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  • 2021-05-13 发布

高考英语语法要点专题复习9

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‎2013届高三英语语法要点精讲(配最新高考+模拟)‎ 专题09 倒装句 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 倒装句是高考的热点。近年来命题者加大了对句子结构和知识面的考查,同时注重考查知识之间的交叉和语法知识的力度。这就要求我们在平时的复习和备考中注意总结,全面把握,深入研究。‎ 倒装句有以下六大考点:‎ ‎(1)含有否定意义的副词放在句首引起的部分倒装 ‎(2)含有否定意义的连接词置于句首引起的部分倒装 ‎(3) “so(nor, neither)+助动词 + 主语”与“so(nor, neither)+主语+助动词”之间的区别以及与“ so + 主语+ 助动词”的句式区别 ‎(4)省略if的虚拟条件句以had / were / should开头引起的部分倒装 ‎(5)not until 置于句首引起后面句子的部分倒装 ‎(6)only 短语置于句首引起的部分倒装 ‎【知识要点】‎ 主语和谓语有两种顺序:一是主语在前,叫自然语序。反之,如果谓语在主语前就是倒装语序,又分全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是把全部谓语放在主语之前,部分倒装是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。 一、全部倒装 ‎1.there be 句型: 可以用在这类句型中的动词除be外,还可用 live,happen,exist,remain,stand等等作这类句型的谓语。如: There are many students in the classroom.教室里有许多学生。 Long ,long ago there lived a king who loved horses very much. 很久很久以前,有一位国王,他非常喜欢马。 There happened to be nobody in the bedroom when the fire broke out. 起火的时候,碰巧房间里面没有人。‎ ‎2.Here/There/Now+vi.(常为come,go)+主语(必须是名词) 此句型中here/there用来唤起注意意思是“喂,注意了”。如: Here comes Mary. → I can see Mary coming.玛丽来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。→I can hear the bell ringing. Here comes the bus.汽车来了。 There he comes.他来了。 这种句型不能用现在进行时。 here句中也可用系动词。如: Here are some story books I want. →Here is what you asked for,or you are looking for.这就是我要的故事书。(我找了好久) Here we are.This is the station.咱们到了,这就是火车站。 ‎“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”“给我点纸。” “给你。”‎ ‎3.then引起谓语为 come,follow的句子。如: Then came a new difficulty. 然后产生了一个新的困难。 Then followed eight years of the AntiJapanese ‎ War.接着是八年抗战。‎ ‎4.out,in,up,down,away之类的副词作状语放在句首,主语比较长,也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词,谓语为不及物动词come, go,run ,rush,etc。句式为:副词+vi.+主语(必须是名词)。如:‎ Out rushed the tiger from among the bushes.老虎从灌木丛里冲了出来。 In came the rose fragrance through the windows.玫瑰花香透过窗户飘了进来。‎ ‎5.介词短语作状语放在句首,谓语为不及物动词,主语比较长,也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为:介词短语+vi.+主语(必须是名词)。如: In the middle of our school stands a high building.在学校中央有一座高楼。‎ ‎6.表语放在句首,表语常为形容词、分词、副词、介词短语。要求主语比较长,也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为:表语+系动词+主语(必须是名词)。 Gone are the days when the teachers were looked down upon. 老师地位低下的年代一去不复返了。‎ On the both sides of the street are beautiful flowers.街道两旁有美丽的花。 South of city are two big lakes.城市的两边有两个大湖。‎ ‎7.直接引语中间或后面,表示某人说这意思的插入语(特别是谓语较短时)。 ‎“They must be in the fields now,” thought Xiao Lin.“他们准是下地了。”小林想道。 ‎“Help! Help!” cried the little girl.小姑娘叫道:“救命!救命!” 如果主语不比谓语长,或是它后面有宾语,主语就仍然多放在前面。 ‎“Take your seats,gentlemen,” Wilson shouted.威尔逊嚷道:“先生们坐好。” ‎ “That man is a famous star,” Xiao Yang told me in a whisper. 小杨低声告诉我说:“那个人是著名的电影明星。” 二、部分倒装 ‎1.“only+副词/ 介词短语/ 状语从句”开头的句子。如: Only then did I realize the importance of English. 直到那时我才意识到英语的重要性。‎ Only in this way can you make progress in your English. 只有通过这种方式你学英语才会取得进步。 注意: ‎1)在only+状语从句+主句结构中,主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。 ‎2)only修饰主语,不倒装。 Only Tom knows the answer.只有汤姆知道答案。‎ ‎2.否定词(短语)开头的句子要用部分倒装。 表示否定的副词never,nor,neither,表示半否定意义的副词hardly,few,seldom,little,含有no和not的词组by no means(决不),in no time(很快),at no time(在任何时候都不),(在任何情况下都不)not until,not only...but also,no sooner...than=hardly...when/scarcely...‎ when。即“否定词+助动词/情态动词+主语+其他”。如: Never have I been in this city.我从没到过这座城市。 Little/Seldom do I watch TV.我很少看电视。 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我参加了工作我才意识到我浪费了多少时间。 注意:‎ ‎1)关联词的搭配。 ‎2)前一分句倒装,后一分句不倒装。‎ ‎3.以so开头,用 “so+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物,意为“也,同样,也如此”。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物,用“neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”。  Society has changed and so have the people in it.社会变了,人也变了。 注意:‎ ‎1)当so表示对前句内容的肯定、符合,或进一步强调前面所说的情况,或者赞同前面的说法时,应用自然语序。意为 “的确,正是”。 ‎—Tom works hard.汤姆工作很卖力。 ‎—So he does and so do you.的确如此,你也是。 ‎2)倒装部分的助动词、情态动词、连系动词的时态和形式要与前句相一致。 If you don’t go,neither/nor shall I.(If you don’t go,I shall not go.)你不去,我也不去。‎ 注意:表示前面的多种情况也适合于另一人或物,或者既有肯定又有否定情况或涉及到不同类型的动词时可用:It is the same with sth./sb.或 So it is with sth./sb.句型。 She does well in English,but is poor in maths.So it is with Lucy. 她英语学得好,但数学学的差,露茜也是如此。‎ ‎4.由as引导让步状语从句要用部分倒装或前置。句式为:表语/状语/动词原形+as+主语+其他。如:‎ Clever as he is,he doesn’t study well.虽然他很聪明,但他学习不好。 Child as he is, he knows a lot.虽然他是个孩子,但他懂得不少事情。 Much as I like it,I won’t buy it.虽然我非常喜欢它,但我不买。 Try as she might, she failed.虽然她试过了,但还是失败了。 注意:表语前的名词无形容词修饰时冠词要省略 ‎5.在so...that从句中,如果so+adj./adv.放在句首,其主句要倒装。 So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him. 他讲话声音足够大,以至于每个人都能听得见。‎ ‎6.如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were,should ,were可以把if省略而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒装。 If it hadn’t been for their help,we couldn’t have finished the work on time. ‎=Hadn’t it been for their help,we couldn’t have finished the work on time. 要不是由于他们的帮助,我们不可能按时完成那项工作。 If there should be a flood,what would we do? ‎=Should there be a flood,what would we do?要是发了洪水,我们该怎么办呢?‎ ‎7.频度副词及短语often,always,now and then ,many a time ,every other day等放在句首时有时也倒装。‎ Many a time has he come to comfort me.他来安慰了我好多次。 Often did he warn them not to do so.他经常告诫他们不要那样去做。‎ ‎8.某些表示祝愿句子也用倒状语序。 May you succeed.祝你成功! Long live the Communist Party of China!中国共产党万岁! ‎【考点诠释】‎ 考点1 全部倒装 把谓语全部提到主语前面,叫全部倒装。主要有:‎ ‎1.以here,there,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头,谓语动词多为be,come,go等,则须用全部倒装。如:‎ There flows a fiver at the foot of the mountain.山脚下有—条河。‎ ‎2.以then,now,thus开头,谓语动词多为come,follow,begin,end,be,主语又是名词/名词词组,则用全部倒装(若主语是代词,则不能倒装)。如:‎ Now comes your turn!该你了 ‎3.当地点类介词短语位于句首且后有不及物动词be,come,sit,live,stand,lie,exist等时,常用全部倒装。如:‎ On the ground lay an old man,who was dying.地上躺着一位老人,奄奄一息。‎ ‎4.such作表语,置于句首,表示“这样的人/事物;上述的人/事物”。be动词须与后面的主语保持一致。如:‎ Such is their decision.他们的决定就是这样。‎ 考点2 部分倒装 只把助动词/系动词/情态动词提到主语前面,叫部分倒装。主要有:‎ ‎1.在疑问句中须部分倒装。但在疑问词作主语的特殊疑问句里,不用倒装。如:‎ ‎①Does he speak Chinese?他说中国话吗?‎ ‎②Who is in this room?谁在这个房间里?‎ ‎2.用于以so,nor,neither开头的句子,表示重复前句的部分内容,须部分倒装,且此句的谓语应与前句的谓语在时态/形式上一致,但“so+主语+d‎0”‎结构则表示对别人所说的 情况加以肯定,它的主语与上文的主语相同,so相当于indeed,certainly。如:‎ ‎①Mary has learned by heart 200 words,and SO have I.玛丽已经记住了200个单词,我也是这样。‎ ‎②一The girls study hard.这些女孩学习刻苦。‎ 一so they do.她们的确如此。‎ ‎3.在以never,seldom,not only,rarely,scarcely,in no way等否定或半否定词开头的句中用部分倒装。如:‎ Little do I dream of seeing such wonderful scenery.我想象不到会看到这样美妙的景色。‎ ‎4.only置于句首修饰状语(副词、介词短语)或状语从句等时用部分倒装。如:‎ Only after the anaesthetist gave the patient an anaesthetic could the operation be conducted.只有在麻醉师给病人实施麻醉以后,手术才能进行。‎ ‎5.在so…that,such…that句型中,当SO,such引导的结构置于句首时须用部分倒装。如:‎ So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear ‎ him.他说话声音那样大,隔壁屋里的人都能听见。‎ ‎6.在hardly…when,no sooner…than,not until句型中,主句须部分倒装。如:‎ Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow.他一到,天就下起雪来了。‎ ‎7.as引导的让步状语从句结构为:形容词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语。如: 。‎ ‎①Tired as he was,he stayed up late.他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。‎ ‎②Explain as I might,I could not make myself understood.尽管我已经解释了,但我还是不被理解。‎ ‎③Child as he is,he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子,可他知道很多。(注意开头的名词前无冠词)‎ ‎8.在省略了if的虚拟条件句中,were,had或should置于句首。如:‎ Were I in your position,1 would not go.我要是在你的位置上,我是不会去的。‎ ‎9.however,no matter how引导的让步状语从句。如:‎ However hard he worked,he couldn’t solve the problem.不管多努力,他就是解决不了那个问题。 ‘‎ 解题要领 这种类型的部分倒装结构为:only + 副词 / 介词短语 / 状语从句 ‎ + 系动词be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语的一部分 + 其他成分。‎ 之间的区别以及与“ so + 主语+ 助动词”的句式区别 ‎(4)省略if的虚拟条件句以had / were / should开头引起的部分倒装 ‎(5)not until 置于句首引起后面句子的部分倒装 ‎(6)only 短语置于句首引起的部分倒装 方法技巧点拨 ‎1. 考前应认真研读高考题目,了解命题人的意图,对高考方向有所把握。‎ ‎2.倒装句在句式上考生不是很习惯,故考生得从多方面入手,熟悉各种倒装句式,以不变应万变。‎ ‎3.要注意倒装句中的主谓一致、时态一致及人称一致等问题。‎ ‎4.加强理解分析能力,切忌机械记忆,注意知识间的交叉,分清句子成分。‎ ‎5.在平时的学习中尽最大努力运用所学知识,达到熟能生巧的目的。‎ ‎【高考链接】‎ ‎1.(2012江西重点中学联考,33)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______, one of the ten largest cities in China.‎ A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查倒装。表示方位的地点状语提前,句子完全倒装,所以选A项。‎ ‎2.(2012四川模拟试卷,9)We laugh at jokes,but seldom ______ about how they work.‎ A.we think B.think we ‎ C.we do think D.do we think ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查倒装。seldom为否定副词放句首,用部分倒装,故选D。句意为“我们因笑话而笑,但很少去思考笑话怎样让我们笑。”‎ ‎3.(2010高考英语陕西卷,17)John opened the door. There ______ he had never seen before. ‎ A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查倒装。表示存在关系的句子,将表地点的副词或介词短语提至句首时,若主语为名词,应采用完全倒装语序。此题中将表地点的副词.there提到了句首,而且主语为名词a girl,所以要采用完全倒装语序,所以选D项。‎ ‎4.(2010高考英语江西卷,33)Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him.‎ A did he begin B had he begun C he began D he had begun ‎【解析】考查倒装句。句意:直到离开家,他才开始意识到这个家对他来说是何等的重要。:not until引导的从句置于句首时,主句需用部分倒装。主从句的动作基本同时发生,故用一般过去时。‎