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情态动词和虚拟语气
【考点分析】
情态动词
1.考查情态动词的基本用法
①shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见;用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等;may表示“允许、可以”，语气比较委婉。
②must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感情色彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”，mustn’t表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。cannot 表示“不可能”;need not 表示“不必要”;may not 表示“可能不，可以不”。
③needn’t表示“没有必要”
④would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向
⑤表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to,而不能用could;could还可以表示过去的某种能力
⑥考查情态动词用作答语的情况
2.考查情态动词+动词不定式一般式表推测的用法
①肯定的推测一般用must,should,may(might)或could(不用can)，其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”;按常理推测的may(might),could语气最弱，译为“也许”。
②否定的推测：语气不很肯定时，常用may not,might not或could not，译为“可能不”“也许不”;否定语气较强时，则用can’t，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感情色彩
③疑问句中推测往往用can或could
3.考查情态动词+动词不定式的完成式表推测的用法
4.考查情态动词+动词不定式完成式的其他用法
①should(ought to)+不定式的完成式：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。
②needn’t+不定式的完成式：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了
③could+不定式的完成式：本可以做而实际上未能做,含有遗憾的意味
虚拟语气
1.虚拟条件句的基本结构及其用法
①与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句②与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
③与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句
2.虚拟语气的活用
①时间错综虚拟结构
②省略if的虚拟结构
③并列连词或副词暗示的虚拟结构
④介词或介词短语暗示的虚拟结构
⑤as if / as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
⑥名词性从句中的虚拟语气
⑦分词短语暗示的虚拟结构
⑧上下文语境中的虚拟结构
【知识点归纳】
I.情态动词
1.表示“能力、许可”的can /may
①表示能力的情态动词用can/could
A computer_____think for itself, it must be told what to do.
A.can’t B.couldn’t C.may not D.might not
②表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could…?
或might…? 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确(must表示一定，必须，mustn’t表示禁止，不许可)
—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, you______
A.will B.could C.may D.might
Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself.
A. won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t
③在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。
如不可以说：They could jump into the sea before the boat was blown up
而要说：they were able to/managed to jump into…
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out.
A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to
但在否定句中could/was(were)able to可以通用:
I couldn’t/wasn’t able to see him yeaterday.
④表示许可时用may/can都可以。只不过用may时较侧重讲话人的许可，而can较侧重客观情况的许可，must则表示必须做某事。
2.表示“推断、判断”的can,may,must
①在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最为肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性：
Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
A.must B.may C.can D.will
而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.
②在否定句中只能用can和may。此时can’t用以代替mustn’t，语气比may not更强。can’t中文可以翻译为“不可能”、may not中文可以翻译为“可能不”。
Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.
A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may
③在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must
He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now?
He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now?
3.表示“请求、提议”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转
Can(Could)you give me a lift to the station?
你(您)能不能让我搭你(您)的车去车站呀?
4.表示“惊讶、怀疑”(用在疑问句中)的can和could，这时could比can语气更婉转
Who can it be at this time of day?这个时候到底会是谁呢?
5.构成下列特殊句式的can
①can not/can never…too… cannot…enough“无论怎么……也不为过分，越……越好，非常……”
Since it is a good thing,we cannot do it too soon.
既然是好事情，我们越早开始做越好。
②can’t help doing…,cannot help but do…,cannot but do…“禁不住，不由得，不得不”
I cannot help admiring the picture whenever I look at it.每当我看到这幅画时，我都禁不住要鉴赏它。
When a close friend dies,you cannot but feel sad.
亲密的朋友去世时，你会不由得感到悲伤。
6.表示祝愿、祝福的may,此时句子用倒装语序
May he live to an old age!愿他长命百岁!May God be with you!愿上帝保佑你!
7.shall/should
用于人称
意义
Shall
第一、三人称
征求对方的意见
第二、三人称
说话人给对方的警告、命令、允诺、威胁
用于法律、法规等条文中
应……，须……，得……
What shall we do this evening?
注意：may用于征求对方的许可，而shall用于征求对方的意见或指示：
May I have a look?我能看一看吗?
Shall I have a look?需要我看一看吗?
You shall fail if you don’t work harder. (警告)
He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺)
He shall be punished.(威胁)
The fine shall be given in cash.罚款须以现金缴纳。
should
意义
①（表义务、责任的）应该
②（表预期的）应该会，想必会，一定……会把
③（表惊讶、遗憾的）竟然、居然
④（与疑问词连用，表意外、惊讶、纳闷等的）究竟是，到底
⑤（用于表示命令、建议、请求等词后面的that从句中，且should可以省略）应该，必须
①You should apologize to him.
②The photos should be ready by 12:00.
③I’m surprised that you should speak in such a way.
④Who should ccome in but my old friend Betty.我当究竟是谁进来了呢，原来是我的老朋友贝蒂呀。
⑤I suggested that he (should)change his mind.
My suggestion was that he (should)change his mind.
注意：ought to表示 “应该” (与should同义, 只是语气稍重一些), 也可表示推测。
You ought to take care of him.
He ought to be home by now.
8.will/would
①请求、建议，would比will委婉客气
Would you pass me the book?
②表示意志、愿望和决心
I will never do that again.
They asked us if we would do that again
③可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向
During the vacation he would visit me every week
The wound would not heal.
④表示估计或猜想
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
9.dare和need
①need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。
②dare作为情态动词用时有两中形式：dare和dared两个词形。
除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。
If he dare come,I will kick him out.
I don’t know whether he dare say.
Note:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.
Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?
10.情态动词+have done的用法
①could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做
You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
②cannot+have done：表示对过去行为的否定推测
He cannot have been to that town.
③can+主语+have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定
Can he have got the book?
④might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测
He may not have finished the work.
If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
(Mood:might>may,possibility:might
⑤must+have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have done
You must have seen the film.
You cannot have seen the film.
⑥needn’t+have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了
You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain.
注意：didn’t need to(have to)do :没有必要做而实际上也没有做
I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago.
⑦should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。
其否定形式表示某种行为不该发生却发生了。
You should have started earlier, but you didn’t.
She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.
注意：本结构还可以表“推测”的意思
He should have finished the work by now.
到现在他应该已经做完那项工作了。
11.其它情态动词
①have to
have to表示 “必须, 不得不”, 在这个意义上与must很接近, 但must表示的是说话人的主观看法, 而have to表示的却是客观需要. have to比must有更多的形式。
The TV set is broken. I have to buy a new one.
The students will have to know how to use the computers.
注意：在回答must的问句时, 否定式常用need not(needn’t)或don’t have to表示 “不必”。而不用
must not, 因为must not表示 “不可以”。
②used to
表示过去的习惯动作或状态(现在已不复如此)
—Did you use to go there to see your brother? /Used you to go there to see your brother?
—Yes, I did(used to). /No , I didn’t (usedn’t).
注意：would也可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，但是不涉及到现在。
③had better
表示 “最好(做……)”
We had better go now.
其否定式为had better not
II.虚拟语气
(一)一般虚拟结构
类别
用法
例句
If引导的条件从句
与现在事实相反
从句动词：过去式（be用were）
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形
If he were here, he would help us.
与过去事实相反
从句动词：had+过去分词
主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词
If I had been free, I would have visited you.
与将来事实相反
从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
注意:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。
(二)混合虚拟结构
1.不同时间的虚拟
If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)
If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now. (从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)
If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反)
If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. (从句与过去事实相反，and后面的主句与现在事实相反)
2.虚拟与陈述的混合
He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough.
You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
(三)特殊句式虚拟结构
1.省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。
Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
2.suggest, order, propose, request, require, demand, advise, insist+ 宾语从句(should )do
He suggested that we (should) save money for the future.
The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.
注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点,事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.
3.It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required…+ that从句(should) do
It is proposed that more students should go to university.
4.My advice/suggestion/request/requirement/order/proposal…+ is +表语从句(should)do
My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.
The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.
5.His suggestion/advice/request/requirement…+ 同位语从句(should )do+ is..
The request that they should get more is reasonable.
6.It is natural/necessary/strange +that从句 (should) do表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。
It’s strange that he should have missed the train. (表竟然)
It is important that we should learn from others.(表理应如此)
It is a pity that he should not go with us.(表惊讶、不满)
7.wish + that clause (did/were 与现在相反)
wish + that clause (would/could/might + do与将来相反)
wish + that clause ( had done 与过去相反)
I wish I could go with them tomorrow.
I wish I had never met him.
8.It is (high/about) time + 从句(did或should do )
It is (high/about) time we went home.
9.would rather + clause (did 与现在或将来相反);(had done 与过去相反)
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would rather you hadn’t told her the news.
10.省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
①省去条件从句
You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。
省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
②省去主句(常用以表示愿望) If only + clause ( did/were与现在相反)/ (would/could/might + do与将来相反) /( had done 与过去相反) “要是…….就好了“
If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)
If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
If only he would come tomorrow!
If only I had taken her advice!
If only I were ten years younger!
注意：only if是“只要”的意思，从句中用陈述语气。
11.as if + clause (did/were 与现在相反) / (would/could/might + do与将来相反)/( had done 与过去相反)
She treats Kate as if she were her own daughter.
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
12.would like/was/were to have done something
I would like to have attended the party, but one of my friends came to see me.
13.but for+名词
But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.
14.注意虚拟条件从句的特殊形式
Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.
Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.
15.注意转折语气连词引导的虚拟语气
He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal.
I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I should have written it down for her.
The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident wouldn't have been prevented.
Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she might have said something she would regret later.
16.注意分词和独立结构引导的虚拟语气
Given more than two hours, we could have done the work better.
Not having finished the work, he couldn't have seen this film.
【高考预测】
1. Why didn't you tell me there was no meeting today? I _____ all the way here _____the heavy snow.
A. needn't have driven;through B. can't have driven;across
C. mustn't have driven;through D. shouldn't have driven;cross
2. — Mum, it’s none of my business. Why _____ I care?
— Just because she is your sister.
A. can B. should C. will D. may
3. —I didn’t know you were good friends .
—You _____.I have known her since she moved here. You were studying abroad then.
A.may have B.needn’t have C.couldn’t have D.must have
4. —The concert was wonderful!
—Really? How I wish I ______to the theatre with you yesterday!
A. had gone B. might go C. were able to go D. would go
5.The two strangers have been talking in the park for a long time as though they ______old friends.
A. are B. should be C. were D. would be
6. ______the heavy rain, we ______the town.
A. But for; should have reached B. Because of; would have reached
C. During the period of; we would reach D. In spite of; we should have reached
7. —If William _______, he _______that green peach.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital in time.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
8. —Is it good to look up every new word when I come across it in reading?
—No. You ______because you are likely to guess the meaning from the context.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. don’t have to D.ought not to
9. —______I use your computer to send an e-mail?
—Yes, you ______. But you mustn’t keep it too long.I’ll surf the Internet after supper.
A. Could; could B. Could; must C. Can; can D. Could; can
10. When he lived there, he ______go to that book shop at the corner with his girlfriend after work every day.
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
11.— I hear you’ve got a set of Australian coins. ______I have a look?
— Yes, certainly.
A. Do B. May C.Shall D. Should
12. — What happened to the young trees we planted last week?
—The trees______well, but I didn’t water them.
A. might grow B. needn’t have grown C. would grow D. would have grown
13. What ______ had Bob walked farther, as far as the river bank?
A. would happen B.could happen C. would have happened D.needn’t have happened
14. Hurry up,Tom.It’s high time we______ to the theater.
A. will B. shall C. are going to D. went
15. —Do you think he will do me a favor?
— As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He______be prepared to give you a hand, though.
A. might B. must C. can D. should
16. Even though I’d hurt my leg, I______swim back to the river bank.
A. could B. might C. had to D. was able to
17.— It is rather cold here. Shall we light a fire?
— No, we______because things are easy to catch fire.
A. won’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
18.—Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?
—I would have, but I ______so busy then.
A. had been B. were C. was D. would be
19. The young man insisted that he______ these watches and______free.
A. stole, set B. had stolen, be set C. steal, be set D. had stolen; must be set
20. I ______your address, otherwise I______you long before.
A. had forgotten,had visited B.forgot, have visited
C. forgot,would have visited D.have forgotten,would visit
21. I______you a beautiful present for your birthday,but I was short of money at that time.
A. would buy B. had bought C. would like to have bought D. must have bought
22.—Do you feel like ________ there or shall we take a bus?
—I’d like to walk. But since there isn't much time left, I'd rather we________ a taxi.
A. walking,hire B. to walk, hire C. to walk,hired D. walking, hired
23. —Miss White has decided to explore in the forest by herself.
—She________ask her boyfriend to if she ________go walking in the forest.
A.needn't to,dares to http:/ B.doesn't need, dares C.need not to,dare to D.needn't, dare
24. His failure in the exam suggested that he __________ the teacher’s instructions.
A. can’t have followed http:/ B. needn’t have followed
C. mustn’t have followed D. shouldn’t have followed
25.I _________ you, but I didn’t think you would listen to me.
A.could have told B.must have told C.should tell D.might rell
26.—Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady.
—But in fact she is cold and hard on us. You_______believe it! http:/
A.shouldn’t B.wouldn’t C.mustn’t D.needn’t
27. The manager’s health was getting worse and worse because of heavy burden，so the doctor strongly
recommended that he a holiday.
A.took B.would take C.must take D.take
28. —It’s so cold! Why not close the door?
—Sorry.It .I’ll have it repaired soon.
A.won’t shut B.won’t be shut C.hasn’t shut D.isn’t shut
29. I wouldn’t marry Pat even if she the last woman on earth.
A.is B.was C.had been D.were
30. Many students will take part in the school sports meeting this week, so she suggested that the class meeting _______ held on Saturday .
A. not be B. not to be C. be not D. be not to
31.________the problem, he wouldn't have committed those mistakes.
A. If he understood B. Had he understood C. When he had understood D. If he would understood
32. —But those are size 44. You might need a smaller size.
—Yes, I ______ a bit of weight. I have been trying to lose weight!
A. will have lost B. should have lost C. may have lost D. can’t lose
33.— Are you going to Lloyd’s birthday party on Friday?
— Only if it ______, he said he was having a picnic party.
A. wouldn’t rain B. doesn’t rain C. won’t rain D. hadn’t rained
34. If Sanlu Group __________melamine to the milk, the babies ________ too much from kidney stones.
A. didn’t add; would not suffered B. hadn’t added; wouldn’t have suffered
C. hasn’t added; wouldn’t have suffered D. hadn’t added; would have suffered
35.—The research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is challenging and demanding. Who do you think can do the
job?
—____ my students have a try?
A. Shall B. Will C. Could D. Should
【参考答案】
1-5ABCAC 6-10ABCDA 11-15BDCDA 16-20DCCBC
21-25CDDAA 26-30BDADA 31-35BCBBA
非谓语动词
【知识点归纳】
I.概述
1.基本形式的变化：
不定式：
时态
主动态
被动态
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
完成式
to have built
to have been built
John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. (一般式的主动态)
He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)
He pretended to be listening attentively. (进行式)
He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)
This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被动态)
v-ing形式
时态
主动态
被 动 态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
注意：不及物动词没有被动式
动名词
I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主动态) (= I am sure that he will come in time)
He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被动态) (= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.)
I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主动态)
(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.)
He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被动态)
现在分词
He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主动态)
Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被动态)
Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)
All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)
2.所做成分
项目/成分
主语
表语
宾语
宾补
定语
状语
动词的ing形式
现在分词
△
△
△
△
动名词
△
△
△
△
不定式
△
△
△
△
△
△
过去分词
△
△
△
△
注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。
II.基本知识
1.动词不定式在句中充当的成分
①作主语。
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
To make money is not the only purpose of our life.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的
在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。
It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
②作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)
He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通过了考试。
He promised to be here at nine.他答应9点钟到这儿。
I didn’t expect to see you here.我没有料到在这儿见到你。
在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。
He considered it better to leave now.他认为最好现在就离开。
I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。
③作定语(常置于名词之后)。
由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词
代词的的宾语 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure,
intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)
She is always the first student to arrive at school.
He is always the last one to leave the office.他总是最后一个离开办公室。
I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
I have no desire to travel.
You’ll find something to interest you here.
注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。
I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.
I found no one to play with.
④作状语
I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(不至于跌倒) (表目的)
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表结果)
He tried only to fail. (结果没有成功)
She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：
able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever,
considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy, fit,frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful,thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
French is difficult to learn. 法语难学。
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
⑤作独立副词成分。
To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
⑥与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
When to start has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。
The problem is how to get there on time.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。
注意：
①在有些动词后常用疑问词 + 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,consider,understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
He didn’t know what to do next.
I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.我没有决定是否到日本去。
②不定式的复合结构
由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。
It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工
His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。
由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：brave, careless,,clever,courageous,foolish,good, honest,kind,nice,rash, right,rude, stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong, wise等。
It’s kind of you to say so.
It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!
你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿
③不带to 的动词不定式
▲在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have, hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。
The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.老师常常让我把作文重写。
将该句转换成被动语态：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.
I heard her say that she was fed up.
▲在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but,do nothing but等。
I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
They can not but accept his advice.我只好接受他的建议。
▲在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。
We have no choice but to wait.我们除了等待别无选择(我们只好等待)。
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
▲在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to
Why argue with him?
Why not send those books back?为什么不把那些书送回去?
2.动名词在句中充当的成分
①作主语
Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 请求帮助有时是必要的。
Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多对你的健康不利。
Teaching offers something besides money and power.
②作补语、表语
Seeing is believing.
We call such an act cheating.我们称这样的行为为作弊/欺骗行为。
③作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语
建议冒险去献身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to
忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop
放弃延期悔失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss
坚持欣赏(想)要(实)践(完)成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice, finish
注意原谅避反对：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to
考虑要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help
允许习惯不介意：forbid; permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind
值得开始想动名：be worth, set about, imagine
The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.冒险游过河
His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room but allows him to smoke outside the room
他的妻子不允许在室内抽烟，但是允许他在室外抽。
All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.
他们所有的人都坚持要我再跟他们多呆几天时间。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Being ill for a few days,she doesn't feel like eating anything.不想吃任何东西
另在want, need, require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系)。
My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)
⑤作定语
它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。
The factory built a swimming pool last year.游泳池
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.教学方法
⑥作同位语
His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
注意：
①动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格 +动名词构成， 在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other comrades.
②动名词的某些固定结构
▲It is + no use, no good(fun,a great pleasure, a waste of time,a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。
It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。
▲It is + useless+doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
▲There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)
There is no telling where she’s gone.(= It is impossible / difficult to know where she’s gone.)
▲make a point of + doing “认为…是必要的”
Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)
▲be on the point of + doing “濒临，将要…”
He was on the point of leaving.
▲on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)
▲go + doing (大部分指运动和游戏)
He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
▲动名词短语常用在以下结构中
have difficulty (in) + doing sth
have trouble (in) + doing sth
have fun (in) + doing sth/
have a good time (in) + doing sth/have a hard time (in) + doing sth
▲feel like + 名词“想要”=would like to +原形动词
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?
I don't feel like reading tonight.今晚我不想读书。
3.分词在句中充当的成分
①作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。
The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.)
China is a developing socialist country.发展中的社会主义国家
The man writing the obituary (讣告) is my friend.
(= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)
The broken glass scattered on the ground.破杯
注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义;而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。
②作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
The story is boring.
I found him reading a novel. 在读小说(现在分词作宾语补足语)
I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包围着 (过去分词作宾语补足语)
③作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间,原因, 条件,结果,伴随情况。
Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.(时间)
Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.(原因)
Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.(原因)
If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much.(条件)
Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smith’s class.(条件)
The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%.(结果)
He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.(伴随)
注意：分词的特殊结构
①独立主格
有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。
That being the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan.
Weather permitting, we will go out. == if weather permits
The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom.
②“with或without + 名词或代词 + 分词”的复合结构
常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
③某些固定结构
generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by …中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。
Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.从他的衣着判断
Frankly speaking, I don't like him at all.坦率地说
④catch+宾语+doing
I caught them stealing my apples.我抓住他们偷我的苹果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she'll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的
注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。
Considering his age, he is tall.考虑了他的年龄
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.关于他的演讲
III.非谓语动词比较
1.做主语和宾语时的比较
一般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。
Looking after children is her job.照看小孩
To clean the classroom is his job today.打扫教室
I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today because I don't feel well.
注意下列重点内容：
①begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式
When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.
After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.
②有些词后面既可以接不定式.亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意
A.remember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义
Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.
I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
Don't forget to write to me soon.
I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first time.
I regret missing that good film last week.(后悔)
I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.
I regret to say I can't take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)
B.mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要……
mean doing：意味着，就是
I am sorry I didn't mean to hurt your feelings，
I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.
Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class.
C.stop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
stop doing停止做(动名词作宾语)
After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.
After walking some time, they stopped to have a rest.
D.try：try to do，努力，试图干……
try doing：试着干……
He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.
He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.
The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself.
They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and again.
E.want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式就要i用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。
These young trees require looking after(=to be looked after).
The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).
F.go on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
go on doing继续干原来同一件事(动名词作宾语)
After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story.
After writing the composition he went on to work out his maths problems.
G.动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。
Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's health.(放弃)
The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. (放弃)
She doesn't allow (permit) smoking in her room.(允许)
H.be considered to have done被认为已经做了……
consider…to be认为是……
consider doing考虑做某事
I.be(get)used to doing习惯于……
be used to do被用来做……
J.can’t help doing情不自禁做……
can’t help to do不能帮助做……
2.做宾补时的比较
不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。
When I came in, I saw her dancing happily.
I often hear her sing songs in English in her room.
They had the lights burning all night long.
I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now.
The mother will have the doctor examine her son again.
Tomorrow I'll have my hair cut.
When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone away already.
When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything changed.
3.做表语时的比较
不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答how的问题。
Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (=Cleaning offices is her job.)
Our job today is to clean the office.(=To clean the office is our job today.)
The news is very exciting.(How is the news?)
They are very tired after a long walk.
The door is locked now.
The children are well dressed these days.
4.做定语时的比较
不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义，现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义;过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外，不定式做定语时只能后置，不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。
a swimming boy=a boy who is swimming a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
the boiling water=the water that is boiling drinking water=water for drinking
Today I have a letter to write. Please find a man to help us.
It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.练习你的口语
I like reading books written by Lu Xun.
The woman standing over there is our English teacher.站在那边的
The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.
The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.
The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.
5.做状语时的比较
不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末;分词
可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。分词用于go doing结构中作目的状语。
①目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加上in order，so as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。
The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.
I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.
In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.
②时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。
Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.
Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.
Having (=When we have) made full preparations, we are ready for an examination.
Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed.
After finishing his homework, he went to bed.
Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.
When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.当请他作演讲时
Once recovered, he will go all out to do his work.一旦康复
③原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。一般位于句首。
I am sorry to hear that you are not well.
I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting so long.让你久等了
We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.
Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.
There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted. 由于没有钱
Having (=Since they had) been asked to stay, they couldn't possibly leave right away.
Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.
④条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。一般位于句首。
Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office.
United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.
Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do better.
⑤结果状语从句：不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+as to，such+名词+as to，too…to，enough to和only to等结构。现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。
He arrived late to find the train gone.
I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.
He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighbors.
His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy.
I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.
The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.
⑥让步状语：通常由过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。
Though wounded, the soldier managed to get to the village safely.
Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
⑦伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。
Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.
She came running towards us.
They walked along the streets, talking and laughing.
He went into the house, followed by some children.
He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.
IV.关于there be 的非谓语形式
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语
1.作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.我们不希望有任何同志掉队。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere..他们不愿意处处都要排长队。
We have no objection to there being a meeting here.我们并不反对在这里开会。
2.作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词for之后要用there to be
There being nobody else at hand,I had to do by myself.由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up.太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry.
因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)
3.作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be.
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young.
老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.
校园内有幼儿园对女教师十分方便。
【高考预测】
1.—Why don’t you like Tom? —I think he is a man_________.
A.to be worked with B.working with C.to work with D.being worked with
2.He said that he _________what he could________us,but he was too busy then.
A.would do,help B.could have done,to help C.would have done,helping D.could do,helped
3.Would you please tell me the way thought of_________the garden.
A. take care of B. to take care of C. taking care of D. how to take care of
4.—You look rather tired today.
—______ not to miss the 4:20 flight, I didn’t dare to close my eyes.
A. Reminding B. Reminded
C. Being reminded D. Having reminded
5.___________, the monument could be restored to its former glory.
A. If repaired well B. If repairing well C. To repair well D. Repairing well
6.“Can’t you read?” Mary said_______to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
7.On August 12,2009 Typhoon Morakot swept across Taiwan island, _________a lot of villages___________.
A.left; damaged B.leaving; damaging C.leaving; damaged D.left; damaging
8.The food, ____________good, was soon sold out when it was taken to the market.
A. tasted B. being tasted C. tasting D. having tasted
9.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work_______, we refused his offer.
A. not finishing B. had not been finished
C. not having finished D. not finished
10.With too many construction projects_________all the strength out of the economy, people of the small country complained a lot.
A.sucking B. to suck C. being sucked D. being sucking
11.Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _________ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all.
A. to have founded B. having founded C. founding D. to found
12.On the bank of the river, we found him ______ on a beach, with his eyes _______ on a kite in the sky.
A. seated; fixing B. sitting; fixing C. seated; being fixed D. sitting; fixed
13.Tigers _____ meat-eating animals _____ meats.
A. belonged to; feed on B. belonging to; feed on
C. were belonged to; are fed on D. belonging to; are fed on
14.______ for the serious accident, the present of Shanxi Province had to resign.
A. To blame B. Blaming C. Being to blame D. To be blamed
15.With some books he needed _________ , he went into the bookstore quickly.
A. to buy B. bought C. to be bought D. buying
16.After the Shenzhou VI capsule(太空舱 )touched down, two astronauts succeeded in traveling around the
earth, thus again __________ China is a global space power.
A. proving B. to prove C. to have proved D. being proved
17.There was a nice little gift for everyone,with a suitable poem _______ to it.
A. attached B. to be attaching C. to attach D. attaching
18.____ by his parents for long, John feels sad in the heart though he appears _______ bothered
about it.
A. Being ignored; not to be B. To be ignored; to have not been
C. Ignored; not to be D. Ignoring; not being
19.We are _______ to talk loudly in the dormitory when others are taking a noon-break.
A. supposed B. supposing C. not supposed D .not supposing
20.The latest survey, _________by www.qq.com, found more than 12 percent of teenagers want to work as pilots.
A.to be carried out B.being carried out C.carried out D.having been carried out
21.The construction of an economic zone to the west coast of the Taiwan Straits, _____ at present, will surely stimulate (刺激)the declining economy on both sides of the Straits.
A.to be discussed B.being discussed C.discussed D.discussing
22.The young man sat back in his sofa, ______ with what he had worked out to do with the remaining work.
A. having satisfied B. being satisfied C. To be satisfied D. satisfied
23.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _____ to the outside world.
A. having been lost B. to be lost C. losing D. lost
24.—The police have caught the murderer.
—Yes, but he refused to admit ________ his wife on a rainy night seven years ago.
A. to kill B. to have killed C. having killed D. have been killing
25. ________to train his daughter in English, he put an ad like this in the paper, “_________,an English teacher for a ten-year-old girl.”
A. Determined; wanted B. Determined; wanting C. Determine; wanted D. Determining; wanting
26.—Lucy doesn’t seem to be what she was.
—No. _________so much in the war has made her more thoughtful.
A. Seen B. Her seeing C. Having seen D. To have seen
27. twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
A. Examining B. Examined C. Being examined D. Having been examined
28.We hope the building project_________will be completed as soon as possible because a lot of citizens are complaining about the noises.
A. to be carried out B. carried out C. being carried out D. carrying out
29.A new teachnique_________the yields as a whole increased by about 30 percent.
A.had applied B.having applied C.to have applied D.having been applied
30.The long lasting war, ______ with blood and deaths, ended in people’s sadness, _______ no result.
A.filling;reached B.filled;to reach C.filling;would reach D.filled;reaching
31.The two old sisters，_______ so long，held each other and burst into tears.
A.being separated B.having been separated C.having separated D.had been separated
32. Some people against toll booths (收费站) argue that roads, once ___________, should be free.
A. building B. built C. having built D. being built
33.Something extraordinary happened in that hospital. A man, ________clinically dead, suddenly came to life.
A. declaring B. being declared C. declared D. having declared
34. _________your receipt to the customer service department and they will pay the money back to you.
A.Having brought B.Bring C.Bringing D.To bring
35. ____it with me should be a good choice. Trust me.
A.When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
36. I really can' t understand _________her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
37. _____ what he can do. He might get a job tomorrow. He might stay out of work for weeks.
A.We didn’t know B.He doesn’t know C.There is no knowing D.It was known that
38.There are a lot of students in the reading room, most of_________with their eyes_________on and their heads bent over their books.
A.whom; fixing B.them; fixed C.whom; fixed D.them; fixing
39.The boy I considered ______ cheated in the last exam.
A. to be honest B. that is honest C. was honest D. being honest
40.Though a typhoon is on the way, people are still looking forward _________ the outdoor concert by the pop singer.
A. to canceling B. not to canceling C. not to cancel D. to not canceling
【参考答案】
1-5CBBBA 6-10ACCDA 11-15ADBCA 16-20AACCC
21-25BDDCA 26-30BCCDD 31-35BBCBB 36-40DCBAD
主从复合句(状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句)
【考点分析】
状语从句
1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别;
2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句;
3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型;
4.till和until的用法;
5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法;
6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别;
7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法;
8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法;
9. in case引导的状语从句;
10.where引导的状语从句;
11.once引导的状语从句。
12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
名词从句
1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别;
2.名词从句的语序和时态;
3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况;
4.宾语从句的否定转移;
5.whether和if的用法区别;
6.what在名词性从句中的使用;
7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用;
8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别;
9.连接词that的省略;
定语从句
1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别;
2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别;
3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别;
4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查;
5. such…as与such…that的区别;the same…as与the same…that的区别;
6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查;
7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略;
8.含有插入语的定语从句;
9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
【知识点归纳】
I.句子的种类
复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。
按用途分
种 类
类 型
例 句
陈述句
肯定句
We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。
否定句
They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。
疑问句
一般疑问句
Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？
Haven’t you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？
特殊疑问句
Who is the man? 这人是谁？
When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？
What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？
选择疑问句
Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。
Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French.
他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。
反意疑问句
They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？
You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？
祈使句
肯定句
Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。
否定句
Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。
感叹句
what + 名词
What great changes we have had these years!
这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!
What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!
how + 形容词或副词
How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!
How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！
how +句子
How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!
How + adj.+a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n
How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!
按结构分
种类
类型
例 句
简单句
主+谓
They disappeared. 他们消失了。
主+谓+宾
He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
主+谓+间宾+直接宾
I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。
They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。
主+谓+宾+宾补
They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。
I want everything ready by eight o’clock.
我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。
主+系+表
She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。
He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。
并列句
并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but,
Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it.
要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。
Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.
汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。
Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough.
不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。
转折关系but,while（而，尽管）
nevertheless(然而；不过)
John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday.
约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。
选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or
We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train.
我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。
Either you come to my place or I go to yours.
或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。
因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so
We had better stay at home, for it was raining.
我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。
He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.
他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。
复合句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。
从句有：
名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）
状语从句
定语从句
（详细请看以下内容）
II.状语从句
状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。
1.时间状语从句
由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,as soon as,now that,hardly…when,scarcely…when,no sooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词(短语)或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,by the time，the moment,the second,the minute,the instant,every time,each time,next time,the last time等
重点内容如下：
①when,while,as引导的时间状语从句
▲as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。
She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)
▲when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。
It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)
When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)
When we arrived there,the film had already begun.(先后发生)
▲while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。
Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working.
He fell asleep while/when reading.
Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)
②before状语从句的重点句型
▲……之后……才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .
▲不多久……就：It wasn’t long before he told me about the affair.
▲不等……就：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
▲刚……就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.
▲先……再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision.
③since
引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式(包括过去完成时)，则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性的用完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。
▲He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。(不在生病了)
▲He has never been to see me since I have been ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。
▲I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。(不住在这儿了)
▲I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。
▲It’s three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。(不在服役了)
▲It’s three years since I have been in the army=It's three years since he joined the army.
我入伍已三年了。
④如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首时主句要倒装。
2.原因状语从句
由下列连词引导：as(由于),because(因为), since(既然),now (that) (既然), considering that(顾及到), seeing that(由于)。
I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与 so连用)
He couldn’t have seen me, because I was not there.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。
Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会
Now that/Since you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision.
既然大家都来了咱们就设法做一个决定吧
As she was ill, she didn’t come to the party.
由于病了，她没来参加晚会。
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。
重点内容如下：
①because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.另外注意与not连用时否定的转移。He didn’t do such a thing because he was afraid of his wife.他并不是因为怕他的妻子才做这样的事。
Cf:He didn’t do such a thing,because he was afraid of his wife.因为怕妻子，他没有做这样的事。
because引导的从句可以被强调：
It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFL
②as语气较弱，since语气也较弱，但比as正式一些,所说明的原因比较明显或是已知的事实，多用于口语中，所以不应该强调。常置于句首。
As all the seats were full,he stood there.
Since you are going,I’ll go,too.
③for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它引导的是并列句，不是原因状语从句。
The day was short,for it was December.
3.地点状语从句
由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。
Anywhere he went,he got warm welcome.
The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.
Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
You’d better make a mark where you have any questions.
哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)
4.结果状语从句
由下列连词引导：that，so…that，so that(从句中不带情态动词)，such…that，with the result that等。
注意以下几种结构：
①so+adj/adv+that…
②such(a/an+adj)+n+that…
③so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that…
④so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that…
注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。
This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that/as everyone wants to see it/(it)
He didn’t plan his time well so that/so he didn’t finish the work in time.
他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.
这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much
= Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her very much
Jenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.
他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
I had so little money then that I couldn’t afford a little present.
我当时囊中羞涩连一份小小礼物都买不起
5.目的状语从句
由下列连词引导：so that,in order that,for fear that等。目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might, should连用目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might, should连用。(so that也可用来引导结果状语从句，但从句中不带情态动词)
Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.
我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。
School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.
早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。
He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
他把名字写下省得忘了。(该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should)
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
注意：so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。
6.条件状语从句
分为真实条件句和非真实条件句(用在虚拟语气中)。
表示条件的状语从句可以由if(如果),unless(除非), in case(万一), so /as long as(只要), as/ so far as(就……而言), on condition that(条件是……)suppose(假设)supposing(假设)(仅用在问句中)
等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
As/So long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。
If you leave at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning, you’d better get to bed now.
如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。
We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。
As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。
He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low.
他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。
Suppose/Supposing we can’t get enough food, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办?
7.让步状语从句
由下列连词引导：although,though,as,even if, even though,while,whether…or,whoever,whatever,however,no matter+疑问词等。
We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.
我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.
那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。
Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.不管你信不信，这是真的。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。
No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。
注意以下几点：
①although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,stil。
He refuses help although he has many friends who want to offer all kinds of help.
②as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。
Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.(注意在child前不要用冠词)
Much as I like it, I won’t buy.
Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
8.方式状语从句
由下列连词引导：as,as if,as though,the way等。
Do it the way you were told.
注意以下几点：
①as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。
I did it just as you told me.
②as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。
③连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。
Whereas he is rather lazy,she is quite energetic.
9.比较状语从句
由下列连词引导：as…as,not as…as,not so…as,than等(详情请参见【专题三】形容词和副词)。
10.注意状语从句中的省略现象
①连接词+过去分词
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
②连词+现在分词
Look out while crossing the street.
③连词+形容词/其他
常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。
④比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.
III.名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连词可分为三类：
①that(不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。)
whether, if(不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。)
as if,as though(均表示“好像”，“似乎”)
②what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
③when, where, how, why
Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。
What he said is not true.他说的不是实话
That he’ll come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好啦。
I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。
The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
1.主语从句
①由从属连词引导的主语从句：
Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.
那个国家是否应该建立核电站……
That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播
②由连接代词引导的主语从句：
What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是……
Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.无论你选哪本书……
Whoever comes will be welcome.无论谁来……
③由连接副词引导的主语从句：
When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.飞机什么时候起飞……
Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到过哪儿……
How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少……
④关于形式主语 it
▲It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that…重要的是……
It is obvious that…很明显……
It is likely that….很可能
▲It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that…人们相信……
It is known to all that…众所周知……
(注意该句型的变式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.=As is known to all,the earth goes around the sun.=What is known to all is that the earth goes around the sun.)
It has been decided that…已决定……
▲It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that…事实是……
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。
▲It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.
2.表语从句
可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等等。
The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.
……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病
The question remains whether we can win the game…..我们是否能赢得这次比赛
That’s just what I want. ……我想要的
This is where our problem lies. ……我们的问题所在
The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……
注意：
①表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if，as though引导
Things were not as they seemed.
It looks as though it is going to rain.好象要下雨了。
②另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because)
It ( This, That ) is because…
The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。
It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.
3.同位语从句
同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球…….
I have no idea when he will be back. ……什么时候回来
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill……Mary也许病了
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.……是否同意
4.宾语从句
宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。
①及物动词后的宾语从句：
She will give whoever needs help a warm support……任何需要帮助的人……
I wonder why she refused my invitation……她为什么拒绝了我的邀请
②介词后的宾语从句：
I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。
The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。
③某些形容词后的宾语从句：
I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.
……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步
We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us…….他没有告别就走了
④非谓语动词后的宾语从句：
Realizing that it was just a difference in custom,the foreigner smiled and said nothing
On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”.
⑤关于形式宾语it
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。
I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。
5.名词性从句重难点
①在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：
▲Can you make sure ____the gold ring ?
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put
C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put
▲You can't imagine __when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A.how they were excited B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
②动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词;用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。
Do you doubt that he will win ?
I don't doubt that your proposition is wrong .
He doubt whether I know it .
③ 否定转移问题。
▲将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
We don't expect he will come tonight , will he ?
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
▲将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
④主谓一致问题。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
What I bought were three English books.
⑤语气问题
▲在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构 I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。
▲在It is +过去分词+that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。
It is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening.
▲在表语从句或同位语从句中
The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone.
▲在It is(was)+形容词+that从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should +)动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等 It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language.(上海1993)
A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master
⑥What引导名词从句的特殊含义:
▲What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…;all that…;everything that…”)
▲After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed.(M ET'93) A.what B.when C.that D.which
(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
▲He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?
(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
▲What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world.
(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)
▲Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount /number that…”)
⑦不可省略的连词：
▲介词后的连词不可省略
Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。
▲引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
▲宾语从句有多个that引导时，从第二个及其后面的that不能省略
I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
⑧比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
▲whether 引导主语从句在句首
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .她是否来与我无关。
▲引导表语从句
His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。
▲引导同位语从句
Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。
▲whether 从句作介词宾语
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。
▲与or not连在一起
I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如：
It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。
IV.定语从句
(一)基本概念
1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关系词的分类和基本用法
表一
分类
指代
引导词
关系代词
人
who, whom, that, as
事物
which, that, as
人或物（表所属关系）
Whose
关系副词
地点
Where
时间
When
原因
Why
表二
关系代词
指代
例句
解释
who
人
The man who helped you is Mr White.
在定从中作主语
whom
That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.
在定从中作宾语，可省略
whose
He is the father whose son studies very well in our class.
在定从中作定语
that
I´m not the fool that you thought me to be.
在定从中作表语
as
He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.
在定从中作宾语
that
事物
The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.
在定从中作宾语
which
A dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words
在定从中作主语
whose
He lives in a room whose window faces south
在定从中作定语
as
It is such a big stone as nobody can lift.
在定从中作宾语
整句内容
As is known to all, he is the best student.
在定从中作主语
表三
关系副词
指代
例句
解释
when
时间
Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?
在定从中作状语
where
地点
The house where they live is not very large.
在定从中作状语
why
原因
This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.
在定从中作状语
(二)定语从句的注意点
本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。
1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别
情 况
用法说明
例 句
只用that的情况
①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时
②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some,
①He told me everything that he knows.
②All the books that you offered has been given out.
few等修饰时
③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
④先行词既指人又指物时
⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时
⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时
③This is the best film that I have ever read.
④We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
⑤He is the only man that I want to see.
⑥Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。
①He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
②I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
③Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况
the way做先行词时
①Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.
②I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.
③What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that
C. in the way D. the way which
2.as、which和that的区别
从句
区 别
例 句
限制性
定语从句中
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性
定语从句中
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
the same... as和
the same ...that
the same... as指同类事物
the same ...that 指原物
That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）
That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。
3. where、when与why引导的定语从句
关系副词
用 法
例 句
where
关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。
We’re just trying to teach a point___both sides will sit down together and talk.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
when
关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。
There was ________time ________I hated to go to school.
A. a; that B. a; when
C. the; that D. the ; when
why
关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。
Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？
4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：
原则
内 容
例 句
原则一
根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定
I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction__________she had come.
A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which
[解析]此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选[D]
原则二
根据先行词而定
There are two buildings , _______ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
[解析] the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为[D]。
5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象
定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。
现 象
例 句
在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。
①---Is that the small town you often refer to?
--- Right, just the one ________ you know I used to work for years.
A.that B. which C.where D.what
[解析] work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选[C] 。
②He made another wonderful discovery ,______of importance to science .
A.which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D. I think is
[解析]这里I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制性定语从句，故选［A］。
在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。
乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，” 不对啊， 天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点 状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。
在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house
and borrowed a diamond
necklace?
你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
6.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别
类 别
区 别
例 句
定语从句
与
并列句
定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer．
②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．
从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；
②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。
定语从句
与
状语从句
定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.
这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked.
这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。
It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。
（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。
（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
定语从句
与
同位语从句
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。
The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.
她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）
此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam
可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.
The news that he told us interested all of us.
他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）
The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us.
定语从句
与
强调句
强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport．
②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．
从结构上看：
①小题是强调句，故填 that。
②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。
此外还要注意下列两点：
▲定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai.
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life.
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is/was the first/second ... time +that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。
▲定语从句与简单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help.
②The mother told the lazy boy to work._____ didn't help.
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词;而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词;②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
【高考预测】
1. ______ is known to us all is that Shenzhou VII has launched for the first spacewalk successfully.
A. That B. What C. It D. As
2. Barack Obama delivered a speech to 500 local youths during his visit to China, many of _______ were from
Fudan University and Tongji University.
A. them B. whom C. which D. those
3.Most of us still wonder _______ it is _______ makes those honest peasant workers, without being paid at all, resign themselves to the bosses.
A. what; that B. /; what C. that; what D. /; that
4. — Join us in the party tonight, would you?
— Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t, ______ I ______ the content of some reports with my boss.
A. for; have discussed B. because; will be discussing
C. before; discussed D. when; will have discussed
5.—I’m going to New York for further studies next term.
—Congratulations! ________ you’re there, can you keep me e-mailed?
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
6. Probably no man had more effects on the daily lives of people in the United States ________ Henry Ford ________.
A. as; was B. than; was C. than; did D. as; did
7. There are a lot of students in the reading room, most of with their eyes on and their heads bent over their books.
A.whom; fixing B.them; fixed C.whom; fixed D.them; fixing
8. Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ________ appear in the working world.
A. where B. when C. that D. what
9. Faced with challenges, you should believe your courage is __________ makes a difference.
A. that B. what C. which D. whatever
10. —Do you have any idea of rugby?
—Abosolutely. It is a sport ______ players hold the ball and run with it.
A. which B.when C.why D.where
11. What was it _________ caused the modem nations to change their mind _________ they should help to preserve the Roma’s history?
A. /; why B. that; that C. that; / D. what; that
12. We went to the Lincoln Memorial yesterday, , not surprisingly, was crowded with visitors from all over the world. A.where B.which C.that D.when
13. It was the very place _________ the soldiers fought over sixty years ago.
A. that B. which C. where D. there
14. Hardly ______ when the bus suddenly pulled away.
A. they had got to the bus stop B. they got to the bus stop
C. did they get to the bus stop D. had they got to the bus stop
15. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced______ tractors in 1998 as the year before.
A. as many twice B. as twice as many C. twice as many D. twice as many as
16. You can fly to UK this morning _____ you don’t mind changing planes in Hong Kong.
A. because B. provided C. unless D. so far as
17. It’s the same in China---many people, _____some are not overweight at all, are always going on diets
or taking weight-loss pills, ______ are often dangerous.
A. whose; which B. of which; who C. of whom; which D. who; that
18. Is _________ 48 hours _________ the man-made satellite _________ is made in our country to orbit the planet around?
A. it; that; where B. it; when; that C. it for; that it takes; that D. it; that it takes; which
19.Is _________ 48 hours _________ the man-made satellite _________ is made in our country to orbit the planet around?
A. it; that; where B. it; when; that C. it for; that it takes; that D. it; that it takes; which
20. _____ occurred to me that the murder happened ____ a rainy day.
A. What; in B. What; on C. It; in D. It; on
21. The old man has a son and two daughters, ______ treating him well, ______ makes him sad.
A. none of them; which B. and none of whom; that
C. none of whom; which D. and none of them; that
22. Many experts hold the view ____ teachers’ development is _____the key to better education lies.
A. which; where B. which; what C. that; where D. that; which
23. Was it in Disneyland, ______ many cartoon characters can be seen, ______ the film was set?
A. that; where B. that; when C. in which; where D. where; that
24. the world economy is in difficulty, we can see, the people of China are full of hope.
A.As;/ B.Because;which C.Though;as D.With;/
25.The reason______ being late for the meeting was______ his little son fell ill this morning.
A. for, that B. why, that C. for, because D. why, because
26._______ she had time to realize what was happening, she was hit on the head.
A. Since B. Before C. When D. Until
27. What impresses me most is ______ he appears in front of others, he wears a sincere and charming smile.
A. what B. which C. that where D. that whenever
28.______ I failed in English a third time, I had no doubt about my gift for foreign languages.
A. By the time B. Until C. After D. Unless
29 In the past few years, “My Heart Will Go On” was a popular song among young people, __________ were often heard singing it at parties.
A. who B. which C. they D.that
30.The question came up at the meeting ______ we had enough money for our research. 高.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what 学科网
31.Faced with trouble or difficulty，a person takes help that is available.
A.whatever B.whenever C.wherever D.however
32.____ you have expressed your determination , you should act immediately.
A. Now that B. Even though C. In order that D. Until
33.You’d better give the task to_______ you think can finish it ahead of time.
A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. no matter who
34.—It’s a long time __________I saw you last.
—Yes, and what a pity it is that it will be another year_______ we see each other again.
A. before;since B. since; when C.since;before D. when;before
35.Japanese scientists said “Our dream is to create(clone)a mammoth(猛犸)， it is a big dream.”
A. since B. because C. though D. however
36.The disease outbreak had infected 65 people by last Monday, 19 have died.
A. with which B. of whom C. for whom D. in which
37._________ a small number of Australians are bitten by spiders each year, most recover without any medical treatment.
A. While B. Unless C. When D. Because
38.—Will you go to Mary’s birthday party?
—No. _____ invited, I can’t go. I’ll be too busy then.
A. If B. Unless C. Even if D. When
39. annoyed him most was that he had received no apology.
A.How B.Why C.What D.Which
40.—Do you think the weather will be all right this summer?
—No, _______ we’re lucky. The newspaper says it’ll be very hot anyway.
A. unless B. if C. though D. as
41.—When shall Janet return to work?
—_________ she has totally recovered.
A. If B. Since C. When D. Until
42.He had to be reminded two or three times ________ he could avoid making the same mistake.
A. before B. when C. until D. as
43.I don't say I am against their plan. But the trouble is __ _ they do doesn't agree with what they say. 高.考.资.源.A. what that B. that what C. if what D. what if
44.It was shortly after that serious accident happened ______ all the people involved were caught and questioned.
A. since B. that C. before D. when
45.Lucy was having a holiday with her friend in a national park ____ she was bitten on the foot by a snake.
A. while B. since C. once D. when
46.____ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.
A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When
47.The game is not very difficult you understand the roles.
A. until B. though C. once D. unless
48.The conference aims to develop business and let people think about ______ they can have a positive influence on the planet.
A.why B.that C.what D.how
49.Honesty is a kind of quality and that’s it takes to communicate with others successfully.
A.what B.why C.how D.which
50. It was the training _______he had at school _______made him good jumper.
A.what;what B.that;that C.what;that D.that;what
【参考答案】
1-5BBABB 6-10CBCBD 11-15BBCDC 16-20BCDDD 21-25ACDCA
26-30BDBAA 31-35AAACC 36-40BACCA 41-45CABBD 46-50ACDAB
特殊句式(强调、替代、省略和倒装)
【考点分析】
强调句
替代
1.do/does/did替代动词;
2.so和not分别代替肯定和否定的从句.
省略
1.主语的省略;
2.谓语或谓语的一部分的省略;
3.宾语的省略;
4.不定式的省略;
5.宾语从句和状语从句中的省略;
6.虚拟条件句中if的省略。
倒装句
1.部分倒装;
2.完全倒装
3.常考的几个重要句型：
So +be/情态/助动词+主语
Neither+be/情态/助动词+主语
So +adj/adv …+that …
Neither …, nor …
Not only …, but also …
Not until …
【知识点归纳】
I.强调句
1.It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…
为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语、或状语)，常用强调结构：
It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…
表示强调的it在这种结构的句子中作主句的主语。
原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.
强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.
强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.
强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that (who)…;如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…。
另外，还有下面几点需要特别注意：
①在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的一致
It is I who am a teacher.
②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数
It is they who often help me with my lessons.
③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why 或 how ，而用that
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.
④在强调not … until 结构中由 until 短语(或从句)表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型
It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。
My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.
It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.
⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序：即把is/ was提到it前面。
Did this happen in Beijing?
Was it in Beijing that this happened?
⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分? "
Where were you born?
Where was it that you were born?
⑦not …until…句型的强调句
句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用;因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
2.谓语动词的强调
It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必(千万)要小心啊!
注意：此种强调只用do/does和did ，没有别的形式;过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
II替代
1.do/does/did替代动词
If that's the case then 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 people would weigh as much as the whole Earth
does.(= weighs)
Difficulties strengthen the mind, as labour does(= strengthen) the body.劳动锻炼身体，困难锻炼意志。
A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.(替代)
2.so和not分别代替肯定和否定的从句(常用动词：think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess,be afraid,fear,hope.etc.)
—Is he coming?
—I suppose so./So I suppose.
否定：I suppose not.
III.省略句
省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略。
(一)词法上的省略
1.名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略
①如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。
②名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。
at the doctor's 在诊所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家
to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理发店
2.冠词的省略
①为了避免重复
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 电闪雷鸣。(thunder前省略了定冠词the)
②在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。
She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
③在某些独立主格结构中。
Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)
我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
④在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。
3.介词的省略
①both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。
Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。
②在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。
③和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing...,
have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介词可以省略。
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗?
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。
4.动词不定式中的省略
①有些动词，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构。
to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。
I consider him (to be) lazy. 我认为他懒。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。
②感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式。中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。
They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。
注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
③在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to;but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。
We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。
④在并列结构中为了避免重复。
I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。
但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。
I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。
⑤在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。
Why talk so much about it? 为什么大谈这个事呢?
Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢?
⑥动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。
They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。
Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。
在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的to可以承前(后)省略。
—Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗?
—Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).
我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。
在某些形容词，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。
—Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗?
—Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 当然，我愿意。
有些动词，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。
He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come). 尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。
注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。
—Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗? --No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
(二)句法上的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也
可以省略多个句子成分。
1.简单句中的省略
①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。
What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊!
How wonderful!多妙啊!
②在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。
—(Will you)Have a smoke? 你抽烟吗?—No. Thanks. 不，谢谢了。
(Is there)Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗?
2.并列句中的省略
①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
④在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。
3.复合句中的省略
▲名词性从句中的省略
①作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语
Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。
②有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。
(I'm)Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。
③在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助
动词should可以省略。
It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely.我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。
▲定语从句中的省略
①在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。
The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?
②关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week,
month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。
The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。
▲状语从句中的省略
当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，
常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
①在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。
While(I was) waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。
②在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。
③在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。
You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.
除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。
④在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。
He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。
He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。
⑤在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。
I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。
This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。
IV.倒装句
“倒装句”主要指的是谓语语序的倒装,当然也有宾语和表语语序的倒装。将谓语的一部分提到主语之前叫部分倒装;将谓语的全部提到主语之前叫全部倒装。
(一)部分倒装
部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do / does /did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。部分倒装主要有以下几种情况:
1.句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。
这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, little, seldom, rarely, hardly,scarcely, no sooner, not only, in no way, at no time, few, not, no等,
Not a word did I say to him.
Never have I found him so happy.
Little does he care about what I said.
I can’t swim. Neither can he.
No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.
Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep.
单项选择题：
①Hardly ________ the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived at B. had I arrived C. had I reached D. I had got to
② —Have you ever seen anything like that before?
—No, ________ anything like that before.
A. I never have seen B. never I have seen C. never have I seen D. I have seen
③She is not fond of cooking, ________ I.
A. so am B. nor am C. neither D. nor do
(key:CCB)
2.only + 状语放在句首,要部分倒装。
Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语)
Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词)
Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句)
注意:如果only后面不是状语,则不用倒装。例如:OnlyWang Ling knows this.
单项选择题：
①Only in this way ________ make progress in your English.
A. you B. can you C. you be able to D. will you able to
②Only when the meeting was over________ go back to meet his friend.
A. he could B. he was able to C. was he able to D. was able to he
(key:BC)
3.so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装。
I saw the film, so did she.
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.
单项选择题：
①I like sports and ________ my brother.
A. so does B. so is C. so can D. so likes
②The doctor told Charlie to breathe deeply and ________.
A. so did Charlie B. Charlie did so C.Charlie does so D. did Charlie so
③So loudly ________ that ________ hear her clearly.
A. did she speak; could everyone B. did she speak; everyone could
C. she spoke; could everyone D. she spoke; everyone could
④If you don’t go to his birthday party next Friday,__________.
A. so do I B. so will I C. nor do I D. nor will I
(key:ABBD)
4.“Not only + 分句,but also + 分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装。
Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it.
但not only...but also...连接主语时,不倒装。Not only the mother but also the children are sick.
单项选择题：
________ himself wrong, but his friends were wrong.
A. Not was only he B. Not only he C. Not only was he D. Not only was
(key:C)
5.Not until放在句首,从句不倒装,主句倒装。
Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句)
Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句)
单项选择题：
①Not until the early years of the 19th century ________ know what heat is.
A. man did B. man C. didn’t man D. did man
②Not until I began to work ________ realize how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I B. did I C. I didn’t D. I
(key:DB)
6.as引导的让步状语从句
Proud as these nobles are, he’s afraid to see me.
Tired as he was, he kept on running.
单项选择题：
________, he’s honest.
A. As he is poor B. Poor is he C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he
(key:C)
7.在以often, well, many a time, now and again
等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构
Many a time has John given me good advice.
Often have we made that test.
单项选择题：
Many a time ________ swimming alone.
A. the boy went B. went the boy C. did the boy go D. did go the boy
(key:C)
8.在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。
Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.
Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
9.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。
May you succeed!
(二)全部倒装
全部倒装有以下几种情况:
1.There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear,live, rise, stand等。
There stood a dog before him.
There exist different opinions on this question.
单项选择题：
________ a beautiful palace ________ the foot of the hill.
A.There stand; at B.There stands; under C.Stands there; under D.There stands; at
(key:D)
2.“Here, There, Now, Then + come (或be等) + 主语” 结构
说明:本句型中there是副词,应重读,强调地点。而前一句型中的there是引导词,本身没意义。如:
Here comes the old lady!
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
There comes the bus.
Now comes your turn.
除了then引导的句子用过去式以外,其余的均用一般现在时,表示一种生动的描述。其次,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。
Here you are.
There she comes.
单项选择题：
There ________. And here ________.
A.goes the phone; she comes B.is the phone going; is she
C.does the phone go; does she come D.the phone goes; come she
(key:A)
3.表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于句首,要用全部倒装。但主语是代词时部分倒装。
In came Mr White.
Up went the arrow into the air.
Away went the boy.
单项选择题：
①Out ________, with a stick in his hand.
A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush
②________ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him.
A.Jumped down the robber B.Jumped the robber down
C.Down jumped the robber D.Down the robber jumped
(key:CC)
4.表示地点的介词短语 (如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house,in the middle of the room等)放在句首时,要全部倒装。
On the top of the hill stands a pine tree.
In front of the classroom is a playground.
They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.
单项选择题：
Near the church ________ cottage.
A.was such an old B.had a so old C.was such old a D.is so an old
(key:A)
5.其它形式的完全倒装
Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.(形容词短语)
Such was the story he told me.(代词)
East of the city lies a new railway. (副词短语)
First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短语)
Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (过去分词)
Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语)
6.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
【高考预测】
1.At no time,as we know,______forget that solving Taiwan Issue is entirely internal Chinese affair.
A.we can B.we could C.can we D.could we
2.So hard________that he can go to an ideal university.
A.studied Tom B.did Tom study C.does Tom study D.studies Tom
3.—How is the man injured in the earthquake?
—The doctor said if______in a proper way,he was likely to be saved.
A.treated B.treating C.is treated D.to be treated
4.It was not what he said but______he ________said it that hurt my feelings.
A.that B.what C.how D.whether
5.it’s in the city_______you are going to pay a visit to_______this kind of beer is produced.
A./;where B.where;that C./;that D.that;which
6.Peter is not working this week.You can ring him at home_________.
A.if necessary B.if so C.if true D.if any
7.—Don’t go there alone in such late hours.
—Don’t worry.I__________.
A.don’t B.won’t C.haven’t D.didn’t
8.old as the car is,___ __it works quite well.
A.but B.yet C.so D.however
9.—He has performed very well.
—__________,and_________.
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have
10.—In which part of the play was________your brother appeared?
—In the last ten minutes.
A.that where B.this when C.it that D.it where
11.I’d rather you did some housework when you are free,but you_________.
A.don’t B.didn’t C.wouldn’t D.weren’t
12.—it is many years since I last saw you.I didn’t recognize you at first.
—I_________,either,if someone hadn’t called you by name.
A.wouldn’t B.wouldn’t have C.didn’t D.hadn’t
13.________and we will complete the task sent to us.
A.Another hour B.An hour later C.After an hour D.In an hour
14._________happened to be no one in the building when the fire broke out.
A.It B.There C.This D.That
15.—How was the weather them?
—Hardly_______off the plane when it started to rain.
A.I had stepped B.had I stepped C.I stepped D.did I step
16.Not until quite recently_________that language is closely related to culture.
A.he realized B.did he realize C.had he realized D.he did realize
17.It’s require that the students________mobile phones in their school,so seldom_______them using one.
A.not use,will you see B.should not use;you will see
C.don’t use;will you see D.would not use;you will see
18.It is only when the stress gets out of control ___ it can lead to poor performance and ill health.
A.when B.until C.that D.before
19.It _______ we have had a chance to discuss it thoroughly ______ the problem will be settled.
A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until;that
20.—People says your little brother has been admitted into Qinghua University.
—Yes.Never ________ he could achieve so much success.
A.I had thought B. I would have thought C.could I have thought D. will I have thought
21.—Jack, you promised!
—Well, ________.But it was you who didn’t keep your word first.
A. so was I B. so did I C. so I was D. so I did.
22.Only by joint efforts ________a warm relationship between teachers and students.
A. we can enjoy B. can we enjoy C. we enjoy D. we must enjoy
23.The thief has not yet turned out, but when _______, I’ll telephone to you.
A.he does B. he is C. they do D. they are
24.________ that they cannot be shown in the maps.
A.So small those ponds and streams are B.So small are those ponds and streams
C.So those ponds and streams are small D.So are those ponds and streams are small
25.________,he can succeed in his work if he works hard.
A.As a person is foolish B.Foolish as a person is
C.As is a person foolish D.As foolish a person is
26.—You should have thanked the hostess before leaving.
—I meant . But I couldn’t find her when I was leaving.
A.to do B.to C.doing D.doing so
27.I don't remember how many years ago ______ people began to grow crops.
A. it was when B. it was that C. was it when D. was it that
28.—Where was it ___ _ the earthquake broke out yesterday ? —In an Italian city.
A.where B.which C.how D.that
29.Little that danger in the earthquake when they were busy saving their students.
A.the teachers realized B.the teachers didn’t realize
C.didn’tthe teachers realize D.did the teachers realize
30.We must apply what we have learned to our daily work because in no case_______from practice.
A.should theory separate B.should theory be separated
C.theory should separate D.theory should be separated
【参考答案】
1-5CCACC 6-10ABBBC 11-15ABABB
16-20BACDC 21-25DBABB 26-30BBDDB
情景交际
几个常考的交际用语
①It all depends!(视情况而定);
②what if(倘若......会怎么样);
③What for?(做什么用，为什么);
④So what ?(那又怎么样);
⑤Got it!(明白了);
⑥Take your time.(别着急);
⑦Take it easy.(放松点);
⑧It’s up to…(由……决定)。
【知识点归纳】
I.日常交际应答语
1.感谢与应答
感谢
Thank you very much.
Thanks a lot.
Many thanks.
应答
That's all right.
Thanks for helping me.
You're welcome.
That's OK.
Not at all.
It’s my pleausre.
Don’t mention it.
It’s nothing.
Think nothing of it.
Forget it.
2.道歉与应答
道歉
I'm sorry.
I'm sorry to trouble you.
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
应答
It doesn't matter.
It's not important.
That's/It’s nothing.
Not at all.
Neve rmind.
That’s all right.
Forget it.
That’s OK.
No problem.
Not to worry.
3.劝告、建议与应答
劝告和建议
I think you ought to…我想你应该……
If I were you, I’d…如果我是你，我会……
It might be a good idea if you…如果你……这倒是个好主意。
Have you ever thought of…? 你是否想过要……?
I recommend that……我建议……
I strongly advise you to……我极力主张你……
You really ought to……你的确应该……
Personally, I think you’d better……依我看，你最好……
Why not do……? 为什么不……?
Why don’t you do……? 你为什么不……?
I suggest that……我建议……
What about doing……? ……怎么样?
How about doing……? ……怎么样?
Shall we……? 我们去……好吗?
Let’s……, shall we? 让我们去……好吗?
You need (to)……你需要……
应答
肯定的：
Good idea.
That’s great.
Sounds great.
It sounds great.
That’s fine.
Why not?
否定的：
I’d love to,but…
I’m afraid…
It’s an idea,but…
4.请求与应答
请求
May I...?
Can I?
Could I...?
Do you mind if I…
应答
肯定的：
With pleasure.
Certainly(Of course)
Sure,go ahead.
Yes,help yourself.
Of Course not,go ahead(回答Do you mind if I…的请求)
否定的：
I’m afraid not.
Better not.
I’d rather you didn’t.
5.应答对方的要求
肯定的：
All right.
I will.
否定的：
No way.
Forget it.
—Do remember to call me up when you arrive. —I will.
—I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. —No way.It was her fault.
6.邀请与应答
邀请
Would you like to … ?
Why don’t we…?
应答
肯定的：
That would be fine.
Tha’s very kind of you.
All right.
Yes,I’d love to.
否定的：
I’d love to,but…
Sorry,I can’t.
I’m afraid I can’t.
7.祝愿、祝贺与应答
祝愿、祝贺
Good luck!
Best wishes to you.
Have a nice/good time/journey.
Congratulations!
Happy New Year!
Merry Christmas!
Happy birthday to you.
应答
Thank you!
The same to you.
You,too.
—Happy New Year!(Merry Christmas!)
—The same to you.(You,too.)
8.鼓励、赞扬与应答
鼓励、赞扬
Very good.
Well done.
Wonderful.
Excellent.
Come on.
Keep trying.
You can do it.
应答
Thank you.
OK.
I’ll try it again.
9.提供帮助与应答
主动提供帮助时：
Can I help you?
What can I do for you
Would you like me to help you?
Do you want me to…
Let me…
需要别人帮助时：
Yes，please
Thank you for your helpThanks.
不需要别人帮助时：
No，thank youthank you all the same.
That’s very kind of you, but…
II.情感态度的表达
1.表示惊奇
Really?
How come?(何以会……?为什么)
What a surprise!
Oh，dear!
Good heavens!
2.表示同情
I’m sorry to hear that.
Don’t worry.
What a pity!
That’s really unlucky.
Bad luck.
Just my luck.
3.表示安慰
Don’t worry.
Don’t be afraid.
Take your time.
Take it easy.
Make yourself at home.
It’s quite all right.
It’ll be OK.
4.表示鼓励
Come on.
Cheer up.
You can do it.
You will make it.
5.表示同意
I quite agree.
I couldn’t agree more.
Exactly.
Certainly.
Absolutely.
Of course.
All right.
That’s a good idea.
No problem.
I think so.
6.表示不同意
Not really.
Not Exactly.
I don’t quite agree.
I don’t think so.
I’m afraid not.
It’s hard to say.
Well,that’s depend.
No way.
Of course not.
7.表示不在乎
So what?
Who cares?
III.日常交际问答
1.问候
①A:Good morning/afternoon/evening.
Hello/Hi.
How do you do?
Nice to meet you.
B:答语与问候语相同。
②A:How are you?
B:Fine, thank you.And you?
A:Very well,thank you.
2.问时间、日期
A:What day is it? B:It's Monday.
A:What's the date? B:It's Jan. 10th.
A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...
3.打电话
This is…(speaking). 我是……(不说I am…)
It is …here. 我是……
May I speak to …, please? 请找……接电话好吗?
Can I speak to …, please? 请找……接电话好吗?
Could I speak to …, please? 请找……接电话好吗?
I’d like to speak to…, please. 请找……接电话好吗?
Who’s that (speaking / calling)? 你是谁?(不说Who are you?)
Is that …(speaking)? 你是……吗?
Is …there? ……在吗?
Is…in? ……在吗?
Hold on, please. 请稍等。
Hold the line, please.请稍等。
Can I take a message? 你可以留个口信吗?(对方要找的人不在时)
Can you give/ leave a message?你可以留个口信吗?(对方要找的人不在时)
Can/Could I ask who is calling?请问您是哪位?
May I have your telephone number? 您的电话号码是多少?
4.购物
What can I do for you?您要买点什么?
Can I help you? 您要买点什么?
What’s the price of …?……的价钱是多少?
How much is…? ……多少钱?
It’s well worth the money.很合算。
Have you got anything a little cheaper? 有没有比这便宜点的?
How much does it come to? 总共多少钱?
How much is it altogether? 总共多少钱?
Try it for size. 试试大小。
Will you show me…?请拿给我看……?
Have you got any…? 你们有……吗?
It’s a bit too large (small, plain. gaudy etc.) for me.
这对于我来说太大(太小，太素，太花哨等)了。
That’s fine. I’ll take it. 那好，我买了。
That’s too expensive, I’m afraid.恐怕那太贵了。
What colour do you want? 你要什么颜色?
What size do you want? 你要什么尺寸的?
Do you have any other kind? 你们有别的种类吗?
5.问路
Excuse me.Where’s …?劳驾，……在什么地方?
Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to…? 劳驾，你能告诉我去……的路吗?
How can I get to…?我怎样去……?
Go down this street.顺着这条街走。
Turn right at the first crossing.在第一个十字路口向右拐。
Turn left at the second crossing.在第二个十字路口向左拐。
It’s about…metres from here.离这里大约有……米。
It’s only a ten-minute walk from here.走十分钟就到了。
Go straight ahead till you see…一直往前走直到你看见……
【高考预测】
1.—This free gift doesn't look good.
—_____________, madam, but if you want good quality, you have to pay for it.
A. No problem B. No doubt C. No offence D. No way
2.—Was yesterday’s party a great success?
—______.Tom, who is a good mixer, didn’t show up.
A. Not surprisingly B. Not necessarily C. Not exactly D. Not really
3.——Can I get you a cup of coffee?
——___________.
A.With pleasure. B.You can please. C.That’s very nice of you. D.Thank you for the coffee.
4.—I’m so anxious about my driving test tomorrow. Would you please give me some advice?
— ____.I’m sure you are good enough to pass it. Be confident of yourself.
A. Absolutely B. Take it easy C. You are right D. Not really
5. —You shouldn’t have taken pictures before the carved stones.
—___________.
A. Pardon me B. Yes, I will C. Never mind D. Don’t mention it
6.—Please tell Bruce he has won the first prize in the maths contest.
—________! He never did so well before.
A. Congratulations B. Good luck C. That’s right D. What a good surprise
7.—Tom, I got a strange call this morning, saying I had won an expensive car, which puzzled me.
—___________
A. Congratulations. B. You are a lucky dog. C. Forget it. It’s too expensive. D. Perhaps it’s a trick
8.—Don’t you agree with what he said?
—Yes， !It can’t be .
A.approximately;better B.absolutely;better C.relatively;worse D.fortunately; worse
9.—I’d like to invite you to my new house this Sunday.
—________.
A. Oh, no. Let’s not B. I’m very sorry, but I have other plans
C. I’d rather stay at home D. Oh, no. That’ll be too much trouble
10.—Sorry, Peter. I’m afraid that I can’t go to the cross talk show by Guo Degang with you.
— ! Who knows when he will come here next time?
A.Take it easy B.What a shame C.It doesn’t matter D.Do as you like
11.—Do you mind my smoking here?
—__________!
A.No, thanks B.No. Good idea C.Yes, please D.Yes.Better not
12.—Tom, would you like to come to our dinner party?
—_ ____.
A. Yes, I would B. Sure, it’s my pleasure C. No, I can’t come D.Yes, with pleasure
13. — My name is Jack Smith.________
—Hi! I’m Jackson.
A. How do you do? B. Nice to meet you again.
C. How about you? D. How are you?
14.—Her grandpa passed away yesterday.
—_____ _ .
A.How do you like it? B.He was a kind man. C.Sorry to hear that. D.What shall we do?
15.—Shall we go there next Sunday?
—________?
—To see the football match.
A.What with B.What by C.What for D.What on
16.—Is there anything I can do for you，sir?
—_____ .
A.Perhaps.Go ahead B.No.Take your time
C.Yes.You're welcome D.Not now.Thanks anyway
17.—Sorry,I can't go camping with you. I have to prepare well enough for the entrance-exam.
—________!We can camp together next time.
A.Don't say so B.Congratulations C.Good luck D.No problem
18.— I’m going to travel to Sydney. Would you please tell me about your experiences there?
—________.Let’s discuss it over lunch.
A.Go ahead B.It just depends C.That’s wonderful D.By all means
19.—Shall I begin the lecture?
—I’m afraid we have to wait for a while. John is coming with a microphone.
— . I can do without the microphone.
A.I’m sorry B.Excuse me C.I beg your pardon D.Never mind
20.—Will he be back by ten tonight?
—No, _____ .
A.I think not so B.I’m not afraid C.I’m afraid not D.I don’t hope so
21.—Tom, you are smoking again?
—______? It’s none of your business.
A.So what B.How come C.Why not D.What for
22.—You must obey every word of mine!
一______ I don’t?
A.How about B.What if C.So what D.what about
23.—Do remember to charge the battery 12 hours when you first use it.
— .
A.Made it B.Got it C.Understood it D.Remembered it
24.—What kind of dancing do you like?
—____________.If it’s rock music I’ll do disco，and if it’s romantic music I’ll do ballet.
A.pardon B.I can’t tell you C.It all depends D.Not exactly
25.— Do you think I should join the singing group, Mary?
— ___ __ .If I were in your shoes, I certainly would.
A.None of your business B.It depends C.Why not D.I don’t think so
26.— Is there anything wrong with my heart?
—Nothing serious.____________.
A.Take it easy. B. Cheer up C. No way D. What a pity
27.—Excuse me, could you please spare me a few minutes to explain this?
—Sorry, but I must go to a meeting now.
—_______________.
A.Thanks a lot B.What a pity C.I am sorry to hear that D.Thanks anyway
28. —Whose advice do you think I should follow?
—___________.
A. No problem B. Come on C. It’s up to you D. Well, that’s life
29. —Can you turn down the radio, please?
—________.
A. Oh, I know B. I'm sorry; I didn't realize it was that loud
C. I'll keep it down next time. D. Please forgive me
30.—I’m not good at basketball, you know.
—_______ We’re playing for fun. Just try and you’ll see you can do it.
A. Well, it depends. B. Take your time. C. Come on! D. That’s OK.
31.—Shall I give you a hand with this as you are so busy now?
—Thank you. _______.
A. Of course you can B. If you like C. It’s up to you D. It couldn’t be better
32. —I can’t finish the paper until tomorrow, I’m afraid.
—That’s OK, there’s ______.
A. no problem B. no hurry C. no doubt D. no wonder
33.—Would you like another cup of tea?
—Thanks, .
A. but why not B. but I’d rather not C. and I’d like not D. and I’d rather not
34.— I’m afraid I can’t finish the book within this week.
—- _______.
A. Please go ahead B. That’s right C. Not at all D. Take your time
35.—I'm not good at singing，you know.
— It's just for fun.
A. No problem. B. Come on! C. What a pity! D. Cheer up.
36.—Michael was late for Mr. Smith’s oral class this morning.
—____ _? As far as I know, he never came late to class.
A. How come B. So what C. Why not D. What for
37.—Hi, Mr Yu, I want to buy a pen, but I happen to have no money with me. Could you lend me some?
—__________.
A. That’s fine B. Nothing serious C. Never mind D. No problem
38.—Could you please tell me the answer to this question?
—_______________! It is not my style to help people cheat.
A. No problem B. No way C. Not at all D. No doubt
39. — Let’s go hiking this afternoon, Ok?
— __________
A. Not at all. B. Never mind. C. Why not? D. What of it?
40.—The toast bread is really delicious. Can I have a second piece?
—_________.
A. Behave yourself B. Help yourself C. Do it yourself D. Go ahead if you don’t mind
41.— Why don’t you take a taxi there? It’ll save you a lot of time.
— _________.
A.Thank you anyway! B.Yes, let’s. C.Good idea! D.That’s all right.
42. —The WHO expert points out that the H1N1 flu remains a constant threat to the health state of the whole world.
— . It’s really a serious problem facing us.
A.Sorry, but I cant B.No, I agree with you C.It sounds a good idea D.I can’t agree more
43.— I was late for work this morning.
— _________ You started early, didn’t you?
A. Why not? B. So what? C. How come? D. Never mind..
44.—Shall I begin the lecture?
-I afraid we have to wait for a while.John is coming with a microphone.
- .I can do without the microphone.
A.I'm sorry B.Excuse me C.I beg your pardon D.Never mind
45. — How are you getting on with your work ? — .
A.Thank you B.Fine , thank you C.Quite well ,thank you D.Why do you ask so ?
46.— Shall we go out for a drink tonight? —__ ____.
A.You are right B. It must be funny C.That sounds great D. Have a nice time.
47.—Would you mind if I opened the window ?
—__ ____. In fact, I was going to suggest you __ __ it.
A. Yes; not did B.Not at all; do C. More or less; did D. Of course; do
48.—Thank you very much for helping me out of trouble, Bob.
—____________.
A. With pleasure B.Don’t mention it C. That’s right D. I hope so
49.—Can I take a week’s holiday, Sir?
—_________; we are too busy at present.
A. Don’t worry B. Don’t mention it C.Forget it D. No problem
50.—Don’t interrupt me while I’m explaining the problems to you.
—____ __.
A .All right，go ahead B. It’s my pleasure C. Of course，with pleasure D. Not at all
【参考答案】
1-5CDCBA 6-10DDBBB 11-15DDACC 16-20DCDDC 21-25ABBCC
26-30ADCBC 31-35DBBDB 36-40ADBCB 41-45CDCDC 46-50CBBCA
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