不起,但我不知道什么时候见面。强调动作发生在过去,I 和tell之间是被动关系。
Many old houses around our school ____ next year and a large green area will appear. (上海)
A. pull down B. will be pulled down C. will pull down D. are pulled down
[答案]:B
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由题干时间next year 科知识将来时态,句子主语是old houses ,应用被动语态。故选B。
--- My watch ______.
--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found. (浙江)
A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped
[答案]:A
[命题立意]:本题考查交际用语中时态、语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由Let’s go to the Lost & Found.可知,说明表丢失了。故选A。
---Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?
---No, I___________. (年湖北宜昌)
A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite
[答案]:B
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?可知陈述过去的动作的发生,I 和invite之间存在着被动关系。故选B。
-- How often ______ your school sports meeting ______? (南通)
-- Once a year.
A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold
[答案]:C
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:How often+一般疑问句?此句型用来提问在某一特定时间内进行某个动作的次数,表示“多长时间一次”。往往针对频度副词如:always, seldom, usually, once a month,
sometimes, every five minutes.等提问,常用于现在时或过去时。由题干your school sports meeting 作主语,谓语应用被动语态。故选C。ww.zk523u.ecom
On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars. (泰州)
A. sell B. sold C. is sold D. was sold
[答案]:D
[命题立意]:本题考查时态和语态的用法。
[试题解析]:由On May 30th, ,可知动作发生在过去;其主语是one bowl与sell存在被动关系。
The "Thousand- hand Guanyin" _____ by many people as the best performance at CCTV's Spring Festival Evening. (徐州)
A. has been regarded B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards
[答案]:A
[命题立意]:本题考查时态的用法。
[试题解析]:依据题意: “千手观音” 被许多人认为是中央电视台春节联欢晚会最好的节目。表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在的影响或产生的结果,应用现在完成时。其主语是The "Thousand- hand Guanyin",要用被动语态。故选A。
—Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful.
—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou. (杭州)
A. painted B. were painting C. were painted D. had painted
[答案]:C
[命题立意]:本题考查被动语态的用法。
[试题解析]:they指代Those eggs of different colors,主语是物,故用被动语态。依据结构,应选C.。
------Don’t litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign:: “Rubbish into the dustbin.”
-------Sorry. (2004年襄樊市)
A, has throw B, was throw C, must throw D , must be thrown
[答案]: D
[命题立意]:本题考查含有情态动词的被动语态的用法。
[试题解析]:依据句意:垃圾必须扔进垃圾箱里。表示“命令”,句子主语是垃圾,应用被动语态。
【语法回顾】
一、一般现在时
一般现在时主要用来表示每天、每周等经常一直如此,长期进行下去的动作,其着眼点不在描述具体的动作,而是通过提出不断反复的动作,来说明某一真理或某一经常性习惯性的举动。
一般现在时的几种主要用法:
1)一般现在时表示客观事实、客观存在的普遍真理、用于一般现在时的时间状语常见的有:often, usually,always,sometimes, seldom,ever,never,every day(week,month,year), once a year,now and them,from time to time。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
2)表示格言或警句
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
3)表示现在习惯性的、经常重复的或定期发生的动作或存在的状态。
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
We go to school every day except on Sunday.除星期天外,我们每天都上学。
4)表示能力、性格、个性等。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
注意:1)表示“感觉”和“状态”或“关系”等的动词(如be,like,love,hate,want,think,remember,find,sound,forget,refuse,see,allow,prove,have,matter,taste,look,feel)常用一般现在时,不用现在进行时。例如:
Carl and Wang Bing are students.卡尔和王斌是学生。
In the evening I love sitting by the fire and playing my guitar.在晚上,我喜欢坐在篝火旁弹着吉他。
2)有时用这个时态表示“按计划、规定,时刻表”要发生的动作,句中(都带有时时间状语),但限于少数动词,如:begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。例如:
The meeting begins at seven.会议在七点钟开始。
The train leave at 17:40.火车17:40离开。
3)书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图片等情节介绍常用一般现在时。例如:
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow劳拉•布什抵达莫斯科
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the
basket.弗朗西斯穿过去,把球传给姚明,姚明跳起来,接住球投进篮里。
4) 在由if, unless, even if等引导的条件状语从句和在由when, before, after, until, till, as soon as, by the time, each time, the moment, immediately等引导的时间状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时间。例如:
I'll come to help you if I'm free tomorrow.如果我明天有空的话,我将帮助你。
Unless you try, you will never succeed. 你若不尝试,就决不会成功。
Next time I go there, I ' ll ask him about it. 下次我去那里时,我要问问他这件事。
Please let me know immediately you get the results. 你一得到结果,就请马上告诉我。
I'll telephone you as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就打电话给你。
When they leave school, they will go back to the country.他们离校将去农村。
另外,还要注意其动词形式的变化。该时态主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s,be和have有特殊的变化形式。例表如下:
构成
示例
读音说明
一般情况在词尾末加-s ,包括以“元音字母+y”结尾的词
work—works
run—runs
play—plays
-在清辅音后读[s],
在浊辅音后读[z]
在元音后读[z]
在以ch,sh,x,s等辅音字母结尾的词末加-es,如词尾为-e,只加-s
miss—misses
finish—finishes
teach—teaches
lose—loses
pledge—pledges
-es读[iz]
以o结尾的词加-es
go—goes
-es在元音后读[z]
如词尾为 e,只加-s
love—loves
hate—hates
make—makes
-s的读音取决于 e 前的辅音,如该字母是清辅音,则读[s],如是浊辅音则读[z]
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i,在加-es
study—studies
-ies读[iz]
在词尾加-s时要按下表规则进行:
动词情况
构成方式
例词
一般情况
加-ed
play—played, work—worked,look—looked
以 -e 结尾的动词
加-d
live—lived,hope—hoped, arrive—arrived
以辅音字母 -y 结尾的动词
变y为i加-ed
study—studied,cry—cried,reply—replied
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词
双写辅音字母加-ed
stop—stopped,regret—regretted,
pat—patted,nod—nodded,drag—dragged
不规则动词
不规则变化(见附表)
begin—began,
注意:以t,d结尾的动词加-s读作[ts],[dz],这两个辅音音素。而不是四个。例如:
want—wants, need—needs
二、一般过去时
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。
We went swimming every day last summer.去年夏天我们每天去游泳。
He often came to see me when I was in hospital.在我住院期间,他经常来看我。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:
I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
(3)在以as soon as,when,before,until引起的时间状语从句以及if条件的状语从句中,当主句为一般将来时或祈使句时,从句通常要用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如:
We would not leave until the teacher came back.老师回来我们才会离开。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话,她就不去了。
三、一般将来时
1) 一般将来时是由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称,主要见于英国英语,现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中,shall和will常缩写成“'ll”,紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shan't 和won't。
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
When will you know your exam results? 你什么时候能知道考试结果?
I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.我看得出你很忙,所以我不会呆太久的。
注意:在you and I或both of us等短语后,只用will,不用shall。
You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到达那里。
Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.我们俩明年中学毕业。
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 表示经过事先考虑与打算、按计划或安排将要发生的动作。例如:
I ' m going to finish the report this afternoon.今天下午我将会写完这份报告。
——What are you going to do when you grow up?长大以后你打算干什么?
——I ' m going to be a teacher. 我要当一名教师。
The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
b.表示根据某种迹象推测出即将发生的动作。例如:
Look at the dark clouds in the sky. It ' s going to rain. 瞧那天上的乌云,天要下雨了。
Watch out!We are going to crash!当心!我们要撞车了!
There is going to be a lot of difficulty in doing this. 做这件事会有许多困难。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
The new railway is to be opened to traffic on National Day. 这条新铁路将在国庆节通车。
We are to begin the experiment next month. 我们安排下个月开始这项试验。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.我们就要离开,所以现在没有时间去看他。
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你打算旅行,你最好尽快作好准备。
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.既然你愿意脱了你的衣服,我们在镜子前面试一试新衣服。
be to do和be going to 区别
be to do表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
5)一般现在时表将来
(1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间
上已定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
(2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
(3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
(4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.不要担心这次考试,我确信你会通过的。
I wonder what will happen.我不知道将会发生什么事。
I don't think the test will be very difficult.我想这次测验不会太难。
(5)用于“祈使句 + and /or + 陈述句”中
Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力,就会成功的。
Go at once and you will see her.马上去,你就会见到她了。
6)用现在进行时表示将来
表示最近按计划、安排即将发生的动作,它只限用于少数动词,如:play, have, sleep, wear等, 或表示位移的动词(短语),如:go, come, leave, start, begin, move, drive, fly(乘飞机),go off, get to, arrive, return, see off, stay, take(带走),take off(起飞)等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用,如:tomorrow, next week, in a few days等。例如:
We are having an English evening tonight. 今晚我们要开一个英语晚会。
Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days’ time. 简和贝蒂准备几天后各自去度假。
Where are you spending your holidays this summer?今年夏天你将在哪里度假?
四、现在进行时
现在进行时的表示形式为be+动词的现在分词,而助动词be随着主语的单数的变化而变化
1、现在进行时描述现在时刻进行着的动作。具体地说,以发言者发言的时刻为标准,动作在发言前不久开始,在发言时刻正在进行。从时间上看“现在时刻”,着眼于描述动作。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
2、现在进行时可用于目前和目前阶段正在进行的动作。但从说话时刻来看,该动作未必一定正在发生(也许正在发生)。例如:
We are having a wonderful time.我们(当时)玩得很痛快。
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
3、现在进行时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有一个表示将来的时间状语)用于这种情况的动词主要有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,lunch,return,dine,play,have,wear, get(to)等。例如:
Bob is coming with me to the airport.鲍勃将同我一道到机场来。
How long are you staying in Xi'an? 你将在西安呆多久?
We're having a holiday next Monday.我们将在下星期一放假。
2)be+ dying ,表示“病危”“即将死亡”。例如:
He is dying.他快要死了。
3)现在进行时还可表示一个经常性动作或状态。这时,或是为了表示一种感情(如赞叹、埋怨、厌烦、批评、不满等)或是为了强调情况的暂时性。这时,可以与always, often等副词连用。例如:
How are you feeling today? 你今天觉得怎么样? (这比How do you feel today?更显得亲切些。)
She is always thinking of helping others.她总是想着帮助别人。(表示“赞扬”)
He is always borrowing money.他老是向别人借钱。(表示“厌烦”)
4)有些表状态的动词不 能用于进行时的动词。
这一类通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词。如:
(1)表示感觉的动词:see, hear,smell,taste,feel, notice, look, seem, appear。例如:
The apples taste good.这些苹果尝起来不错。
This flower smells nice. 这花闻上去很香。
Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建议听上去有道理。
(2)表示感情的动词:hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse,forgive;
Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。
How I wish I were a bird!我多希望我是一只鸟啊!
(3)表示存在状况:be, exist, remain,stay, obtain;
She still continues in poor health. 她仍然身体很差。
Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading. 他每天做完作业后,都会继续看会儿书。
(4)表示占有与从属:have, possess, own, contain,belong, consist of,form;
This backpack belongs to me.这背包是我的。
(5)表示思考、理解understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember
I don't think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不会来。
I still remember the days when we studied together.我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。
注意 :有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。
She's understanding you better now. 她越来越了解你了。
5)在由while引起的状语从句中,动词通常要用进行时(现在进行时、过去进行时等)。例如:
While you are resting, I will read you today's news.当你休息的时候,我看你今天的报纸。
While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.当我正在吃早饭的时候,早班邮件送来了。
6)如果句中有look, listen等提示语,其后应考虑使用现在进行时。例如:
Look! The children are flying kites over there.看!孩子们正在那边放风筝。
Listen! Han Mei is singing an English song in the classroom.听!韩梅正在教室里唱英语歌。
五、过去进行时
过去进行时的构成:该时态由be 的过去式“was(用于第一、三人称单数)或were + 现在分词”。
过去进行时的用法:
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂
3、过去进行时可以描绘事情发生的背景,即:过去某时 A 动作正在进行,B 动作在 A 动作进行的过程中发生了,A 动作就是 B 动作发生的背景。例如:
主句谓语
从句谓语常用
一般现在时
A、现在进行时,一般现在时
B、will,can,may+动词
C、一般过去时
D、现在完成时
I was having tea with a friend on the fifth floor. Suddenly a lot of people ran through the tea room.我正和一个朋友在五楼喝茶,突然许多人跑过茶室。
4、过去进行时还可用来表示“两个过去的动作同时进行着”;这时可用连词when或while来引起。
When (I was) visiting London, I like to travel by bus.在访问伦敦时,我喜欢乘公共汽车游览。
They arrived while we were having dinner.他们到时,我们正在吃饭。
六、将来进行时
将来进行时是由“shall(will)+be +现在分词” 表示要在某个时间开始,并继续下去的动作,也可表示在将来某段时间正在进行的动作。
它跟一般将来时的区别在于:一般将来时由于助动词will与shall的影响,可带有一种意图、意愿或者请求等情态色彩,而将来进行时却表示“纯粹”的将来。现在英语中还常用将来进行时表示一种有礼貌的询问和请求等。例如:
Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.8点到10点之间不要给我打电话,我们那时正在上课。
Will you be using your bicycle this evening? 今晚你用自行车吗?
1.在口语中代替will/shall do
I hope you will be coming on time.我希望你按时来。
I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.我明天将见到史密斯先生。
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部长将就国际事务发表演讲。
2.表示原因、结果或猜测
Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。(表原因)
Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那个孩子,要不他会掉下去的。(表结果)
You will be making a mistake.你会出错的。(表推测)
3.用在问句中,表示委婉礼貌
Will you be reading anything else? 你还要看点儿什么吗?
When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面?
4.表示稍后一点儿的安排
The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.这星期我们学第三单元,下周我们将学第四单元。
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任务在7月结束,之后我会回上海。
七、现在完成时
该时态由“have+过去分词”构成。第三人称单数作主语用“has+过去分词”的形式。
1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. 我买了一辆时速自行车。
They have cleaned the classroom. 他们已经打扫了教室。
2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在,或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。 现在完
成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。
We have lived here since 1995. 自从1995我就住在这儿。
They have waited for more than two hours. 他们等了两个多小时。
3)一般过去时与现在完成时区别
(1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
(2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
(3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
4)用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
5)since和for区别
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
6) 某些瞬间意义动词leave, go, become, come, stop, buy, join, die, get up, fall asleep, fall ill, .......等,不能用它们的现在(或过去)完成时态+ for+时间累计数来表示行为持续长度。若要表示这方面的意思时,可采用如下方法:
a.将瞬间动词改为“be+ 形容词或副词”的结构,然后用这一结构的现在完成时态+ for+ 具体时间累计数。常见的这类结构:
get up→be up,become→be,stop→be over, die→be dead, join→be in, leave→be away(out), go→be out,
come →be back, fall asleep→be asleep,fall ill→be ill.......
b. 瞬间动词的一般过去时+ 时间累计数 + ago ;
c.使用It is + 时间累计数 + since + 主语 + 谓语(用瞬间动词的一般过去时表示)。因此“雨已经停了三小时了” 这句话可分别译作:
It rain has been over for three hours.
The rain stopped three hours ago.
It is three hours since the rain stopped.
It is five years since she became(瞬间意义动词) my wife.她和我结婚已五年了。
八、过去完成时
1.该时态由“had +过去分词”构成。
过去完成时主要表示在过去某时前或某一动作发生之前,已发生的动作或已经存在的状态。它强调“过去的过去”的动作。它也用来表示在过去的时间内,两个动作的一先一后。先完成的那个动作要用过去完成时,后一个动作要用一般过去时。
2.过去完成时主要用于以下几种情况:
1)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。
2)状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3.过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时,我们已经做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老师从办公室回来时,他刚把教室打扫完。
They came earlier than we had expected.他们到得比我们预料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。
4、过去完成时还可用在hardly......when......,no sooner...... than......, it was the first(second,...... etc) time (that)......等固定句型中。例如:
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
5.用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.当我听到这个消息,我非常兴奋。
3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.我们老师告诉我们哥伦布在1492年发现美洲。
九、 过去将来时
1.该时态由“should或would +动词原形”构成,第一人称用should,其它人称用would(在美国英语中第一人称也常用would)。
一般过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成时。例如:
My brother told me that he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。
He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning.他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。
No one knew which country would hold the next Olympic Games.没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。
【考点知识归纳】 动词的语态(Voice)
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1.被动语态
1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是: be +及物动词过去分词
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者,某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等,也可用于被动语态。
The children were taken good care of by her. 孩子们得到了她的细心照顾。
【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。
3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词,如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如:
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师叫我到教师外面。
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). 我被老师叫到教师外面。
4) 主动形式表示被动意义
a.如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如:
The food tastes good.这食物味道很好。
The book sells well.这书很畅销。
b.表示“发生,进行”之类不及物动词如:happen,last,take place, break out,go on, go by, move on等,以主动式表示被动含义。例如:
You'd better wait and see what happens to him.你最好等着瞧他会发生什么事。
Will the weather last long? 这种天气会持续很久吗?
c.be + 副词或介词短语,如be on, be on show, be on sale, be in(out of) sight, be under discussion等,这类副词或介词短语往往具有动词含义,相当于被动语态表达的意义。例如:
Summer wear is on sale.(=Summer wear is being sold.)夏季衣服正在出售。
The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.(=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.)我到电影院时电影已放映了五分钟。
【语法过关】
1.I like my new bike. It ______ very well.
A rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden
2.Cotton ______ nice and soft.
A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels
3.The world ______. Things never stay the same.
A. changes B. is changing C. was changing D. will change
4.--- Have you ever______ Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?
--- Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
5.I'm sorry you've missed the train, It______10 minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left
6. --- Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?
--- John ____________.
A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is
7.—Mum? May I go out and play basketball?
—______ you_____ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
8.—Oh, Mrs King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new?
—No, I______ it for two years.
had B. have had C. bought D. have bought
9.—Will your mother______ you if you______ the English exam?
—Of course not. Because I am trying my best.
A. be angry with, don't pass B. be angry with, won't pass
C. be angry to, don't pass D. be angry to, won't pass
10.Listen! Some of the girls __________ about Harry Potter . Let's join them!
are talking B. talk C. will talk D. talked
11.Our teacher , Miss Chen, __________ English on the radio the day before yesterday.
A. teaches B. taught C. will teach D. had taught
12.I don't think I __________ you in that dress before.
A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see
13. She will have a holiday as soon as she ___________ the work next week.
A. finishes B. doesn't finish C. will finish D. won't finish
14.---Where is Mr Green now ? I haven't seen him for a few days.
---He ___________ to Hong Kong .
A. goes B. will go C. is going D. has gone
15. When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher ____________.
A. came true B. come true C. came real D. come real
16.-I won't come to the party unless Sue ______, too.
-You mean if Sue comes you'll come?
will invite B. invites C. invited D. is invited
17.-Do you still have a headache, Billy?
-No, it's ______. I'm all right now, mum.
A .dropped B. run C. left D. gone
18.-What are on show in the museum?
-Some photos ______ by African children.
A. are taken B. were taken C. taken D. have been taken
19.A talk on Chinese history ___ in the school hall next week.
A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give
20. You may go fishing if your work ____________.
A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done
21. The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896, every four years ________so far this century, except during the two world wars.
A. are held B. were held C. have been held D. had been held
22.A new cinema ____here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
23.The new suspension bridge ___by the end of last month.
has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed
24.Visitors ______not to touch the exhibits.
A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested
25.— Were they good to you during your stay there?
— Sure ! I ________ one of the family there.
A. was treated as B. was treated like C. had been looked on like D. had been considered like
【参考答案】
1.A
"ride"用作不及物动词,有一种用法,就是表示"(车、马等)骑起来感觉如何",本题正是这个用法,所以,用另外三种形式都不合适。
2. D 自然规律用一般现在时态。
3.B "Things never stay the same."表明世界是运动的。所以应该说"世界在变"。用进行时。
4.D语境表明是"曾经去过",ever是"曾经"的意思。
5.A "10 minutes ago"决定用一般过去时。
6. 依上下文选用一般过去时态。
7.D yet一般多与完成时态连用。
8.B for 引导表示一段时间的状语一般同完成时态连用,had这里是"买"的意思,不用have bought,是因为buy是短暂动词,不同完成时态连用。
9.A be angry with 意思是"同------生气";含条件状语从句的复合句中,主句是将来时,从句一般用现在时。
10.A "Listen!"表明动作正在进行。
11.B the day before yesterday是一般过去时态的标志。
12.A 副词before一般与完成时态连用。
13. A 含时间状语从句的复合句中,主句是将来时,从句用现在时。
14. D has gone用于指"去某地了"(现在不在说话的地方)。
15. A come true意思是"成为现实"。主从句动词时态应该一致。
16.D 根据上下文意思,邀请的人不是Sue,"Sue"和"I"都是被邀请的对象,所以要用被动语态。
17.D 说"病好了,症状消失了"多用"be gone"。
18.C 根据句子结构,"Some photos"不是句子的主语,所以A、B、D三个用作谓语的动词不能用在这里。"taken"这里是"过去分词",连同后面的词,一起作"Some photos"的定语。
19.C 主语是"A talk"决定了动词用被动语态,next week决定了要用将来时态。
20. A 主语是work, 又依语言环境用现在时。
21.A.奥运会作主语应用被动语态,叙述一般事实要用一般现在时。
22. D从后一分句They hope to finish it next month可知,电影院此刻正在建设中。故应选D。
23. B句中有“by the end of+过去时间”结构,句子的谓语动词一般用过去完成时态。句子的主语是物,故应用被动语态。其正确答案为B。
24. D分析句子结构可知,本句的主语承受谓语动词所表示的动作,故本句应用被动语态。应选D。
25.A 谈话涉及的是过去的情况,故使用一般过去时。treat…as...意为“把……当作……”。
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