高考英语阅读策略之猜测词义 5页

高考英语阅读策略之猜测词义 猜测词义是英语阅读的一种重要技巧，也是高考中常考的题型，是考查学生对文章上下文语境理解及词汇量等多方面综合能力。‎ 词义猜测题常见的考查形式：‎ ‎1) What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the underlined word mean?‎ ‎2) The phrase “…” in the sentence could be replaced by _________.‎ ‎3) The word “…” in the paragraph refers to ______.‎ ‎4) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase”…”?‎ ‎5) By saying “…” in the first (second…) paragraph, the author means that ______.‎ ‎6) What do you think the expression “…” stand for?‎ 考查方向：‎ ‎1.熟词新意，即熟悉词汇的陌生含义；‎ ‎2.复合词的含义的理解，对于衍生词汇的理解能力；‎ ‎3.根据上下文对代词的指代含义的理解能力；‎ ‎4.根据上下文对不认识单词的词义判断能力；‎ ‎5.对谚语、俗语、俚语含义的理解能力；‎ ‎6.通过近义词、反义词和常识理解词汇的能力。‎ Example 1‎ ‎1. Anthropology is the scientific study of mankind. 词义：_________‎ ‎2.The term jam constitutes a state in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 词义：_________‎ ‎3.It will be very hard but very brittle — that is , it will break easily. 词义：_________‎ ‎4.The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.‎ 词义:_________‎ Skill 1： 通过定义或解释来猜测 定义常由定语从句或be called，be known as, be defined as，constitute，refer to等词汇或破折号，冒号，括号来引导。解释常由or, that is (to say), in other words，to put it another way引出一些具体的解释性的短语。‎ Practice 1‎ ‎“Getting the cold shoulder” means that some one is actually in a way that makes you feel unwanted. The very words create a picture: You can imagine a friend turning away so that, instead of a warm greeting, you receive only his shoulder– a “cold” shoulder.‎ The expression “getting the cold shoulder” means ____. ‎ A.being treated rudely by paying no attention to you B. greeting you friendly C. greeting you by rubbing shoulders with you D. feeding you cold meat Example 2‎ ‎1.You may borrow from the library any periodicals: The World of English, English Square, Crazy English , English Learning. 词义：_________‎ ‎2. Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat, the possibility of getting lost… 词义：________‎ ‎3.Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions. 词义：________‎ Skill 2： 通过举例猜测 常用such as, like,for example, for instance等引出例子。‎ Practice 2:‎ I left university with a good degree in English Literature,but no sense of what I wanted to do. Over the next six years, I was treading water, just trying to earn an ‎ income. I tried journalism, but I didn’t think I was any good, then finance, which I hated. Finally, I got a job as a rights assistant at a famous publisher. I loved working with books, although the job that I did was dull. ‎ What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 mean?＿＿＿　　　　‎ A.I was waiting for good fortune. B. I was trying to find an admirable job. ‎ C. I was being aimless about a suitable job. ‎ D. I was doing several jobs for more pay at a time.‎ Example 3‎ ‎1.Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. 词义：________‎ ‎2. Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. 词义：________‎ ‎3.Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted. 词义：________‎ Skill ３： 通过同义或反义关系进行猜测 表示对比或转折的常见信息词有：but，yet，however，while，on the other hand，on the contrary，in contrast ，in spite of，instead等，有时也用破折号或冒号表示对比。表示同义的常见信息词有：or, like, similarly等 Practice 3:‎ ‎….…indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you. ‎ The underlined phrase “pop up” in the third paragraph probably means “ ____”.‎ A.develop rapidly B. get round quickly C. appear immediately D. go over automatically Example 4‎ ‎1.That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. 词义：________‎ ‎(2) He’s such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.‎ 词义：________‎ ‎3.One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. 词义：________‎ Skill 4： 通过因果关系进行猜测 表示因果关系的信息词有：since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, due to, result in, for this reason, so /such that等。‎ Practice 4‎ When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it come on the market in a dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm. ‎ The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off ” means that the colours ＿＿＿.‎ A.attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customers C. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest Example 5‎ ‎1. Bill ranked second in the semifinal of 1,500 meters.词义：________‎ ‎2.They took care not to prejudge the issue.词义：________‎ ‎3.We should attach importance to the problems of children’s non-attendance at school.词义：________‎ Skill 5：构词法 合成 有两个或更多的词合成一个词 pathway everyday riverside 派生 在词根上加上前、后缀构成另一个单词 extraordinary maturity frustration antiwar 转化 将一种词性转化成另一种词性place free value comb 中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：‎ super- (超) mini- (极小的, 微小的) micro-（极微小的） ‎ re- （再，反复） mis-（误，恶） im-（不） ‎ un-（不，非） in-（不，非） non-（不，非） ‎ ‎-able（能…的 ） -less（不，无） -wards (向)‎ Can you guess the right meanings?‎ superman________ microwave________ nonnatural________‎ mispronouce________ nonsmoker ________ eastwards________‎ Practice 5:‎ ‎ We have been told that encouraging a child’s self-respect is important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praiseholic kids who expect it may suffer from depression when they are faced with troublesome situation The underlined words “Praiseholic kids” refers to kids who are ______.‎ A. tired of being praised B. worthy of being praised C. very proud of being praised D. extremely fond of being praised Example 6‎ ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, internet phone and through private video conferences.‎ What does the word "mimic"in Paragraph 1 probably mean?______‎ A. find          B. copy   C. change        D. lose ★Skill 6：生活常识：利用文化背景、生活常识猜测词义。读者可以运用逻辑推理能力，结合社会文化背景和自身的生活经验及生活常识，再根据上下文推测生词的含义。‎ Practice 6:‎ When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.‎ What does the word “ anaesthetic"in Paragraph 1 probably mean?______‎ A. A kind of books B. A piece of advice C. A kind of medicine D. A kind of animals Exercise:‎ ‎1. There are some glaciers moving down the mountain valleys. A glacier is a river of ice.‎ ‎ A. 雪山 B. 树枝 C. 冰河 D. 冰 ‎2. He is a resolute man. Once he made up his mind to do something, he won’t give it up halfway. ‎ ‎ A. weak B. firm C. kind D. clever ‎3. Mr. Brown is now working at Princeton University far away from home. For this reason he has to rent a room near the office where he works. ‎ ‎ A. 租用 B. 借出 C. 购买 D. 参观 ‎ ‎4. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that ‎ he worked as an engineer.‎ A. work B. study C. name D. interest ‎5. The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her ‎ neighbor all call her an eccentric lady.‎ A. 爱猫的 B. 古怪的 C. 闲不住 D. 动物保护主义者 ‎6. In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth.‎ A. 便士 B. 温饱 C. 非常贫困 D. 虚弱 ‎ ‎7. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. ‎ A. town B. capital C. countryside D. house ‎8. This boy is not stupid, on the contrary, no one could be more intelligent.‎ A. 勤奋的 B. 愚蠢的 C. 聪明的 D. 情报 ‎9. Children are always boasting. They say things like “My Dad’s car is bigger than your Dad’s,” “My Mom is smarter than yours.” and “My family has more money than yours.” The word “boasting” means _____.‎ A. 骄傲 B. 吹牛 C. 顽皮 D. 幼稚 Passage 1.‎ We can not feel speed. But our sense let us know that we are moving. We see things moving past and feel that we are being shaken.‎ ‎ We can feel acceleration, an increase in speed. But we notice it for only a short time. For example we feel it during the takeoff run of an airplane.‎ Acceleration is the name for _______.‎ A. any kind of movement B. the movement of a plane C. a steady speed D. an increase in speed Passage 2‎ ‎ The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate(参议院) opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country for ever. ‎ The underlined word “banished” mean_______.‎ ‎ A. killed by stoning B. sent away C. imprisoned D. punished by whipping ‎ Passage 3‎ ‎ My first job was to drive the oxen that ploughed the cane fields. I would walk behind an ox, guiding him with a stick. For $ 1 a day, I worked eight hours straight, with no food breaks. It was very tedious work, but it prepared me for life and taught me many lasting lessons. Because the plantation owners were always watching us, I had to be on time every day and work as hard as I could. ‎ What does the underlined word “tedious” probably mean?‎ A. interesting B. tiresome C. relaxing D. challenging Passage 4‎ ‎ The researchers found that when the dogs were shown their owners— a positive experience, their tails wagged to the right side. When they were shown an unfamiliar human, they wagged to the right side, but with less enthusiam. The appearance of a cat again cause a right-hand side wag, although with less intensity again.‎ The underlined word “intensity” means______.‎ A. surprise B. worry C. excitement D. interest Passage 5‎ With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and ipads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.‎ The word “gadget” is closet in meaning to_______.‎ A. tools B. messages C. barriers D. skills ‎