高考英语非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能 7页

高考英语非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能 名称 形式 特点 功能 不定式 To do 具有名词、形容词、副词、动词的一些特征 在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语，有形式变化 动名词 Doing（v+ing）‎ 具有名词、形容词、动词的一些特征 在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语，有形式变化 分 词 Doing（v+ing）‎ Done（v+ed 具有形容词、副词的一些特征 在句中可做表语、定语、状语、补足语，现在分词有形式变化 不定式 I．不定式的时态及语态 一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或 进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行 完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生 II. 不定式的否定结构:not to do//for sb not to do III.不定式的句法功能 ‎1.主语 ‎ To see is to believe.‎ It is not easy to learn a language well.(不定式作主语时往往用it做形式主语)‎ 动词不定式做主语的常用句型 It is +adj/n +to do sth ‎ It is +adj +of/for sb to do sth ‎ It takes sb sometime to do ‎ ‎ Kind, clever, wise, nice 形容词既表示人物特征，‎ ‎ Foolish, stupid, honest, 又表示说话人对不定式 ‎ Right, correct, wrong, +of sb 动作的评价；形容词与 ‎ Rude, cruel, careless, 介词宾语成主谓关系 ‎ Lazy, selfish, horrible ‎ ‎ 如：It‘s kind of you to help me。=You are kind to help me。‎ ‎ ‎ Easy, hard, difficult ‎ Possible, necessary, 形容词说明不定式行为的 ‎ Important, essential, +for sb 性质,与介词宾语不具有 ‎ Interesting, unusual,……….. 主谓关系 ‎ Interesting, natural ‎ ‎ 如: It’s easy for me to learn English.=To learn English is easy for me.‎ ‎2..表语 ‎ My job is to attend the children.‎ ‎(不定式作表语时,如在它前出现了do, did, does时,不定式符号to 可省掉,例:‎ what you have to do this afternoon is (to) look after the sick child.)‎ ‎3.定语 ‎ I have a lot of work to do. //She has no place to go.‎ ‎4.宾语 ‎ I hope to go to Dalian again.‎ ‎ I find it interesting to play the violin.(不定式作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放到后面)‎ ‎5.宾补 ‎ The teacher told us to clean the windows.‎ ‎ I noticed the boy go into the shop.‎ 注: feel, listen to, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, make, let ,have等使役动词后宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略,但这些句子变为被动语态时,就必须带to 符号. 例:‎ ‎ I often hear him sing this song.‎ ‎ He is often heard to sing this song.‎ ‎6.状语 ‎ 表示目的: I got up early to(in order to/ so as to) catch the early bus.‎ ‎ To/In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.(so as to不能用于句首)‎ ‎ 表示原因: We were excited to hear the news.‎ ‎ I am sorry to have hurt you.‎ ‎ 表示结果: I hurried home to find Mary waiting for me.‎(不定式作结果状语时,常表示未预料之中的事,可在不定式前加only)‎ ‎ 表示条件: To look at him, you would like him.‎ ‎ 修饰全句(独立成分) To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.‎ ‎ To be honest, I know nothing about it.‎ 不定式做状语的常用句型 类别 句 型 原因 Be happy/glad/pleased/‎ delighted/sorry….+to do She seemed surprised to meet us.‎ He looked happy to hear the news.‎ I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.‎ 目的 In order to do ‎ So as to do ‎ Go/ come and do sth I’ve written it down in order not to forget.‎ He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.‎ If he should return, come and find me 结果 So as to do…‎ Such… as to do…‎ Enough to do Too… to do Would you be so kind as to land me your bike?‎ I’m not such a foolish man/so foolish man as to do that.‎ Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety.‎ The ice is thick enough to walk on.‎ It was too late for there to be any taxis.‎ 注:1) too + pleased/kind/ willing/ glad/eager/anxious… +to do 的结构即不表示结果,也无否定含义.‎ ‎ I shall be only too pleased to get home(=I shall be very pleased to get home,)‎ ‎ It’s too kind of you to have told me that(=You are very kind to have told me that.)‎ 使用不定式时要注意以下几点:‎ ‎1.在作tell, show, understand, explain, teach, advise, discuss等词的宾语时, 前面常带疑问词 ‎(how, when ,where,what , who…)‎ ‎2.不定式在介词but后面时,如but前有do 的各种形式,那么but 后的to要省略,否则就要带to.另外在cannot but, can’t choose but, can’t help but后面的to也省略.‎ ‎ We could do nothing but wait ‎ We had nothing to do but wait.‎ ‎ We had no choice but to wait.‎ ‎3.作定语的不定式是不及物动词时,不定式后须有相应的介词,但如果所修饰的名词是time, place, way时,不定式后的介词习惯上省略.‎ ‎ We have to find a room to live in.‎ ‎ Please give me a knife to cut with.‎ ‎ He had no money and no place to live.‎ ‎ We found a way to solve the problems.‎ ‎4. something is easy to do 类似句型中不定式不用被动形式.‎ ‎ There is something to do/There is something to be done0‎ ‎5.what, when. Where, how. who…+to do 可在句中做主语宾语表语.‎ 动名词 I.形式:V+ing ‎ 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前 否定结构 Not doing/ not having done ‎ II.动名词的句法功能 ‎ 1.主语: (表示一般或抽象的多次性动作)‎ Smoking is a bad habit.‎ ‎ It is no use arguing with him.‎ ‎ 2.表语(说明主语的具体内容)‎ ‎ Her job is building houses.‎ ‎ 3.宾语 He is fond of playing football.//Would you mind my closing the door?‎ ‎4.定语(说明被修饰词的用途)‎ ‎ reading materials, swimming pool, waiting room ‎5.同位语 His job, building a house, is almost done.‎ 使用动名词时要注意的几点 ‎1.下列句型常用动名词 ‎ no use/ good ‎ It is/was not any use/good + doing ‎ of little/good useless ‎2.下列动词或动词词组后用动名词 ‎ allow, advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay,dislike, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy,, favour, imagine, keep, mind, miss, postphone, practise, risk, suggest,‎ ‎ be used to, can’t help ,give up, go on , give one’s life to ,feel like, keep on, insist on, object to, ‎ turn to, lead to, look forward to, stick to , devote to, get down to ‎ ‎3.既可后跟不定式,又可跟动名词做宾语的动词 ‎ do 记住去做 remember doing 记得做过 ‎ to do 忘了去做 forget ‎ doing 忘了做过 ‎ to do 对尚未做的事感到遗憾 regret ‎ doing// to have done 对做过的事感到遗憾,后悔 ‎ to do 打算去做 mean doing 意味着 ‎ to do 努力做 try doing 试着做 ‎ to do 学会 learn doing 学做 ‎ doing 泛指 love/like/hate/prefer to do 特指具体的动作 ‎ to do 停下来开始去做某事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 ‎ (to) do 不能帮助做 can’t help ‎ doing 情不自禁的做 ‎ to do 接着做 go on ‎ doing 继续不断地做,继续做同一件事 ‎ to be done need/require/ want/ deserve 结构不同,意思一样 ‎ doing sth ‎ ‎4.start/begin doing/to do 基本可互换 但下列情况用不定式 1) 主语指物时 2) 后面跟表示感情思想和意念的动词时 3) begin/start本身是进行时态时 ‎ It started to rain.‎ ‎ She is beginning to cook dinner.‎ ‎ She began to realize his mistakes.‎ ‎5.动名词的复合结构 ‎ my, your, our…‎ ‎ me, you, us….. +doing ‎ my father, tom….‎ ‎ My father’s, Tom’s ‎ 动名词的复合结构作主语时,动名词的复合结构只能用 one’s +doing ‎ Would you mind me/ my/ LI Ming/ Li Ming’s opening the window?‎ ‎ Mary’s crying made her mother angry.‎ ‎ His losing the game made us very disappointed.‎ ‎ ‎ 分 词 分词分现在分词和过去分词其否定结构为not+ 分词,分词在句中意义同形容词和副词,可以承担形容词和副词在句中所承担的句子成分.‎ I.分词的时态和语态 ‎ 一般式 doing being done ‎ 现在分词 分词 完成式 having done having been done 过去分词 done ‎2.分词的句法功能 ‎1)定语(单个分词作定语时放在所修饰词的前面,分词短语作定语时放在所修饰词的后面)‎ ‎ This is an amusing story.‎ ‎ The excited people rushed into the building.‎ ‎ The boy standing at the door is my cousin.‎ ‎ The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.‎ ‎2)表语 ‎ The news was inspiring.‎ ‎ The glass is broken.‎ ‎ We were excited at the news.‎ ‎3)宾补 ‎ I heard a girl crying next door.‎ ‎ I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.‎ ‎ I found my key lost.‎ ‎4)状语 ‎ Being a student, I must study hard. 原因 ‎ While crossing the street, be careful. 时间 ‎ Given a chance, I can surprise the world.(条件)‎ ‎ Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.让步 ‎ The teacher entered the lab, followed by the students. 伴随状语 ‎ His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 时间(分词作状语表示结果时常表示意料中的事)‎ 注:分词作状语可表示时间,原因,结果,行为方式伴随状语等,分词作状语时前后主语必须一致,如以上各句.如前后主语不一致必须用独立主格结构即: 名词或代词+分词(doing/done)/不定式/介词/短语/形容词/副词 ‎ Weather permitting, we’ll go sightseeing.条件 ‎ It being Sunday, we went climbing.原因 ‎ Work finished, the boy went out to play.时间 ‎ He lay on his back, his eyes looking up at he sky.伴随 ‎ The exam to be held tomorrow, I can’t go to the cinema tonight.原因 ‎ School over, We went home.时间 ‎ He came, his hands red with cold.伴随 ‎ 另外with 的复合结构也是一种独立主格结构.‎ ‎ ‎ 非谓语动词间的比较 ‎1.非谓语动词在句子中的作用 作用 类别 主语 宾语 表语 定语 补语 状 语 相当词 性 Vt.‎ prep 时间 原因 条件 伴随 目的 结果 不定式 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ n./a./‎ adv.‎ 动名词 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ N 分 词 ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ ‎√‎ A/adv ‎2.不定式、动名词作主语的区别 动作特点 时间概念 不定式 具体的，特定的行为，强调动作 多表示将来或已完成 动名词 抽象的，一般性的行为，强调事情本身 多无时间性 ‎3.非谓语动词做主语表语的区别 ‎ 一般可以互换,但如详细地加以区分的话,动名词表示普遍的习惯性的或抽象的动作,不定式则表示某一次具体的动作.‎ I like swimming, but I don’t like too swim this afternoon.‎ Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.‎ 注:现在分词表示”令人…”多修饰物,过去分词表示”感到…”,多修饰人.‎ ‎ We were interested in an interesting story.‎ ‎4.非谓语动词做定语的区别 和中心词的位置关系 与中心词的逻辑关系 时间概念 不定式 总是位于其后 多动宾关系 多表示将来 动名词 多位于其前 表示其性能,作用 无时间(常发生)‎ 现在分词 单个分词在前 分词短语在后 多主谓关系(主动)‎ 表示正在进行 过去分词 有动宾关系(被动)‎ 表已完成 只表示完成(主动)‎ 注:现在分词的被动式(being done) 做定语时 现在 ‎ 不定式的被动式(to be done) 表示的被动 将来 ‎ 及物动词的过去分词(done 动作发生在 过去 ‎ being used in our school now.‎ ‎ This is the book to be used in our school next year.‎ used in our school last year ‎5.不定式,分词做宾语补语时的区别 现在分词表示动作正在进行,不定式表示动作的整个过程或动作的反复多次.注:感官动词feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe, notice, look at和使动词make, let have 后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语,get例外.‎ I heard him singing in the next room just now.‎ I saw him enter the door.(He was seen to enter the door)‎ ‎ 另外.have/ get sth done 可表示有意或意外.＄‎ ‎ When did you have /get your leg broken?‎ ‎ When did you have/get your hair cut?‎ ‎6. 分词和不定式做结果状语的区别 ‎ doing sth (表示逻辑上的结果)‎ ‎(only)+‎ ‎ to do sth(表示非逻辑上的结果)‎ ‎ It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter.‎ ‎ He raised himself completely, obliging me to rise too.‎ ‎ He smokes a great deal, only making his health worse.‎ ‎ I was late for class again, making him more angry.‎ ‎ He woke up, only to find his wallet gone.‎ ‎ He came here, only to know that she had been tired.‎ ‎ He finally arrived, only to get the news that his old friend had already passed away.‎ ‎ He was late again, only to find another fellow had taken his place.‎ ‎7.非谓语动词的复合结构 ‎ 1)不定式: for sb to do ‎ 2)动名词:形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+ doing sth ‎ 3)分词:分词做状语, 它的逻辑主语往往是句子的主语,如果不是,就的带上自己的逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构,此结构有时也可有with引导.‎ ‎ Night falling, we hurried home.‎ ‎ The question having been settled, they went home.‎ ‎ It being very cold, he made a fire.‎ ‎ With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes.‎ ‎8.不定式与疑问代词或疑问副词连用,作主语,宾语,表语 ‎ When to start the work hasn’t been decided yet.‎ ‎ Please tell me what to do next.‎ ‎ The problem is where to find a doctor at once.‎ ‎ 分词作状语可直接与连词if,though, even though, unless, until, when, while, as, as if, once, that 等连用.‎ ‎ He will not come unless invited.‎ ‎ While studying, try not to 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