高考英语语法要点专题复习14 17页

‎2013届高三英语语法要点精讲（配最新高考+模拟）‎ 专题14 it的用法 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 根据近向几年高考试题来看，it一直是考查的重点，尤其是it, that 和one不同的指代功能。试题注重情景的设置，需要利用特点语言环境中上下文的联系，正确分析结构，理解句意是做此类题目的关键。 ‎ 命题的热点集中于以下几个方面: . ‎ ‎1. it/that/one用法区别（it主要指代前面提到的同一物；one用来指代前面出现的单数名词，相当于a/an+单数名词，表泛指概念，往往是同类而同一物；that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the＋单数/不可数名词）‎ ‎2. it用在某些动词后,如:enjoy,like,,dislike,resent,hate,don’t mind,be fond of,feel like,see to 之后, 即这些动词后面的宾语从句前要加it代替其后的从句 ‎3. 用于强调句或固定句型（it is/was …when/since/before…）中. ‎ ‎4. 作形式宾语或形式主语（主要代替ving,to do或从句）‎ ‎5. 考查it 构成的习语，it也常表示抽象的情况,属于虚指. 如:Take it easy.‎ ‎【知识要点】‎ It的用法 ‎（一）作人称代词 ‎ 1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。‎ ‎ e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）‎ ‎ Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）‎ ‎ They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it. （it代替前面They…town分句中的情况）‎ ‎2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。‎ e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree）‎ ‎ The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）‎ ‎ 3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。‎ ‎ e.g. ---- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. ---- Who is it? ---- It’s me.‎ ‎ ---- Who are singing? ---- It is the children.‎ ‎ ---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.‎ ‎ 4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。‎ ‎ e.g. ---- Do you still have the bicycle? ---- No, I have sold it.‎ ‎ ---- Is this knife yours? ---- No. It is Xiao Zhang’s. Mine is the one on the desk.‎ ‎ 5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。‎ ‎ e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of ‎South China）‎ ‎ The climate of South ‎China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）‎ ‎（二）作无人称代词 ‎ it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。‎ ‎ It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).‎ ‎ It is noon.‎ ‎ It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.‎ ‎ It is eighteen square metres in area.‎ ‎ What does it matter?‎ ‎（三）作强调词，构成强调结构 ‎ 用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。注意:‎ ‎ 在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。‎ It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar．(that引起强调句)‎ It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar．(where引起定从)‎ It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there．(when引起时间状语从句）‎ It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there．（that 引起强调句）‎ ‎（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）‎ ‎ 为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。‎ ‎ e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词） We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it与that从句中间夹有 strange）‎ ‎ 但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。‎ ‎ e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）‎ ‎（五）. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。‎ ‎---Why don't we take a little break? ---Didn't we just have __________?‎ A．it B．that C．one D．this ‎ The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in．‎ A．they B．it 　　 C．one D．which ‎ one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。‎ 一、代词it 用 法 例 句 代替前文提到过的东西或事情，用作人称代词。‎ This is a new dictionary. I bought it yesterday.‎ 这是一本新词高考资源网典，我昨天买的。‎ Tom joined the army last mouth. Do you know about it?‎ 汤姆上月入伍了，你知道这事吗？‎ 代替指示代词，起着this或that的作用 Is this your car? No, it isn’t. 这是你的汽车吗？不是。‎ What’s that?—It’s a video. 那是什么？它是一台录像机。‎ Whose room is this?—It is theirs.这是谁的房间，是他们的。‎ 指明某人或某物的身分，还可指不明性别的婴儿 Who’s there? It’s me. (It’s John) 谁在那儿？是我。（是约翰）‎ Go and see who it is that rings. It’s Bill.‎ 去看看是谁来的电话，是比尔。‎ The Greens have a new baby. It’s lovely.‎ 格林家有一个新生婴儿。它很可爱。‎ 指时间，距离，自然现象（天气，气候，明暗）量度，价值等 It’s Sunday today. 今天是星期天。‎ It’s three months since he came here.‎ 自从他来到这里，已经三个月了。‎ How far is it to the Great Wall .到长城有多远？‎ It’s getting dark. 天快黑了。‎ ‎—How much is the coat? —It’s ninety dollars.‎ 这件衣服多少钱？九十美元。‎ 二、引导词it 用 法 例 句 形 式 主 语 代替不定式短语 It is up to you to decide. 这事要由你决定。‎ It makes me happy to hear you have recovered.‎ 听说你恢复了健康，这使我很高兴。‎ 代替动名词短语 It’s no good smoking. 吸烟没有好处。‎ It’s worthwhile working the whole night on the problem.‎ 用整夜的时间来研究那个问题是值得的。‎ 代替主语从句 It doesn’t matter what you do. 你干什么都没有关系。‎ It seems that everyone has known the news.‎ 好象大家都知道这个消息。‎ 形式 代替不定式短语 I consider it better to be early.‎ 我认为能够早一些更好。‎ We found it impossible to get there before July .‎ 我们觉得，要在七月以前到达那里是不可能的。‎ 宾语 We thought it no use doing that.‎ 代替动名词短语 我们认为做那事没有用。‎ 代替宾语从句 The teacher makes it clear that everyone should hand in his homework on time .‎ 老师清楚地指出，每个人都应该按时交作业。‎ 三、it在强调结构中 强调句型：It is (was) +被强调部分+ that (who) + 其它 强调 部分 例 句 说 明 主 语 It is I who am to blame. 是我该受责怪。‎ It was your uncle that (who) came yesterday. ‎ 昨天来的是你叔叔。‎ 原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来时态用It is …that(who)如果原句谓语动词是过去时态，则用It was…that(who)。在 宾 语 It was a new pen that Mother gave me .‎ 母亲给我的是一支新钢笔。‎ 强调时间，地点，原因或方式时不要用when, where, how, 必须用that。‎ 地点 It was in the classroom that I left my umbrella.‎ 我把雨伞就落在了教室里。‎ 状 语 时间 It is at eleven that the train leaves.‎ 火车是在十一点钟离开。‎ 方式 It was just as he ordered that I acted.‎ 我正是照他吩咐的那样做的。‎ 原因 It was because he was in trouble that I tried my best to help him.‎ 正是因为他处境困难我才尽力帮助他。‎ 宾 补 ‎ It was red that we painted the gate.‎ 我们把门油漆成红的颜色。‎ It was chairman that they elected him .‎ 他们选他担任的是主席的职务。‎ ‎【考点诠释】‎ 考点 it的用法 在英语中，运用it的场合较多。从它在句中的作用和意义来看，it的用法可分为三类：‎ ‎1．指代作用 ‎(1)用作人称代词，代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物(单数可数名词或不可数名词)。如：‎ Although we cannot see it，there is air all around us．虽然我们看不见空气，但它却在我们的周围。‎ ‎(2)代替前面的整个句子。如：‎ It is said that he has died of a disease，but it isn’t true．据说他已经病死了，但这不是真的。‎ ‎(3)用在答语中代替指示代词this，that。如：‎ 一What is this?这是什么?‎ 一It’s a bike．是自行车。‎ ‎(4)代替不能或没有必要区分性别的或某些习惯说法中的人。如：‎ ‎①The baby cried because it Was hungry．婴儿哭是因为饿了。(婴儿习惯上不区分性别)‎ ‎②一Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门?‎ 一It’s me．是我o ‎(5)指环境、情形等。如：‎ ‎①I can’t stand it any longer．我再也不能容忍这种情况了。‎ ‎②Take it easy．别紧张。‎ ‎③It doesn’t matter．没关系。‎ ‎(6)指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象。如：‎ ‎①It’s getting colder and colder now．现在越来越冷了。‎ ‎②It is winter now．现在是冬天了。‎ ‎2．形式作用 ‎(1)形式主语 当动词不定式、v.ing形式或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。如：‎ ‎(I)It’s no use crying over spilt milk．[谚]覆水难收。‎ ‎②It takes three generations to make a gentleman．[谚]十年树木，百年树人。‎ ‎ (2)形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、v-ing形式或宾语从句时，往往把真正的宾语放在补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。如：‎ ‎①You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious．你必须向他们表明形势是严峻的。‎ ‎②)They thought it difficult to talk to the guests about the recent events．他们觉得和客人们谈近来发生的事情很困难。‎ 特别提示 形式宾语用在“主语+谓语动词+宾语”结构中，谓语动词appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make(按时到达，成功)等后接由if或when等引导的从句时，往往在从句前加形式宾语it。如：‎ ‎①1 would appreciate it if you paid in cash．如果你能支付现金的话，我会不胜感激。‎ ‎②The boy likes it when you do that．那个男孩喜欢你那样做。‎ ‎3．强调作用 it可以用来改变句子的结构，使句子的某一成分得到强调。强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was+所强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。‎ ‎【试题放送】‎ ‎1. 【2012·金华十校期末】—Do you allow smoking in the office?‎ ‎ —No．______ smoking here will be fined．‎ ‎ A．Whoever B．Anyone C．Who D．Anyone who ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词。空格后的smoking 作定语，相当于who ‎ smokes，所以只能用anyone，语境为：任何一个在这里吸烟的人都要被罚款。‎ ‎2. 【2012·顺义素质展示】 — Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?‎ ‎— Yes. I’m going to a peaceful place, especially ______ suitable for relaxation.‎ ‎ A. one B. the one C. that D. this ‎【答案】A ‎【答案】考查代词用法。答语的意思是“我将去一个宁静的地方，尤其是一个适合放松的地方”。one代指a place。‎ ‎3. — What do you think of the furniture on exhibition?‎ ‎ 【2012江西丰、樟、高、宜四市联考】— Well, great! But I don’t think much of ____ you bought．‎ ‎ A．the one B．it C．that D．which ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词辨析。此处使用that替代不可数名词furniture，其后为定语从句，省略了作宾语的关系代词which或that。注意the one用于替代特指意义的单数名词，不能替代不可数名词。‎ ‎4. 【2012·上海春招】They don't come to the book club any more, for _______ reasons or other.‎ A. some B. all C. either D. both ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【答案】考查代词的用法。句意：他们不再来图书俱乐部了，因为这样或那样的原因。‎ ‎5. 【2012·枣庄期末】We all regard __________our duty to help those who are too poor to go to school.‎ A. this B. it C. that D. us ‎【答案】B ‎【答案】考查代词的用法。代替后面的动词不定式“to help…”作形式主语，要用it。句意为：帮助那些贫穷上不起学的需而生是我们的责任。‎ ‎6. 【2012·宝鸡一次质检】Could you tell me where you bought your beautiful handbag? I want to buy___ too．‎ ‎ A．one B．that C．this D．it ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【答案】考查代词的用法。 it指代同名同物; one与that则指代同名异物，  但one为泛指, 相当于a／an＋名词; that为特指, 相当于the ＋名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 a／an ／some ／any; that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the ／this ／that。 这里指代a handbag，一个手提包，用one。句意为：你能告诉我你是从哪里买的这个漂亮的手提包吗？我也想买一个。‎ ‎7. 【2012·九江一模】Knowledge from real life isn't easier to forget than ‎ _______ achieved from textbooks．‎ ‎ A．it B．that C．one D．those ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。句意：来自现实生活的知识和从教科书中获得的知识相比不容易忘记。在比较级中用that指代knowledge。故选B项。‎ ‎8. 【2012·泰安期末】Car seat belts save lives．Every driver should wear ____to ensure their safety A．this B．it C．that D．one ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词辨析。句意：车上的安全带能起到挽救生命的作用。每个司机都应该系上安全带以确保其自身的安全。one指car belt，表示泛指。‎ ‎9. 【2012厦门期末】The cost of renting a house in Beijing is higher than in any other city of China. ‎ A. one B. it C.that D. this ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词。that表示特指，指代前面提到的那类物，即The cost。而it 表示特指，指代前面提到的那个事物（是同一个），用于指可数名词单数或不可数名词；one 表示泛指,代替前面提到的同类人或物,但不是同一个人或物。‎ ‎10．【2012·石家庄一次质检】Mary’s parents admitted that she was always contrary to a wish of ．‎ ‎ A．them B．theirs C．their D．themselves ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】 考查名词性物主代词的用法。这里相当于their wishes，所以用名词性的物主代词。‎ ‎11. 【2012·宁波八校联考】Those who put their money away in the bank know very well that interest rate could go ______.‎ A. both ways B. all ways C. neither way D. either way ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查语境化选词。那些把钱存进银行里的人都知道利率可能增长也可能降低，二者有其一，所以选either way。‎ ‎12. 【2012·莱芜期末】My uncle promised to buy me a nice gift for my birthday, beyond my imagination.‎ ‎ A. the one B. a one C. anything D. something ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】 考查代词辨析。作单数birthday的同位语，可以用one 也可以用something。句意为：叔叔答应为为我买一件漂亮的生日礼物，超出我想想的东西。‎ ‎13. 【2012·南昌调研】Equipped with the latest facilities, today' s schools are quite different from ______ of the past．‎ ‎ A．it B．those C．ones D．one ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词辨析。代替的是同名但不是同一个内容的复数名词schools，用those。句意为：今天的学校配备上了最新的教学设备，和过去的学校迥然不同了。‎ ‎14. 【2012吉林期末】I would appreciate if you could teach me how to use the computer.‎ ‎ A. that B. this C. it D. you ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查it做形式宾语。appreciate 后面跟宾语从句时要用形式主语it。类似的动词还有like，hate等。‎ ‎15. 【2012江西丰、樟、高、宜四市联考】As we know, tomatoes can be cooked, juiced, eaten whole, sliced, diced or ______．‎ ‎ A．whenever B．how C．however D．whatever ‎【答案】D考查代词。‎ ‎【解析】or whatever表示“任何类似的东西”，用于已经提及的一两个东西之后表示同类的其他东西。16. 【2012·银川一中模拟】The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase ______.‎ A. them B. those C. it D. that ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词it的用法。这里指代的是上文的“The employment rate”，所以用代词it。‎ ‎17. Building a new school is one thing, while keeping it running smoothly is quite ______．‎ ‎ A．the other B．another C．neither D．others ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词。句意为：“建新校是一方面，而让它平稳运转则是另一方面”。another表示“另一；又一”。‎ ‎18.【2012·宁德质检】—Hi, John! I'm going to Hungary for my holiday．‎ ‎ —Hungary? A splendid country, ___ well worth visiting．‎ ‎ A．it B．one C．which D．that ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词。做同位语，相当于a country。答语的意思是：匈牙利？一个风景优美国家，一个很值得参观的国家。‎ ‎19. 【2012·合肥质检】—Have you got enough tickets?‎ ‎—Not yet. We just need _______ one.‎ A. other B. the second C. another D. the other ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词辨析。another one意为：另外一张。句意为：---你们的票够了吗？---还不够，我们还需要一张。‎ ‎20．【2012郑州预测】—The 7th edition of Oxford Advanced Learner's ‎ English-Chinese Dictionary has been on sale for long．‎ ‎ —Thanks for reminding me．I'll go and buy on Sunday．‎ ‎ A．it B．that C．one D．another ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。one 相当于a dictionary，答语的意思是：谢谢你的提醒。我去买一本。‎