高考一轮形容词及副词的用法导学案 8页

‎ 形容词及副词的用法 考点一:形容词 一.形容词概念:形容词用来修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征主要用作定 语、表语和补足语。‎ 二. 形容词的功能 ‎ ‎(1)形容词作定语 ‎ ①单个形容词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词前。‎ ‎ She is a good girl.她是一个好女孩儿。‎ ‎ ②形容词作不定代词的定语时，要放在不定代词的后面。‎ ‎ There is nothing important.没有什么重要的事情。‎ ‎ Is there anything important?‎ ‎ ③enough作形容词时，放在被修饰的名词的前后均可。‎ ‎ We have enough money/money enough to buy every book here. ‎ (2) 作表语. ‎ ‎ 形容词除与be动词连用做表语外，还可以与其他系动词连用。‎ 1） 表示一种特制，状态，感觉类的系动词。如：‎ ‎ Appear, seem, look，taste ,feel ,smell ,sound ‎ 2) 表示状态转变的系动词。意为“ 变得，变为”。如：become ,grow ,turn ,get ,go 3) 表示保持某种状态类的系动词。如：remai , keep ‎ The man is ill. The flower smells sweet. ‎ ‎ The problem remains unsolved. The hill has turned green.‎ ‎★★有些词常作表语常见的有well,ill以及a开头的部分形容词如afraid，alike，alive, alone, asleep，awake 等。‎ ‎ ★★以ing结尾的形容词通常修饰物，以ed结尾的形容词通常修饰人，如interesting(有趣的)，interested(感兴趣的)等。‎ （3） 少数以ly结尾的词是形容词，如friendly(友好的)，deadly(致命的),‎ ‎ lively(活泼的) ，manly(男子气概的), likely(可能的)，ugly (难看的) ,silly(愚蠢的)等。‎ （4） 带有数字的复合形容词 ‎ 当复合形容词用连字号链接时，其中的名词用单数形式，主要有两种情况。‎ ‎ 1) 数次+名词 a two-hundred-meter bridge ‎ ‎ 2）数词+名词+形容词 a three-year-old boy a fifty-meter-wide river ‎ (5) 几个形容词修饰一个名词时的顺序。‎ ‎ 限定词 + 数量形容词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+ 描绘性形容词 + 大小、长短、高低等形体 + 新旧 + 颜色 + 国籍 + 材料 + 被修饰名词 ‎ 一些漂亮的小红花 ‎ 一顶绿色的新丝帽 一个年轻的矮个子日本商人 ‎ ★ 口诀：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，国籍颜色出材料，作用类别往后靠。‎ 考点二:副词 一.副词概念: 副词是用来修饰动词,形容词,副词,介词短语,或全句的词.‎ 二.副词的构成:由“形容词＋ly”构成。‎ ‎ quick→quickly 　beautiful→beautifully bad→badly ‎ ‎ exact→exactly brave→bravely happy→happily ‎ ‎ quiet→quietly serious→seriously true→truly general→generally ‎★★以le结尾的形容词去e加y. 如：‎ comfortable-comfortably possible-possibly terrible-terribly simple-simply 三.副词的功能 ‎(1)用作状语。如：‎ ‎　He speaks English __________. 他英语说得非常好。‎ 四.副词的位置 ‎(1)副词通常放在被修饰的动词后面。‎ ‎(2)副词修饰 整个句子时，多数放句首，用逗号隔开。‎ Eg: Luckily, no one was injured. ‎ 五.副词的排列顺序： (1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。‎ ‎◆副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。‎ ‎ 　‎ 六.兼有两种形式的副词 bad 坏，差 badly 极度，严重 close 接近地 closely 仔细地，密切地 deep 深 deeply 深深地 wide 表示空间宽度 widely 广泛地 high 表示空间高度 highly 表示程度,相当于much hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不 loud 大声地 loudly 大声地（喧闹）‎ late 晚，迟 lately 近来 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? He pushed the stick deep into the mud.‎ Even father was deeply moved by the film. The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.‎ You may speak freely; say what you like.‎ 考点三.形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成 ‎　1．形容词的比较级和最高级的规则变化 ‎(1)一般在词尾直接加-er或-est。如：‎ tall—taller—tallest, long—________—________‎ ‎(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加-r或-st。如：‎ nice—__________----____________‎ ‎(3)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，把y变为i，再加-er或-est。如：‎ busy—busier—busiest funny—__________—__________‎ ‎(4)在重读闭音节中，若末尾只有一个辅音字母，则双写这个辅音字母，再加-er或-est。如：‎ big—bigger—biggest, hot—hotter—hottest，‎ thin—________—________， ‎ fat—fatter—fattest ‎(5)部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级。如：‎ slowly—______________—_______________‎ beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful interesting-more interesting -the most interesting ‎　★★注意：英语中有些双音节形容词可以加more/most,也可以加-er,-est ‎ 构成比较级 和最高级，常见的词有friendly ,clever,narrow,‎ 2. 副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化 （1） 大多数以-ly结尾的副词在其前家more 和most来构成比较级和最高级 ‎ Eg: quickly- more quickly - most quickly ‎ vcarefully-more carefully -most quickly ‎ (2) ‎ 单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er和-est分别构成比较级和最高级。‎ ‎ hard - harder- hardest ‎ ‎ early - earlier- earliest ‎2．不规则变化 good/well—better—best ‎ many/much—more—most ‎ ill/bad/badly—worse—worst ‎ little—less-least far—farther/further—farthest/furthest bad-worse-worst old-older/elder-oldest/eldest 考点四：形容词和副词的比较等级用法：‎ ‎1.形容词和副词原级的常见句型 ‎ (1) as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as 如:‎ ‎ He is as tall as his father. ‎ ‎ He speaks English as fluently as an Englishman.‎ 注意: 在否定句或疑问句中可用so...as, 即not as/so...as。如:‎ ‎ He can’t run so/as fast as you. It’s not as/so warm as yesterday. ‎ ‎ (2.) “as＋形容词＋a(n)＋单数名词＋as”或“as＋many/much＋名词＋as”。如:‎ ‎ This is as good an example as the other is.‎ ‎ I can carry as much paper as you can.‎ ‎ There are as many students in your class as in ours.‎ 1） Mr. Sun speaks English you.（与你一样流利）‎ ‎ 2) I have as many books as Tom.‎ ‎ 3) I can’t drink this.（我不能喝这么甜的咖啡）‎ ‎ 4） You are as good a student as she.‎ ‎ 5） He is as Tom.（他是像汤姆一样诚实的一个男孩）‎ ‎2.比较级和最高级 ‎ ‎ (1) 两者比较，表一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”的结构。如:‎ ‎ The pen is better than that one.‎ ‎ (2)表一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的用法 ‎ ‎ This room is less beautiful than that one .‎ ‎ (3)形容词副词重叠法则，表示越来越...‎ ‎ ★★比较级+and+比较级的结构 ‎ Things are getting better and better.‎ ‎ ★★more and more +原级的结构 ‎ The girl becomes more and more beautiful.‎ ‎ (4)“the＋比较级(主语+谓语)， the＋比较级（主语+谓语）”的结构如:‎ ‎ The more medicine I take, the worse I seem to feel.‎ ‎ The harder he works ,the happier he feels.‎ ‎ ★★注意： 要避免重复使用比较级。 　　 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. 　　 (对) He is more clever than his brother. 　　 (对) He is cleverer than his brother.‎ ‎ (5) “the＋比较级＋of the two(＋名词)”, 表示“两者中较……的一个”。如:‎ ‎ The taller of the two boys is my brother.‎ ‎ ( 6) 三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用the＋最高级＋of/in＋比较范 ‎ 围,表示同类范畴用of, 不同类用in。‎ ‎ He talks (the) least and does (the) most in his class.‎ ‎ He is the fastest runner of the three boys.‎ ‎ (7 )用比较级表示最高级结构 ‎★★ 否定＋比较级 =最高级 ‎ 注意：形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 　 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。 　　　 It is a most useful tool　　 =It is a very useful tool ‎ ‎ I can not agree with you more ‎ ‎ I've never seen better film than that.=That is the best film I've ever seen.‎ ‎ It could not be better ‎ ‎ ★★比较级+than+any other +单数名词 ‎ Changjiang is longer than any other river in China .‎ ‎ ★★比较级＋than+ any of the other＋名词复数 ‎ ★★比较级＋than +anyone else ‎ 8．常见的倍数表达句型主要有：‎ ‎ (1)A＋is＋倍数＋比较级＋than +B ‎ (2)A＋is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as+ B ‎ (3)A＋is＋倍数＋the＋抽象名词 （如:long—length；wide—width；high ‎ — height；deep—depth等)＋of +B ‎（4）A is+倍数+what引导的名词性从句。‎ ‎ This brige is three times longer than that one.‎ ‎ 　　 This bridge is three times as long as that one. 　 　 This bridge is three times the length of that one.‎ ‎ 9. 某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior ‎ （ 劣等的， 次的）、superior（较好的，优于……）、junior（资历较浅的）‎ ‎ senior（资格较老的）、prior（在……之前）等。‎ ‎ He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.‎ ‎ 10.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面 出现的名 词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数 和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。‎ The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.‎ A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.‎ ‎ 考点五：形容词和副词的比较等级的修饰语 ‎ 1. 修饰原级的词almost,quite, nearly,exactly,just, half, twice, three times, eg:‎ ‎ He is almost as tall as his brother.‎ This line is twice as long as that one.‎ ‎ 2. 修饰比较级的词有：much/many,still, even,rather,any, far, ‎ ‎ ★★特别提醒：by far,a little,a bit,a lot, a great/good deal, 常用于否定句或 ‎ 疑问句中。如:‎ ‎ It’s a little colder today than it was yesterday.‎ ‎ This shirt is much more expensive than that one.‎ ‎ ★★修饰可数名词的比较级不用much, 而用many, 如many more books; 修 ‎ 饰不可数名词的比较级用much, 如much more work, “更多的工作”; ‎ ‎ much more necessary, “更有必要”。‎ ‎3.修饰最高级的词有： by far, much,‎ ‎ This is by far the best.‎ ‎ This is much the most important. ‎ ‎ ★★特别提醒：by far 通常用于强调最高级。用比较级时,一般放在比较级的 ‎ 后面。‎ 考点六：比较级相关习语 ‎1. more than ‎ more than＋数词　 多于, 超过 ‎ more than＋名词　 不仅仅是 ‎ more than＋形容词　非常, 很 more A than B与其说……倒不如说……‎ ‎2. no more than(＝only)　仅仅, 只有 ‎3. not more than(＝at most)　不超过, 至多 ‎4.less than　不到……, 少于……‎ ‎5.no less than(＝as much as)　多达, 不少于 ‎6.not less than(＝at least)　至少 ‎7.more or less(＝almost, nearly, about)　基本上, 差不多; 或多或少 ‎8.sooner or later迟早, 早晚, 总有一天 ‎9.what’s more而且, 此外 ‎10.no sooner...than...　 一……就……‎ 考点七：so和such 的用法 ‎ ‎ （1）what+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数 ‎ （2）what+形容词+不可数名词/名词复数 ‎ （3）such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数 ‎ （4）such+形容词+不可数名词/名词复数 ‎ （5）no such+名词（名词前不能加冠词）‎ ‎★★特别提醒：so many/so much/so few/so little+名词（其中的many,much,few,little等词都表“多少”之意，little还可当“小”解释，这时用such little+名词）。‎ ‎ 巩固练习一 Exercise(1)：写出下列形容词或副词的比较级和最高级 hard quick slow hot thin nice late safe large heavy happy early interesting excited tired ‎ beautiful important expensive goodwell badill far quickly strongly slowly few little Exercise(2)：翻译 ‎1. 我比你瘦.‎ ‎ I am _____ ________ you.‎ ‎2. 我摘的苹果比你少.‎ ‎ I picked _______ apples than you (did).‎ ‎3. 我认为语文比数学更有趣.‎ ‎ I think Chinese is ________ __________ ______ maths.‎ ‎4._____________________(你呆的时间越长，)the better it will be.‎ ‎5.The city is_________________________________________(变得越来越美丽了).‎ ‎6.China is _____________________________________________(比亚洲任何国 ‎ 家都要大)‎ 7. ‎________________________________________（这两个男孩中较高的那个）‎ ‎ is my brother.‎ ‎8.The road is five times as long as than one.(同义句改写)‎ ‎ The road is five times ______________of that one. ‎ ‎ The roas is five times__________than that one.‎ 综合练习一：单句改错 1. There are few boys than girls in our class.‎ ‎2.The more money you make ,the most you spend.‎ ‎3.This is by far the mostly expensive bicycle in the shop.‎ ‎4.Last sunday,police cars hurry to the taller building in NewYork.‎ ‎5.As a rusult, people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.‎ ‎6. I'll try to be more carefully next year.‎ ‎7.Now it is easy for me to keep in touch with you than before.‎ ‎8.people in industrial countries can expect to live for twice so long as people who lived a few hundred years ago.‎ 综合练习二：语法填空 ‎1.Usually ,there are not many buses ,but that day there were even_______(few)buses.‎ ‎2.The prosser said the______(bad) cases are head injuries.‎ ‎3.There are two horses in a field ,if you stand and watch nearby and listen,you will hear the sould of a bell . It is from the ______(small） horse a copper bell on his neck.‎ ‎4. I _________(mere) suggested you should do it again. There’s no need to ‎ ‎ get annoyed.‎ 5. The river was so polluted that it _________(actually) caught fire and burned.‎ 6. Fially ,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _________(chean)‎ ‎ than ever.‎ 综合练习(三)：短文改错 及单词填空 ‎1.We were very happily ,because my grandfather had moved to Hongkong and we only visited him every two months.‎ ‎2.The joy was hard and tired and seemed endless.‎ ‎3.My father and I were deep shocked by her story.‎ ‎4.The school was quiet and peacefully.‎ ‎5.The man was so gratefully that he insisted on offering me some money.‎ ‎6.According to a recently survey,many students don't want to improve their handwrings.‎ ‎7.Now,it is easy for me to keep in touch with you than before.‎ ‎8.He ______(slow) climbed the stairs and hung his head low.‎ ‎9.The second sign made pepople realise they were_______(extreme) fortunate that they were not blind.‎ 综合练习(四) 语法填空专练 One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he    1    ( find ) that he had run out of salt.So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it; neither too much    2     too little.”‎ His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less,    3      not save a bit of money?”‎ ‎“That would be a very    4    ( reason ) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said.‎ Nick’s guests,     5      had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt   6     a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect    7    the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”‎ ‎“But such a small thing couldn’t      8     ( possible ) destroy a village.”‎ ‎“In the beginning, there was only    9     very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always    10    ( think ) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.”‎