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高考英语动词时态和语态
一、考点聚焦
1、动词时态考查要点简述
（1）一般现在时考点分析 ①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100oC.
②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。
①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.
②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
④常用一般过去时的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
（3）一般将来时考点分析。
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
（4）现在进行时考点分析。
①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the baby before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。
①常用过去完成时的几种情况：
（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
(B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/
though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。
（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
（6）过去将来时考点分析。
参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。
（7）过去进行时考点分析。
①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
（8）现在完成时考点分析。
①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
②下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时
③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
（9）注意几组时态的区别：
①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。
结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。
某些固定的句式中的时态
【重点提示】在某些固定的句式中，其时态是固定的、约定俗成的。
1） This / It is / will be the first / second ---time +that
从句一般用现在完成时，若主句be动词用was ,则that 从句用过去完成时。如：
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
1） It is / has been + 一段时间+since 从句。Since 从句中一般用过去时，如果将前边的is 改成was ，则since 从句中用过去完成时。如：
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time .
3) be about to do ---when ---意为“即将------（这时）突然------”。如：
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
4) be (was / were ) doing--- when ---意为“正在干------（这时）突然------”。如：
They were playing football when Jack shouted in pain .
5) Hardly had ---done ---when--- ; No sooner had --- done ---than---
when 和than 从句里也用过去时，表示“刚刚------就------”。如：
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down .
No sooner had the villagers left the burning building than it fell down into pieces .
6) It + be +一段时间+before 从句
该句式分两种情况：若主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；若主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：
It wont’ be long before he succeeds.(=He will soon succeed.)
It was ten years before they met again .(=They met again ten years later.)
几种易混时态的辨析
1． 一般现在时：表示经常性的，习惯性的或者状态想的行为。（说明事实）
现在进行时：表示具有进行性，未完成性和暂时性的特点（带有感情色彩）
eg： On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi.
This is not my coat, mine is hanging behind the door.2
2．.一般过去时：所表达的事物与现在无关，侧重说明事实。
现在完成时：强调现在的影响和结果。
I stayed in Beijing for five days ,then ,I went to the USA.
I have stayed in Beijing for five days and haven’t decided where to go next.
3．一般过去时：表示发生在过去的动作或者过去存在的状态。
过去进行时：表示过去某个时间点后者某个时间段正在做某事，具有进行性，未完成性和暂时性特点.。
I read a book last week.
------Has Jack finished his work today ?
------I have no idea. He was doing it this morning.
4．一般过去时：
过去完成时：（判断是否用过去完成时的几个步骤：
a． 先从时间轴上找到表示过去的时间或动作。然后判断在这之前是否还有另一动作
b． 判断该句是否强调动作先后关系）.
By the end of last month ,they had treated 3000 patients.
They treated 3000 patients last month.
5. 完成时：强调动作的结果。
完成进行时：强调动作的延续性。
eg：He has been writing articles for our newspaper these years, and he has written about 40 articles.
2、被动语态考查要点简述
被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。
（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。
⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
（3）主动形式表被动意义。
①
当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。
（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。
③be lost迷路 ④be drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿着
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
Exercise.
1. I didn’t like Aunt Lucy , who _____ without warning and bringing us presents .
A. always turns up B. has always turned up
C. was turned up D. was always turning up
2.--- Did he notice you enter the room ?
--- I don’t think so . He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut .
A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened
3. --- Would you like to visit the temple ?
---- If I _______ a week off.
A. will have B. had C. have had D. would have
4.---Look !How long _________ like this ?
--- Three weeks ! It’s usual here that rain ______ without stopping these days at sea.
A .has it rained ; pours B. has it been raining ; pours
C. is it raining ; is pouring D. does it rain ; pours
5. I ____ to help you but I was not able to spare any time .I ____ a paper last night
and I’ll finish it tonight .
A. wanted ;have been writing B. have wanted ; wrote
C. had wanted ; wrote D. had wanted ; was writing
6. The price ______ , but I doubt whether it will remain so .
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
7. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I _____ the cloth _____ well .
A. have told ; washes B. have been told ; washes
C. was told ; washed D. have been told ; is washed
8. The car ran down the hill , and the driver __, according to the newspaper , to have been killed. A.said B. was saying C. was said D. had been said
9..---Was that the first time _____ you ___ England’s coast .
--- Yes . It was .
A. ./ ; left B. when ; have left C. when ; had left D. / had left
10---Kate returned home yesterday .
--- Really ? Where ____?
A. has she been B. had she gone C. has she gone D. had she been
11.In such dry weather , the flowers will have to be watered if they ______.
A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive
12. The TV sets made by our factory sell best , but 10 years ago no one could have guessed the place in the markets that they _______ .
A. were having B. were to have C. had had D. had
13..I __violin lessons every two weeks , but I think I’ll make it every week from next month.
A. am having B. have had C. have D. have been having
14.---What were you doing when I phoned you yesterday evening ?
--- I ______ my homework and was starting to take a bath.
A. had just finished B. was finishing C. have already finished D. was going to finish
15.--- Your baby is too thin .
--- It could gain weight , but it _____ much .
A. doesn’t eat B. didn’t eat C. hadn’t been D. couldn’t eat
16..Please call again . Jim ______ a bath just now .
A. has had B. was having C. is having D. has
17. ---Why did you come by taxi?
--- My bike broke down last night and I ____ it repaired .
A. didn’t have B. don’t have C. won’t have D. haven’t had
18. I don’t really work here . I _____until the new secretary arrives .
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out
19..You _____ television . Why not do something more active?
A. always watch B. are always watching
C. have always watched D. have always been watching
20..--- Can you drive on the free way , Mr. Green ?
--- You can when you ____ a bit more skilled .
A. will get B. are getting C. will have got D. get
21. I _____ at the station half an hour ago , but the train ___ yet.
A. arrived ; hadn’t come B. was arriving ; hadn’t come
C. arrived ; hasn’t come D. had arrived ; didn’t come
22.Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge ? It will ___ fresh for several days .
A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
23. The little girl _____ her heart out because she _____ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it .
A . had cried ; lost B. cried ; had lost
C. has cried ; has lost D. cries ; has lost
24. I feel it is your husband who ____ for the spoiled child .
A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame
25. Rainforests ____ and burned at such a great speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future .
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been out
完成句子
1.The crazy fans _________patiently for two hours, and they would wait until the star arrived.(wait)
疯狂的粉丝们耐心的等待了两个小时，他们会一直等直到偶像出现。
2. The exhibition halls for EXPO, which will be a feast for the eyes, _________________ in Shanghai. (construct)
即将成为视觉盛宴的世博展览厅正在上海修建之中。
3 . When I arrived, the plan ___________________.（carry）
当我到达的时候，计划正在实施。
4．The witness _______(被指控) offering false information to the court when questioned. (accuse)
当被问到的时候，目击者被指控在法庭上提供非真实信息。
5. By the time they got back to the camp, they ______________ water. (run)
到他们返回到营地时，他们已经用完了水。
6. The film star spent a lot of money _________new computers. (equip)
这个电影明星花了很多钱给这所学校配备了新电脑。
7.If he stays here longer, he ________________________such strange fruit by the next month. （accustomed）
要是他在这呆久点，到下个月的时候他就会适应吃这么奇怪的水果了。
8. This kind of kite made of silk _____________ , so don’t worry about it.(tear)
这种风筝是由不容易撕破的丝绸制作而成，所以不用担心。
9．The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly ____________ more fruit and vegetables. (persuade)
如果说服人们多吃水果和蔬菜，死于心脏病人的数量将会大大减少。
10．Even in those most difficult times we still believed that our goal ______ (achieve)
即使在艰难的时期，我们仍然相信我们的目标会实现。
11. More and more high school graduates from China __________key universities overseas nowadays. (admit)
近来越来愈多的中国高校毕业生被录取进入海外重点大学。
12．The first time I went to visit him, he ___________ with a neighbor. (happen)
第一次我拜访他的时候，他碰巧在跟一位邻居聊天。
13．Some books are ___________，others to be swallowed ,and some few to be chewed and digested．（taste）
一些书是用来品尝的，还有一些是用来咽下的，还有一些少数是用来咀嚼和消化的。
14. I will make an apology to you if I hurt you. To be honest, I _____ anyone.(intend)
如果我伤害了你，我向你道歉。说实话，我没想过伤害任何人。
15. He ____________ this time yesterday .(write)
他昨天这个时候正在写一封信。
16. Rainforests _________ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear in the near future.(cut)
雨林在以这样的速度砍伐和焚烧以致它们将会在不久的将来消失。
17. At present e-mail, as well as telephones, ________in daily communication. (play)
当前，电子邮件和电话一起在日常交流中正发挥重大作用。
18. I really admire her because she _______________ those kids on her own. (bring)
我的确佩服她，因为她全靠自己把那些孩子抚养大了。
19．I'm afraid I can't attend your birthday party at 5 pm next Monday．I _________ to London long before then．（fly）
我恐怕不能参加你下周一五点的生日晚宴了，那个时候我应该早已飞到london了。
20. ___________to raise the temperature of a liter of pure water by 1 degree centigrade? (take)
把一升纯净水的温度升高一摄氏度需要消耗多少能量？
How much energy does it take
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