高考英语考前必看——语法填空常见考点荟萃 9页

高考英语考前必看——语法填空常见考点荟萃 名 词 ‎1.特殊名词的复数: ‎ child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep, species- species,‎ stomach-stomachs,deer-deer, goose-geese, ox-oxen, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, phenomenon-phenomena,‎ means-means, series-series, crisis-crises, basis-bases, German-Germans, Australian-Australians, ‎ ‎2.不可数名词: ‎ advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, furniture, fun, weather, knowledge, jewelry, progress, traffic, ‎ ‎3.可数不可数均可，但意思不同: arm手臂,arms武器; good好处,goods货物; green绿色,greens蔬菜; paper纸,‎ papers论文; sand沙,sands沙滩; time时间,times时代; water水,waters水域; wood木材,woods森林; work工作,‎ works著作; experience经验,experiences经历; room空间, rooms房间; exercise锻炼,exercises 练习; ‎ ‎4.只有复数形式的名词：trousers, clothes, socks, shorts, goods, thanks, congratulations, belongings, scissors,‎ glasses, wages工资；riches财富；surroundings环境；ashes灰尘；compasses圆规;‎ ‎5.复数形式，单数意思的名词：plastics, news, politics, physics, mathematics, ‎ ‎6.复合名词的复数形式: ‎ girl-friends, boy-students, women-teachers, men-workers, passers-by, go-betweens, grown-ups, ‎ ‎7.谓语动词用复数的名词: police, cattle, clothes, goods, ‎ ‎8.抽象名词具体化为可数名词：‎ surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, worry, honor, must, difficulty, youth, beauty, wonder, danger, interest, ‎ ‎9.辅音字母+o结尾复数加-es的名词：tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, hero-heroes, ‎ ‎10.变“f”或“fe”为“v”之后再加-es为复数形式的名词：‎ wife-wives, life-lives, knife-knives, wolf-wolves, self-selves, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves, thief- thieves, ‎ ‎11.特殊注意的名词: people (民族,人); nature (自然,特性)；man(男人,人类)，youth (年轻人,青年男子,青春)‎ ‎12.特殊注意的搭配: congratulations祝贺; have words with sb. 同某人吵架; in high spirits以很高热情地; give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯; in rags衣衫破烂; It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事;‎ 冠 词 ‎1. 序数词前用不定冠词则表示“又一，再一”之意 如：read a second time 再读一遍。‎ ‎2.“a first”可表示“第一名、冠军”之意 如：He often gets a first in maths. 他数学经常得第一。‎ ‎3. such, what, quite, rather, half+不定冠词+形容词+名词 如：such a nice film这样好的电影。 ‎ ‎4. as, so, too, how, however+形容词+不定冠词+名词 如：so short a time.如此短的时间。‎ ‎5. half, twice, three times +the+名词 如：twice the price双倍的代价。‎ ‎6. all, both, double +the+名词 如：all the students我们班所有的学生。‎ ‎7. the与比较级连用，表示二者当中更突出的一个 如：the taller of the two girls更高的这个女孩。‎ ‎8. 在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同 ‎ in hospital (因病)住院, in the hospital 在医院(工作、参观等)； by sea 乘船, by the sea 在海边; ‎ in charge of 负责, in the charge of 由……负责； by day 在白天, by the day 按日计算;‎ out of question 没问题, out of the question 不可能; a number of 许多；好些, the number of …(的)数目;‎ in a way有一点,in the way挡着去路; next week下周;the next week第二周 不 规 则 动 burst-burst-burst-bursting; hurt-hurt-hurt-hurting; hit-hit-hit-hitting; spread-spread-spread-spreading; ‎ shut-shut-shut-shutting; beat-beat-beaten-beating; run-ran-run-running; swim-swam- swum- swimming; ‎ deal-dealt-dealt-dealing; set-set-set-setting; hear-heard-heard-hearing; lie-lay(lied)-lain(lied)-lying; ‎ hang-hanged/hung-hanged/hung-hanging;mean-meant-meant-meaning; bend-bent-bent-bending; ‎ show-showed-showed/shown-showing; build-built-built-building; lend-lent-lent-lending; ‎ spend-spent-spent-spending; bring-brought-brought-bringing; fight-fought-fought-fighting; feed-fed-fed-feeding; ‎ seek-sought-sought-seeking; catch-caught-caught-catching; dig-dug-dug-digging; teach-taught-taught-teaching; ‎ flee-fled-fled-fleeing;hold-held-held-holding; lead-led-led-leading; meet-met-met-meeting; say-said-said-saying;‎ shoot-shot-shot-shooting; stick-stuck-stuck-sticking; win-won-won-winning; feel-felt-felt-feeling; ‎ keep-kept-kept-keeping; leave-left-left-leaving; lay-laid-laid-laying; sweep-swept-swept-sweeping; ‎ pay-paid-paid-paying; stand-stood-stood-standing; lose-lost-lost-losing; wind-wound-wound-winding; ‎ sell-sold-sold-selling; blow-blew-blown-blowing; drive-drove-driven-driving; draw-drew-drawn-drawing;‎ 词 eat-ate-eaten-eating; fall-fell-fallen-falling; grow-grew-grown-growing; throw-threw-thrown-throwing;‎ forgive-forgot-forgiven-forgiving; know-knew-known-knowing; forbid-forbad/forbade-forbidden-forbidding;‎ ride-rode-ridden-riding; sew-sewed-sewn-sewing; shake-shook-shaken-shaking; bite-bit-bitten-biting;‎ write-wrote-written-writing; break-broke-broken-breaking; hide-hid-hidden-hiding; tear-tore-torn-tearing;‎ forget-forgot-forgotten-forgetting; freeze-froze-frozen-freezing; go-went-gone-going; steal-stole-stolen-stealing;‎ choose-chose-chosen-choosing; begin-began-begun-beginning;bear-bore-born/borne-bearing; fly-flew-flown-flying;‎ wear-wore-worn-wearing; weave-wove- woven- weaving; picnic-picnicked- picnicked-picnicking; ‎ 形 容 词 ‎1.不规则形容词与副词：far, late, old, bad, ill, many, much, good, well, little,‎ ‎2.只修饰可数名词的有：few, a few, many, a great/good many, a large number of…‎ ‎3.只修饰不可数名词的有：little, a little, much, a large amount of, a great/good deal of…‎ ‎4.可数不可数都可修饰的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, large quantities of,‎ ‎5.be very important= be of great importance ‎ ‎6.只作表语的形容词：abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的, alike相似的, alive在世的, asleep睡着的,‎ awake醒着的, fond喜欢的,‎ ‎7.习惯后置的形容词: enough充足的, included包括的, present出席的, left剩下的, involved有关的,‎ abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的,alike相似的,alive在世的,asleep睡着的, awake醒着的, deep深的,‎ long长的, high高的, thick厚的, old老的, thin薄的, wide宽的, narrow窄的, junior年少的, senior年长的, ‎ 动 词 和 动 词 短 语 ‎1.加-ed或-ing要双写最后一个字母的动词 regret后悔；control 控制；admit承认；occur出现；prefer宁愿；refer提到；forget忘记；permit允许；equip 装备; skip跳绳; trip绊倒; travel旅游; plan计划; stop停止; beg乞讨;‎ ‎2.常见可用于“动词+sb.+of sth.”的动词 accuse控告,指责; cheat骗取; cure治好; inform通知; remind使某人想起; rid使某人摆脱; rob抢劫; warn警告; convince使某人信服; ‎ ‎3.常见可用于“动词+sb.+for doing sth.”的动词 blame指责; criticize批评; forgive原谅; excuse原谅某人; pardon原谅某人; punish惩罚; scold 指责; thank感谢;‎ ‎4.常见可用于“动词+sb.+into doing sth.”的动词 cheat欺骗; trick哄骗; fool愚弄; force迫使; argue说服; talk劝服; terrify威胁; frighten吓唬; persuade说服;‎ ‎5.常见容易误用作及物动词的不及物动词 deal with a problem处理问题; depend on sb.依靠某人; insist on doing sth.坚持做; knock on /at the door敲门; operate on sb.为某人做手术; participate in sth.参加某事; refer to sth.查阅某物; reply to a letter 回信; rely on sb./sth.依靠某人/某物; ‎ ‎6.可用作系动词的动词 act举动像; appear显得; be是; become变成; blow风吹; break突变; continue连续; fall来临; feel觉得; fly飘扬;‎ get变得; go达到; grow逐渐变得; keep连续; lie位于; look看起来; make开始; play上演; prove证明; rank列为;‎ remain依然; run运转; seem似乎; set 落沉; smell闻起来; sound听起来; stand矗立; stay坚持; taste尝起来;‎ turn转变; wax增大; wear穿着; work运作;‎ ‎7. 习惯接过去分词作宾补的动词(动词+sb./sth.+ done) ‎ have让, hear听到, see看见, watch观察, leave留下, make使得, feel感觉, find发现, get使得, acknowledge承认, bear忍受, declare宣称, desire渴望, fancy设想, imagine想象, keep保持, need需要, notice注意, want想要, ‎ ‎8.习惯接sb./sth.+from+动名词的动词 ‎ ban禁止, bar阻拦, discourage劝阻, excuse免除, hold控制, keep保持, prevent防止, prohibit禁止, protect保护, save挽救, stop中止, ‎ ‎9.习惯接动名词作宾语的动词 acknowledge承认,自认; admit 承认; dislike不喜欢,讨厌; complete完成; ‎ appreciate感激,欣赏; avoid避免; enjoy享有,喜爱; bear忍受; delay延迟; escape逃跑,逃避; deny否认; ‎ consider 考虑; fancy幻想,爱好; mind 介意; finish完成,结束; resist抵抗,阻止; permit 允许; imagine设想; ‎ risk冒险; practise 实行,实践; save营救,储蓄; prevent阻止; keep保持; quit放弃,停止; suggest建议; ‎ ‎10.习惯接同源宾语的动词 bow鞠躬, cough咳嗽, dance跳舞, die死, dream梦, fight战斗, laugh笑, look看, live生活, run运行, say说,‎ sigh叹息, sleep睡, smell闻, smile微笑, talk谈,‎ ‎11. 习惯接形容词作宾补的动词 bake烤, beat击败, boil煮, burn烧伤, colour把……涂色, consider考虑, count计数, cut削减, drink喝, drive驱动, eat吃, fill填写, find找到, get得到, hammer锤打, hold持续, keep保持, lay躺, leave留下, let让, like愿意,‎ make使, paint油漆, prove证明, put放置, see看到, set凝固, sleep睡眠, talk谈, think认为, turn转, wash洗, wipe擦, wish祝,‎ ‎12.习惯接that从句(虚拟语气 should+do)的动词 advocate提倡, advise建议, appoint任命, arrange安排, ask请求, command命令, decide决定, demand需求,‎ desire渴望, determine决定, direct指挥, insist坚持, instruct指导, intend意愿, move感动, object反对,order命令,‎ pray恳求, prefer喜欢, recommend推荐, require要求, request请求, suggest建议, urge敦促, vote提议 ,‎ ‎13.动作与结果不同的动词 advise, persuade(劝说); look for, find(发现); look at, see(看); listen to, hear(听); tear at, tear(撕); ‎ try, manage(尽力); treat, cure(治疗); shoot at, shoot(射击); prepare for, prepare(准备);‎ ‎14.主观与客观不同的动词。‎ receive , accept(接收); must, have to(必须); can, be able to(能够); ‎ ‎15.直接与间接不同的动词。‎ hear, hear ofabout; know, know of/about; learn, learn of/about;‎ ‎16.不用于进行时态的动词 adore崇拜, appear出现, believe相信, belong属于, consist包括, exist存在, feel感觉, find找到, forget忘记,‎ hate恨, hear听到, hold持有, know知道, lack缺乏, lie位于, like像, love爱, matter要紧, mean意思,‎ measure测量, mind介意, notice留心, owe欠, own拥有, possess持有, remember记得, see看, seem似乎, ‎ smell闻, think认为, understand理解, value重视, want想要, weigh衡量, wish祝愿,‎ ‎17.进行时态的主动形式表示被动意义的动词 bake烤, build建立, cook烹调, copy复制, do做, fill填写, print打印, roast烤, sell出售, work out解决, ‎ ‎18.非进行时态的主动形式表示被动意义的动词 add up加起来, act行为, break打破, blow吹, button按钮, burn烧伤, cut切, catch赶上, close关闭, clean清洁,‎ drive驱动, draw画, fill填写, keep保持, iron熨衣, let出租, lock锁, open开, pack包, peel削, read读, split分裂,‎ spoil溺爱, tear撕裂, wash洗, ‎ ‎19.其后接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义的动词 bear忍受, deserve应受, need需要, require要求, stand抵抗, want想要, ‎ ‎20.可否定转移的动词 believe相信, expect期望, fancy幻想, imagine想象, reckon估计, think 思考, suppose假设,‎ ‎21.常见接动词原形作宾补的动词 ‎ feel感觉; have使某人做; hear 听见; let让某人; listen to听着某人; look at看着某人; make使某人; notice注意; observe观察某人; see看见; watch观察; ‎ ‎22.常见接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的动词 forget忘记; mean打算,意味着; remember记住; regret后悔; try设法,试试; stop停下来; can't help不能帮助,禁不住; go on接着做,继续做; ‎ 非 谓 语 动 词 一般式 完成式 进行式 不定式 主动 to do to have done to be doing 被动 to be done to have been done to have been doing ing 形式 主动 doing having done 被动 being done having been done 过去分词 被动 done ‎1.非谓语动词的各种形式：‎ ‎2.非谓语动词的否定形式: 在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing, ‎ ‎3.非谓语动词的复合结构 不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.‎ 动名词复合结构：代词宾格或名词所有格+doing (-ing形式作主语时,用代词主格或名词所有格＋doing) ‎ 分词独立结构：代词主格或名词+doing /done(句中作状语表时间、原因、伴随、让步、方式等)‎ ‎4.非谓语动词的做题步骤 ‎(1)判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词;‎ ‎(2)找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语;‎ ‎(3)判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系;‎ ‎(4)判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前且表被动关系常用 done; 之后且表主动关系常用to do; 同时且表主动关系常用doing.‎ ‎5.不定式符号to 的保留问题 有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。‎ 如：I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. ‎ ‎— Are you on holiday ? — No, but I’d like to be. ‎ ‎— I didn’t tell him the news.— Oh, you ought to have. 　　‎ ‎6.在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。‎ 如：There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work.) ‎ There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.) ‎ 注意:下面两个句子的含义的不同 There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。) ‎ There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。) ‎ ‎7.动名词作主语 动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。 ‎ It is / was no use / good + doing sth. ‎ It is / was not any use / good + doing sth. ‎ It is / was of little use / good + doing sth. ‎ 如：It is / was useless 如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 ‎ 注意:若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.‎ 眼见为实。‎ ‎8.注意以下表达的意义区别：‎ falling leaves正在下落的树叶, fallen leaves已经落下的树叶; boiling water沸腾的水,boiled water烧开过的水; developing countries发展中国家, developed countries发达国家; an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音,an excited voice兴奋的声音; a puzzling look令人迷惑不解的表情, a puzzled look困惑的表情; ‎ ‎9.分词作状语 　　‎ 分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。‎ 如：Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间) Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间) Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因) Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件) The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步) The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况) 　　‎ ‎10.独立成分 有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有,Generally speaking … 一般说来; Frankly speaking … 坦白地说; Judging from … 根据……来判断; Considering … 考虑到……; To tell you the truth … 说实话; ‎ ‎11.不定式作表语 在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prove/ turn out (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy. ‎ ‎12.动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。‎ 如: We could do nothing but / other than wait. We have no choice but to wait. I can’t choose but laugh.　　　‎ 时 态 和 语 态 ‎1.常考动词时态：‎ ‎(1)三个一般：一般现在时、一般过去式、一般将来时；‎ ‎(2)三个现在：现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时；‎ ‎(3)三个过去：过去进行时、过去完成时，过去完成进行时。‎ ‎2.现在进行时与频度副词always, all the time, forever, constantly, continuously等词连用，往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of his study.(称赞)He is always making the same mistakes.(批评)‎ ‎3.某些表动向和起始的动词begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等，当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时(这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语)要用一般现在时代替将来时。I leave for Dalian next Sunday.‎ ‎4.在时间、真实条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，(有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时，显得更确定)。When he comes back, we'll go shopping together. ‎ ‎5.不能用被动语态的几种情况 ‎(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。‎ ‎(2)表示状态的动词last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,look like,consist of等不能用于被动语态中。‎ ‎(3)表示归属的动词如have, own, belong to等不能用于被动语态之中。‎ ‎(4)表示“希望、意图”的动词如wish,want, hope, like, love, hate等不能用于被动语态之中。‎ ‎(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。‎ ‎(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等时，谓语动词不用被动语态。‎ ‎6.主动形式表被动意义 ‎(1)当feel, look, smell, taste, sound,remain 等后面接形容词时。‎ ‎(2)当break, burn, cook, cut, drive, eat, iron, keep, play, sell, last, open, shut, wear, wash, write, translate, print, run, read, operate 等词带状语修饰语 well, easily, poorly 等时。‎ ‎(3)当动词begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, run等表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。‎ ‎(4)当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out 等表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。‎ ‎(5)want, require, need,deserve后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。‎ ‎(6)be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎(7)在“be+形容词+to do”中，(常用于此结构的形容词有：difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, nice, bitter, fit, dangerous, light, heavy, important等)不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。‎ ‎(8)某些不定式：to blame, to seek, to let, to rent等与be连用时 The house is to let.这房子要出租。‎ ‎(9)常见的不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语有：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。‎ ‎7.被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况 ‎(1)be seated 坐着。如：He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。‎ ‎(2)be hidden 躲藏。如：He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.) 他藏在门后。‎ ‎(3)be lost 迷路。如：Unsaved changes will be lost. 未保存的更改将丢失。‎ ‎(4)be drunk 喝醉。如：He must be drunk, or else he is mad. 他准是醉了，不然就是疯了。‎ ‎(5)be dressed 穿着。如：The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。‎ 注意：be determined,be pleased,be graduated (from),be finished,be prepared (for),be occupied (in),get married等都属于被动形式表示主动意义的情况。‎ ‎8.主动变被动时，宾补成主补，作补语的不定式前需用to。如: He was made to work all day long(by the boss)‎ ‎9.短语动词变被动语态时，勿丢掉后面的介词。如：The children were taken good care of (by her).‎ Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.‎ ‎7.情态动词和be going to, be to, be sure to, used to, have to, had better 等结构变被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+过去分词。如：Rhe computer might be repaired by him tomorrow. ‎ ‎10.表被动意义的介词短语 under examination在审查中, under discussion在讨论中, under repair维修中, beyond belief难以置信, beyond one’s control失控, beyond one’s reach鞭长莫及/够不着, for sale出售, for rent出租, in print印刷中, in sight看得见, in use在使用中, out of control控制不了, out of fashion不流行, on sale销售中, on show在展出中, in the charge of受制于, under the leadership of在……的领导下等。 ‎ ‎11.“with +宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式用主动式表被动。With nothing to do, I feel bored. ‎ 代 词 ‎1.不定代词:all, any, none, both, either, neither; other, another; some, any; little, few; something, anything, nothing, somebody,one, anybody/one, nobody, no one等；‎ ‎2.替代词:it, one,ones, that, those；‎ ‎3.习惯接oneself的动词: abandon放弃, absent...from缺席, amuse娱乐, apply应用, carry携带, commit提交, concern关注, conduct表现, content使满足, devote奉献, dress穿衣, enjoy享受, excuse借口, feel感觉, forget忘记, help帮助, hurt伤害, lose…in使沉溺于, pride upon以自豪, shave刮胡子, suggest建议, value...on重视…, ‎ ‎4.相互代词：each other, one another. ‎ ‎5.指示代词：this, that, these, those, such, same,‎ ‎6.复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时，形容词须放在它们的后面。如：nothing wrong没有毛病 ‎7.whatever, whoever, whichever等词可引导名词性从句,也可引导表示让步的状语从句。‎ ‎8.this和that有时作状语用，表示"程度"，意谓"这么"和"那么"。如：this thick这么厚, that much那么多,‎ ‎9.少数前有冠词的代词。the other, the others, a few, a little,‎ ‎10.常用于“疑问词+不定式”结构的动词。‎ advise建议, answer回答, ask问, beg乞求, consider考虑, convince说服, decide决定, discover发现, doubt怀疑,‎ explain解释, find找到, forget忘记, guess猜, hear听到, imagine想, know知道, learn学习, persuade说服,‎ pray祈祷, promise承诺, remember记得, remind提醒, see看到, show显示, suggest建议, teach教, tell告诉,‎ think认为, understand理解, want想要, warn警告, wire拍电报, write写, wonder想知道,‎ 介 词 ‎1.常用介词的用法，如as, by, of, with, over, on, towards, through, against, beyond, without等；‎ ‎2.常用的短语介词，如instead of, in search of, in case of, in fear of, because of, as a result of, according to, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等；‎ ‎3.合成介词 inside, into, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without等。‎ ‎4.双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等。‎ ‎5.分词介词 considering(就……而论), including, given, providing/provided等。‎ ‎6.由介词构成的习语，如in a word, in another word, in fact, in all, above all, after all, at all, at last, as a result等。‎ ‎7.有无介词，意义不同的词和短语 answer回答,answer for对……负责; search搜,search for 寻找; leave离开,leave for 离开去某地; reach到达,‎ reach for 伸手去拿; enter进入,enter for 报名参加; run跑, run for竞选; pay付, pay for 付钱买某物;‎ stand站,stand for 代表; prepare准备,prepare for为……做准备; see看见, see to料理,‎ ‎8.误与to搭配的几个副词 upstairs, downstairs, here, there, home, abroad, where, downtown, ‎ ‎9.带介词to的动词词组 add up to加起来；be devoted to致力于,忠诚于；be attached to附属于,喜欢,依恋；be known to为……所知; ‎ be married to和……结婚;be sentenced to被判处;be compared to 被比喻成;be/become/get accustomed to习惯于;‎ get down to着手做; lead to 导致; object to反对,不喜欢,不赞成; look forward to盼望; pay attention to注意; ‎ see to负责,注意; make contributions to对……作贡献; do wrong to 冤枉某人; turn a blind eye to对…视而不见;‎ set an example to 给…树立榜样; respond to 回答,对…作出回应; belong to 属于; look up to 尊敬; ‎ turn to转向,求助于; pay a visit to参观…; be similar to和…相似; due to 由于,归因于…; be familiar to为…熟悉; ‎ be senior to年龄长于…; be equal to 和…相等; owing to因…的缘故; thanks to 多亏了,由于; as to 关于,至于; ‎ 三 大 从 句 一、名词性从句：‎ ‎1.当从句的结构与意义都完整，说话人语气坚定用that，有疑问用whether/if。‎ ‎2.当从句的结构完整，意义不完整，缺状语用where,when,why,how, 缺定语用whose或which。‎ ‎3.当从句的结构不完整，缺主宾表，说事用what，说人用who, whom。‎ 二、形容词性从句(定语从句)：‎ ‎1.当从句的结构不完整，缺主宾表，说事用that /which，说人用that/who/whom.‎ ‎2.当从句的结构完整，意义不完整，缺状语用where(in/on+which),when(in/on/at/during+which),why(for+which). ‎ ‎3.当从句的结构不完整，缺定语用whose(=of which/whom +the+n. = the+n.+of which/whom)‎ 三、副容词性从句(状语从句)：‎ 时间状语 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the second, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 地点状语 where, wherever 原因状语 because, as, since, now that 条件状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that 结果状语 so…that, such…that 比较状语 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more 方式状语 as if, as though, as 让步状语 though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever ‎1.有无-ly意思不同的副词 wide宽的, widely广泛地; deep深的, deeply深刻地; high高的, highly高度地; direct直接地, directly立刻;‎ close亲近的, closely紧密地; near附近, nearly几乎; hard难, hardly几乎不; most大多数, mostly 主要地;‎ 副 词 dear可爱, dearly非常; late迟, lately最近; bad坏, badly非常; low低的, lowly卑贱地;‎ fine很好地, finely细微地; easy小心, easily容易地; sharp恰好, sharply急剧地; pretty相当, prettily漂亮地;‎ ‎2.形容词变副词时的拼写变化 ‎ particular-particularly 特别的, beautiful-beautifully美丽的, possible-possibly可能的, true-truly真实的, ‎ full-fully满的, scientific-scientifically科学的, easy-easily容易的, good-well好的,‎ ‎3.无比较等级的形容词或副词 alive, asleep, aloud, awake, foreign, main, final, junior, complete, double, square, correct, enough, fearless, alone, total, empty, right, wrong, impossible, favourite, excellent, last, perfect, whole, superior (优越), inferior(较劣的), unique(唯一的), wooden(木制的) , senior(高级的)‎ ‎4.形似副词的形容词 friendly, manly, womanly, brotherly, sisterly, wifely, comradely, husbandly, timely, hourly, daily, weekly, yearly, monthly, quarterly, early, silly, ugly, lovely, likely, lively, lonely, sickly, homely, worldly,‎ 特 殊 句 式 特 殊 句 式 ‎1. be doing/ be about to do/ had done…, when…(when这时, 强调一个动作的突然发生) ‎ ‎2. It was (not ) +时间段+before +一般过去时 过了一段时间就……..(动作已发生)‎ It will (not )be+时间段+before +一般现在时 要过一段时间才会……..(动作未发生)‎ It is/ has been +时间段+ since….. It is 3 years since he worked here.=he left here.‎ It was +点时间+ when….. It was 3 o’clock when they received the telephone.‎ It was +时间状语+ that …..(强调句) It was at 3 o’clock that they received the telephone.‎ ‎3. no 比较级 than: A 与B都不……… /仅仅，只有 He works no harder than I.‎ not比较级 than: A 不如B /不超过，至多 He doesn’t work harder than I.‎ more……… than……… 与其….倒不如……(= not as/ so……..as……) He is more diligent than clever.‎ more than=not only 不仅仅…….. /不多于Mr. Zhang is more than my teacher, he is also my best friend.‎ ‎4. once…..一旦….., 表示时间和条件 ‎ ‎5. The +比较级…,the +比较级…,.越……, 越……The more books you read, the more knowledge you will get.‎ ‎6. as if/ as though…..(表示与事实相反,用虚拟；若表示即将成为事实或有可能成为事实,则用陈述语气) ‎ He was in great trouble, but he acted as if nothing had happened. ‎ The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it is going to rain. ‎ ‎7. as / though引导让步状语从句 (n. /adj. / adv. / v. + as / though +主语+谓语……,尽管……,……) ‎ Child as he is, I already know what career I want to follow. Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem. ‎ Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with his idea. ‎ ‎8. whether….or…. 无论是….还是…. Any person, whether young or old, has his own worth.‎ ‎9. 疑问词+ever = no matter +疑问词, 引导让步状语从句或名词性从句 ‎ Whichever(=No matter which) you like, you can take it away.( 让步状语从句) ‎ You can take away whichever(=any one that) you like. (名词性从句) ‎ ‎10. if/ as long as/so long as/ providing that/ provided that/ supposing that/ on condition that 假如….. ‎ I will lend you money on condition that you can return it within 3 months. ‎ ‎11. given that/ considering that 考虑到….., 鉴于…… ‎ Given her interest in children/ Given that she is interested in children, I’m sure teaching is the right career for her. ‎ ‎12. in case that/ in case of….. 万一….., 以防….. In case of fire, please dial 119 at once.‎ ‎13. “祈使句+ or/otherwise +结果句”或 “祈使句+ and +结果句” Think it over, and you will find the answer. ‎ ‎14. so/ such……..that…….引导结果状语从句时须注意 ‎ ‎(1)当名词前有many, much, little, few修饰时,用so不用such。 ‎ There are so few fish in the lake that we couldn’t fish them easily.‎ ‎(2) 当名词是单数可数名词,前面又由形容词修饰时,用so+ adj +a(n)+n 或such+ a(n) + adj.+ n. ‎ He is such an honest person/ so honest a person that you can depend on him when you are in trouble. ‎ ‎(3)当so/such引导的部分位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装结构。‎ Such great progress has he made in his studies that we all admire him. ‎ ‎(4)当主从句主语一致时,可与动词不定式相互转换,即变成so/such…….as to do结构。 ‎ The westerners eat so much fat and sugar as to put on weight easily. ‎ ‎15. so that 引导目的状语从句与结果状语从句 ‎ ‎(1)so that引导目的状语从句时常与情态动词连用(= in order that)，当主从句主语一致时可转换为so as to do/ in order to do. ‎ He turned up the radio a little so that he could hear the news clearly. ‎ He turned up the radio a little so as to hear the news clearly. ‎ He closed all the windows while driving so that he shouldn’t catch cold.(否定句中情态动词用shouldn’t) ‎ ‎(2)so that 引导结果状语从句一般不与情态动词连用。 ‎ He turned up the radio a little so that he heard the news clearly. ‎ ‎16. can never/ can’t与too, too much, enough, over- 搭配表示“无论怎样….都不过分”。 ‎ While you are doing your homework, you can’t be careful enough. Since it is a good thing, we can’t do it too soon. ‎ He is such a great man that we can’t praise him too much. ‎ ‎17. 不定式作主语, it作形式主语： ‎ It +系动词+adj./ n..+ for sb. to do (for sb.表示动词不定式动作的执行者) ‎ It +系动词+adj.+ of sb. to do (of sb.既表示动词不定式动作的执行者有表示人所具备的性质或特征) ‎ It’s important for us to have a good knowledge of English. How rude of him to treat a child like that! ‎ It’s thoughtful of him to fix us up for the night. ‎ ‎18. 不定式作宾语,it作形式宾语：主语+think/ consider/believe/ make/ feel+ it +adj./n. +for sb./ of sb. +to do ‎ I feel it foolish of him to believe such a man. ‎ The timely rain had made it possible for the crops to grow well. ‎ ‎19. won’t/ can’t have sb. doing/ done 不能容忍某行为发生 ‎ 特 殊 句 式 You are too rude, and I won’t have you speaking to Mother like that again. ‎ We can’t have anything done against the school rules. ‎ ‎20. It is said/ thought/ hoped/ believed…..that…… = Sb. is said/ thought/ hoped/ believed to do….. ‎ It is said that he is studying abroad. = He is said to be studying abroad. ‎ ‎21. 表示过去原打算干，却未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图: ‎ ‎(1)had hoped to do=hoped to have done.。类似的词还有：expect, think, intend, design, plan, mean, suppose等 ‎ ‎(2)would like/prefer/ love to have done ‎ ‎(3)was/ were to have done ‎ ‎(4)was/were supposed to have done ‎ The plane was to have taken off at 7 this morning, but was held up by the heavy fog. ‎ ‎22. How did sb come to do…..? = How come that….为什么会…../……是怎么回事？‎ How come that you sat there ,doing nothing?为什么坐在那儿什么也不干? ‎ ‎23. It is (not ) like sb. to do….. ….(不)像某人的所作所为 ‎ It’s like him to answer for what he has done. 敢对自己的行为负责,这是他的一贯作风。 ‎ ‎24. when it comes to… 当谈到或涉及到…… ‎ When it comes to helping his wife with the housework, John never complains. ‎ ‎25. every time/each time/ next time/ the first time/ any time等引导时间状语从句,表示“每次…..,下次…..” 。‎ Every time you meet with new words while reading, don’t always refer to your dictionary. ‎ Next time you come , do remember to bring your son here. ‎ ‎26. There is (no) need to do…../ for ….= It is( not )necessary for sb. to do…. ‎ There is (no) hope/ chance / possibility of doing…. ‎ There is (no) difficulty/ trouble/ point/ delay( in )doing ‎ Is there any chance of us/ our winning the match? There is no point in discussing the problem again. ‎ ‎27. It is up to sb. to do sth. 应由某人来做某事……‎ ‎---When shall we start out? ---It’s up to you to decide. ‎ It’s up to you to babysit my so while I am away on business. ‎ ‎28. be up to sth. 忙于…..,从事…….,胜任….. John isn’t really up to that job. 约翰不适合干那项工作 ‎ ‎29. It is time to do/ It is time that +主语+did/should do“该是做…..的时候了”。‎ It is time that we ended/should end the discussion. ‎ ‎30. it 强调句： ‎ ‎(1)基本构成形式：It is/ was +被强调部分+ who/ that+原句剩余部分。 ‎ It was him who/ that I met in the street yesterday afternoon.( 强调我遇见的是他，不是别人) ‎ ‎(2)强调句的一般疑问句：Is/ Was it +被强调部分+ who/ that+原句剩余部分。 ‎ ‎(3)强调句的特殊疑问句：What/ When/ Where/ Who/ How……is/ was it + who/ that+原句剩余部分。 ‎ Tell me who it was that / who you met in the street yesterday afternoon? ‎ ‎31. do, did, does 用于强调谓语动词,加强语气。 ‎ He helped us yesterday. = He did help us yesterday. Be careful!= Do be careful! ‎ ‎32.There be 句型： ‎ ‎(1)there be 之后如有几个并列主语, be 动词的选择要取决于第一个主语, 即就近原则。 ‎ There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two books and a pen on the desk. ‎ ‎(2)There be 句型中, be动词还有其他变化形式,常见的有：There seem to be, There happen to be, There used to be, There is likely to be, There have been/has been 等。 ‎ There seems/ appears to be much hope of our team winning the match. ‎ There used to be a bus station at the corner of the street.‎ ‎(3)There be句型的独立主格结构作状语：(有连词,用句子;没有连词,用独立结构) ‎ There being no buses, we had to walk home. = Because there were no buses, we had to walk home. ‎ ‎(4)There be句型的非谓语形式： ‎ I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding between us. ‎ It is usual for there to be a generation gap between parents and children. ‎ ‎33. not/never ……. until 直到…..才 ‎ The villagers didn’t realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river. ‎ ‎= It was not until all the fish died in the river that the villagers realized how serious the pollution was. (强调句) ‎ ‎= Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was. (倒装句) ‎ ‎34. not only….. but (also)….. ‎ ‎(1)引导并列结构：主语时，谓语动词与邻近的一个主语保持一致。 ‎ Not only the teacher but also the students have their eyes examined regularly. ‎ Not only the students but also the teacher has his eyes examined regularly. ‎ ‎(2)not only…but (also)…引导并列句时，not only引导的部分置于句首时要部分倒装。‎ Not only was everything he had taken away, but also his German citizenship was taken away. ‎ Not only should we students study hard, but also we should know how to enjoy ourselves in our spare time. ‎ ‎35. prefer to do A rather than do B…= would rather do A than do B(两者相比)愿意干A而不愿意干B。‎ I prefer to stay at home rather than go to the park in such weather. ‎ Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefer to ride a bicycle. ‎ ‎36.would rather +从句(从句要用虚拟语气，即从句中谓语动词用一般过去式，表示现在或将来的愿望；从句中谓语动词用过去完成时，表示对过去的愿望) ‎ I’d rather you posted the letter right now. 我想让你现在就把信寄出去。 ‎ I’d rather I hadn’t seen her yesterday. 我情愿昨天没见到她。 ‎ ‎37.不能用would rather sb. do (更愿让某人干某事)的形式, 可转化为would rather have sb do或转化为 would rather +从句。Who would you rather have talk with the teacher about the problem? ‎ 特 殊 句 式 ‎38. so, neither/ nor 引导的倒装句 ‎ ‎(1)表示“另一者也如如此”及前者的情况也适用于后者，用so, neither/ nor 引导得倒装句，助动词的选择依据前一句的谓语动词。 He has finished his homework, so have I. John can’t ride a bicycle, neither/ nor can I.‎ ‎(2)若前句的谓语动词既有肯定又有否定形式时,或谓语动词不属于一类时,用It is /was the same with sb.或 So it is/ was with sb. He is a worker and he works hard, so it is with John. ‎ ‎(3)若后一句是对前一句所说的内容表示赞同或认可,则主语和谓语不倒装。 ‎ ‎---It is cold today. ---Yes. So it is ---He visited Tokyo last week. --- Yes. So he did. ‎ ‎39. 倍数表达法： ‎ A+谓语+倍数+the +n.(size/ height/ length……)+of B This square is twice the size of that one.‎ A+谓语+倍数+as + adj. + as B This square is twice as large as that one.‎ A+谓语+倍数+adj. 比较级+than B This square is once larger than that one.‎ A+谓语+adj.(比较级) +than B+by+倍数 He is older than I by 3 years.‎ ‎40. sb. spend money/ time on sth./in doing sth He spends lots time watching TV.‎ sb. pay money (to sb) for sth. The mp3. for which he paid only ￥150 proved to be useful.‎ sth. cost sb. money/ time The naughty boy cost his mother many sleepless nights.‎ It takes sb. some time to do sth. It took him five years to draw a fine house in five minutes.‎ ‎41. 当all, each, both, every 基every, each 的复合词语否定词连用时,为部分否定,“并非都….” ‎ All of them didn’t go to the party last night. Both of the answers are not right. ‎ ‎42.as/with表示“随……进展”，as后面接句子, with后面接短语。 ‎ With the industry developing, the pollution is becoming more and more serious. ‎ As the industry develops, the pollution is becoming more and more serious. ‎ ‎43.Only if 与If only ‎ ‎(1)Only if=if, 引导条件状语从句 ---Only if I lend you a hand? ---I’m sure I can finish it on time. ‎ ‎(2)If only = How I wish…., 引导的句子用虚拟语气，表示难以实现的愿望。 ‎ If only = How I wish 主语+情态动词+V.(谓语动词的动作在wish之后进行) If only he could come tomorrow!‎ 主语+动词的一般过去式(谓语动词的动作与wish同时进行) If only we didn’t have so many examines!‎ 主语+had done(谓语动词的动作在wish之前进行) If only I hadn’t made so many mistakes !‎ ‎44. with 的复合结构(作状语或作定语) ‎ ‎(1)with+ n. +n. (with可以省略) The workforce is made up of 400 workers, (with )most of them women.‎ ‎(2)with+ n. +adj. (with可以省略) (With) the street wet and slippery, we had to ride our bikes slowly and carefully. ‎ ‎(3)with+ n. +adv. (with可以省略) He put on his coat hurriedly, (with) the wrong side out. ‎ ‎(4)with+ n. +prep-phrase (with可以省略) The old man was seated in the sofa, (with) a pipe in his mouth. ‎ ‎(5)with+ n.+ to do/ to be done(动词不定式的动作还未进行) ‎ With so many problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard year. ‎ with+ n.+ doing/ being done(动词不定式的动作正在进行) With the temple being repaired, we can’t visited it.‎ with+ n.+ done(动词不定式的动作已经完成或指n.所处的状态)‎ He was lying in bed, with his eyes fixed on the ceiling. ‎ ‎45.以here, there, in, out, up, down等副词开头的倒装句(多用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。) ‎ Here comes the bus! (=The bus is coming here! ) ‎ Away he went. 他走远了(若主语是代词则主语与谓语不倒装) ‎ ‎46.方位状语位于句首时的倒装句 ‎ In front of the house stopped a police car. Under the tree sat a boy, with a book in his hand. ‎ ‎47.具有否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时句子要部分倒装。常用的此有：little, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, no sooner, in no time, by no means, in no case 等。‎ Not a single mistake did he make in the exam. In no time did the man realize what was happening. ‎ Hardly had the train left when he remembered he had left his suitcase on it. ‎ No sooner had the train left than he remembered he had left his suitcase on it. ‎ ‎48.the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, on doing…表示“一….就” ‎ On arriving (his arrival)at the airport, he was surrounded by the reporters . ‎ ‎49. rather than ‎ It is the boss who is to blame rather than the workers. ‎ ‎50. while/ but ：while侧重两者之间的对比，but 多指一件事的两个对立面。 ‎ He likes listening to music while I like watching TV. I badly wanted that book, but I haven’t enough money. ‎ ‎51. only to do 作结果状语，多用来表示出人意料、结局令人沮丧的结果。动词多是终结性的词，如：find, learn, to be told, to be caught等。 ‎ His father disappeared, never to heard from again. He hurried to his office, only to be told that he was dismissed. ‎ ‎52.only +状语的结构放在句首, 主句要部分倒装 ‎ The teacher told me that only in that way, could I learn English well. ‎ ‎53. What do you think of……? ‎ How do you find……? ‎ How do you like…..? ‎ ‎---How do you find the film last night? ---I have never seen a worse one before. ‎ ‎54. What is/was………like? 用来询问人或事物的特征或本质 ‎ ‎---What is your mother like? ---She is a very nice person./ She is very beautiful./ She looks like her father. ‎ ‎55.虚拟语气中的重点句型 ‎ ‎(1)If +were/did (动词过去式),主语+情态动词(would, could, might, should)+do(用来表示对现在情况的假设) ‎ I don’t have a cellphone. If I had one, it would be convenient for me to contract others. ‎ ‎(2)If +had done (过去完成式)，主语+情态动词(would, could, might, should)+have done(用来表示对过去情况的假设) ‎ If I had gone to the concert, I would have seen the famous singer. ‎ ‎(3)If +were/did /were to do/ should do (动词过去式),主语+情态动词(would, could, might, should)+ do (用来表示对将来情况的假设) ‎ If I were not to take/ should take/ took the exam tomorrow, I would go shopping with you. ‎ ‎(4)虚拟语气条件句的倒装：在虚拟语气条件句中，如果出现助动词were, should, had,可省略if, 把这些词提到主语前面,变成倒装句。 ‎ Should he act like that again, he would be fined.= If he should act like that again, …… ‎ Were he to act like that again, he would be fined.= If he were to act like that again, …… ‎ 注意: If he acted like that again, ……(不可以倒装) ‎ If I had time now, I would go to the film with you. (不可以倒装,因为句中的had不是助动词) ‎ ‎(5)But for/Without….= If it were not for…../ If it hadn’t been for ‎ But for the determined captain, all the passengers on board wouldn’t have been saved. ‎ ‎= If it hadn’t been for the determined captain, all the passengers on board…… ‎ ‎56.替代句型：英语中为了避免重复，在比较从句中常用一些替代词来代替前文出现过的词。 ‎ ‎(1)用助动词代替主句中的有关动词：China is no longer what it was/ used to be. ‎ I earn more than I did in the past. John spends as much time watching TV as he does writing. ‎ ‎(2)用代词代替前文出现过的有关名词： ‎ that 代替指物的单数可数名词或抽象不可数名词，一般是特指的 The output of coal this year is twice as much as that of last year. ‎ those 代替指人或指物的复数名词，一般是特指的=the ones ‎ The students in this class are more active than those in that one. ‎ one 代替指人或指物的单数可数名词，一般是泛指的A bridge made of steel is stronger than one made of stones. ‎ ones 代替指人或指物的复数名词，一般是泛指的 Small bananas usually taste better than bigger ones. ‎