高考高频易混词语辨析整理Geoffrey 7页

高考高频易混词语辨析 ‎（北京大学特聘教授、北京市中学英语特级教师、北京师范大学特聘教授 程中一）‎ ‎1. celebrate, congratulate ‎ celebrate 和 congratulate 的区别：‎ ‎(1) celebrate 意思是举行仪式、典礼的“庆祝”，只能用事（节日、胜利、成功等）作宾语；‎ We had a party to celebrate Mother's silver wedding. 我们举行宴会庆祝母亲的银婚纪念日。‎ ‎(2)congratulate 意思是“祝贺；道贺”，只能用人作宾语，若要表明所祝贺的事情，后面要用 on (upon) 连接，例如：‎ We congratulated her on winning the contest. 我们祝贺她在比赛中获胜。‎ I will congratulate you (up) on your success. 我预祝你成功。‎ 注意：‎ 译：他们下星期为你庆贺生日。‎ 误：They will congratulate your birthday next week.‎ 正：They will celebrate your birthday next week.‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用 celebrate 和 congratulate 的适当形式填空。‎ 1. I _______ you on the birth of a son.‎ 2. We should _______ the boy for keeping a cool head.‎ 3. He _______ his birthday with a banquet.‎ 4. We _______ our national Day every year.‎ 5. They held a party to _______ the victory.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. congratulate 2. congratulate 3. celebrated 4. celebrate 5. celebrate ‎2. chance, opportunity ‎ chance 和 opportunity 这两个单词都可以表示“机会”，但含义不同。‎ ‎(1)chance 指侥幸的或偶然的机会,或无法解释的 “天意” 或 “命运” 所安排的时机，意为运气，机会。‎ It’s the chance of lifetime. 这是千载难逢的机会。‎ ‎(2) opportunity 指符合人们意向或目的的一般机会，或指某一特定时机，有利于做某件事以实现某种抱负与愿望，意为：良机，机会。二者常可交换使用。例如：‎ What a wonderful opportunity! 多么难得的机会呀！‎ They had no chance/opportunity to escape. 他们没有逃跑的机会。‎ I had no chance/opportunity to see him. 我没机会见到他。‎ I never miss a chance/opportunity of playing football. 我从不放弃任何踢足球的机会。‎ I wish I'd had your chances/opportunities. 但愿我曾获得你那样的好机会。‎ 注意:‎ ‎① 表示偶然性，强调“命运”的安排时，chance 比 opportunity 更好。例如：‎ Chance plays an important part in many card games. 在很多纸牌游戏中，运气起着重要的作用。‎ A wise man turns chance into good fortune. 聪明人能把机会变成好运气。‎ ‎② chance 还可表示 “可能性”，opportunity 没有这种用法，例如：‎ The chances are ten to one that we will win. 我们获胜的可能性是十比一。‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用 chance 和 opportunity 的适当形式填空。‎ 1. Don’t let slip any _______ of improving you.‎ 1. There are not many promotion ________ in this company.‎ 2. I am glad to have this ________ of speaking to you.‎ 3. By some strange ________, we discovered the error.‎ 4. This is the ________ had been waiting for.‎ 5. There was no ________ in such a system for the poor.‎ 6. There is little ________ of meeting him again.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. opportunity 2. opportunities 3. opportunity/chance 4. chance 5. chance 6. chance 7. chance ‎3. choose, elect, select ‎ choose, elect 和 select 这三个动词都有 “挑选”、“选择” 的意思，但各自的含义和用法有所不同。 ‎ ‎（1）choose 是普通用语，指按自己的判断力或好恶来进行挑选，挑选可以在两者、也可以在任意多者之中进行，其后接 between A and/or B, sb./sth. from sb./sth., sb./sth. as sth.。例如：‎ Miss Li has to choose between giving up her job and/or hiring a nanny.李小姐得在放弃工作和雇用保姆之间作选择。‎ Could you choose me a good one from among them? 劳驾给我从中挑选一个好的,行吗？‎ The students chose Gao Feng as their monitor. 学生们选高峰当班长。‎ ‎ （2）select 表示在选择上比 choose 要考虑得更细致，主要根据被选对象的优劣，选拔、精选出最佳或最合适者，被挑选对象一般多于两个，其后面常常接 sb./sth. (from sb./sth.), sb./sth.(as sth.)。例如：‎ He selected an appropriate birthday card from the rack for his mother. 他从架子上给母亲挑选了一张合适的生日贺卡。‎ Who was selected as the team leader? 选谁出来当队长？‎ ‎ （3）elect指通过投票等方式正式地选出，常作 “选举”、“推选” 解，后面接sb.(to sth.), sb. (as) sth.。例如：‎ Ms. Mendel was elected to parliament. 门德尔女士当选为议员。‎ We elected him (as) our team leader by a show of hands. 我们通过举手的方式选举他当队长。‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用choose, elect 和 select 的适当形式填空。‎ 1. My wife took a long time to ______ a new dress.‎ 2. They want to _____ some from among them for seeds.‎ 3. There is nothing to ______ between them.‎ 4. The people _____ my brother as chairman.‎ 5. The girl _____ the red sweater rather than the pink one.‎ 6. My wife was _____ to the committee.‎ 7. Why didn’t you _____ a better subject for your composition?‎ 8. When people _____ someone, they _____ that person to represent them by voting.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. choose/select 2. select 3. choose 4. elected 5. chose 6. elected 7. select 8. elect, choose ‎4. contrary，opposite ‎ contrary 和 opposite 用作形容词，均可表示“完全相反的”。‎ ‎(1) contrary 一般用于表示相反的意见、计划、目的等抽象意义，有时带有矛盾或敌对的意味：‎ What you have done is contrary to the doctor's orders. 你所做的与医生的指示恰好相反。‎ Your statement is contrary to the facts. 你的陈述与事实相反。‎ Opposite 和contrary 有时可通用：‎ The trains go in opposite/contrary directions. 火车朝着相反的方向行驶。‎ 要表达 black 和 white, calm 和 agitate 这样成对的概念时，即这一个是另一个的反面，不可说 What's the contrary of “calm”?‎ 而应说 What's the opposite of “calm”? calm（镇静）的反面是什么？‎ ‎(2) opposite 是常用词，常指相反的位置、方向、性质、结果等静态含义，但不一定有敌对的含义。‎ Go into that opposite room, and wait there until I come. 到对面那个房间去，在那儿等我回来。‎ It would have just the opposite effect. 它会产生完全相反的结果。‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用 contrary 和 opposite 填空。‎ 1． In England you must drive on the ______ side of the road to rest of Europe.‎ ‎2. John and Mary sat at ______ ends of the table.‎ ‎3. This is Number 6, so Number 13 must be on the ______ side of the street.‎ ‎4. “Hot” and “cold” are ______ term.‎ ‎5. The ship was delayed by ______ wind.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. opposite 2. opposite 3. opposite 4. contrary 5. contrary ‎5. damage, destroy, ruin ‎ damage, destroy 和 ruin 这三个单词均表示“破坏”、“损坏”的意思，但各自的含义和用法不同。‎ ‎ (1)damage 指部分“损坏”、“损害”、“破坏”或指使用价值有所降低。它可以用作动词，也可以用作名词，用作名词时常与to sth. 连用。例如：‎ A lot of houses in the area were damaged by the storm. 暴风雨毁坏了这个地区很多的房屋。‎ The accident did a lot of damage to his car. 这次车祸使他的车受到很大的损坏。‎ ‎ (2)destroy 只能用作动词，指彻底破坏，以致不可能修复，常作“破坏”、“毁灭”解，也可以指希望、计划等打破。例如：‎ The earthquake destroyed almost the whole town. 地震几乎毁灭了整个市镇。‎ My hope of being a writer was destroyed. 我想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。‎ ‎ (3)ruin 则表示破坏严重，以致不能修复，但这种破坏不像 destroy 那样毁灭某物，而是强调致使该物的使用价值发生了问题。用作动词时，它作“使毁灭”、“使崩溃”、“弄糟”解；用作名词时，它表示“毁灭”、“瓦解”、“废墟”等抽象概念。ruin 也有借喻的用法。例如：‎ The fire ruined the castle. 那场大火使城堡夷为废墟。‎ He has ruined his health through drinking. 他饮酒过多，把身体搞垮了。‎ The house has fallen into ruin. 房子倒塌了。‎ The company is facing ruin. 这家公司面临破产。‎ 自我测试 ‎ 根据句意，用 damage, destroy 和 ruin的适当形式填空。‎ 1. There was no way of repairing the house. It had been _______.‎ 2. A fire had severely _______ part of the school.‎ 1. Several buildings were _______ by the bomb.‎ 2. He _______ his respects by carelessness.‎ 3. Many of the books were _______ by fire.‎ 4. We passed the _______ of an old castle.‎ 5. She poured water all over my painting and _______ it.‎ 6. All hopes of a peaceful settlement were ________ by his violent speech.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. ruined 2. damaged 3. destroyed 4. ruined 5. damaged 6. ruin 7. ruined 8. destroyed ‎ ‎6. escape, flee ‎ escape 和 flee 这两个词都有“逃”的意思，但其含义和用法都不尽相同。‎ ‎(1) escape 含达到安然逃脱的结果之意。例如：‎ He Hong escaped from prison. 何洪越狱逃跑。‎ None of them escaped being caught. 他们又被抓获，一个也没有逃掉。‎ He was thankful to escaped being caught. 他庆幸未被捉获。‎ ‎(2)flee 侧重逃时的急促状况。‎ He fled his native village to join the Red Army. 他逃离家乡去参加红军。‎ 说明：flee只用于过去时和现在完成时，进行时和将来时用 fly 代替。fly 作“逃出”解时，过去式和过去分词为fled. ‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用 escape 和 flee 的适当形式填空。‎ 1. The customers _____ from the bank when the alarm sounded 2. The people have vowed not to let the traitor gang _____ punishment.‎ 3. Even if the enemy had wings, they could no _____ from our encirclement.‎ 4. They enemy troops _____ in all directions.‎ 5. The soldier _____ from the enemy’s prison.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. fled 2. escape 3. escape 4. were fleeing 5. escaped ‎7. excuse，forgive，pardon ‎ excuse，forgive 和pardon都可在与人交往时表示歉意或客气，主要区别是：‎ ‎（1）excuse是个最普通的用词，forgive语气最强。‎ ‎（2）excuse不能带双宾语，而forgive和pardon可带。例如：‎ Forgive(Pardon) me my rudeness. 请原谅我的粗鲁。‎ ‎（3）如未听清对方的话，请对方重说一遍，一般用I beg your pardon或Pardon，且说话时用升调。但对于很熟悉或年龄比自己小很多的人，也可说What’s that或What did you say，且用升调。‎ ‎（4）其他情况下三者有如下区别：‎ ‎①excuse指原谅一个人的过失或疏忽。例如：‎ She forgave him and married him. 她原谅了他，并与他结了婚。‎ We will not forgive the enemy their crimes. 我们不会饶恕敌人的罪行。‎ ‎②pardon一般表示宽恕较严重的过失，语气较excuse强。 如果指法律上的赦免，则只用pardon，不用excuse或forgive。例如：‎ The governor pardoned the criminal. 州长赦免了那个罪犯。‎ ‎8. factory，mill，plant，works ‎ factory, mill, plant 和 works 这四个词都是“工厂”的意思，但用法上有所不同。‎ ‎ (1)factory 属一般用语，泛指任何制造物品的场所，不过它常指food, clothing, shoe, radio, glass, soap, auto等一类的工厂。例如：‎ There is a huge food/auto factory outside the town. 城外有一个大食品厂/汽车制造厂。‎ ‎ (2) mill 的原意是“磨坊”，多用于指轻工业工厂，诸如 cotton, silk, textile, paper, flour, oil 等一类的工厂。mill 也可以指钢厂。例如：‎ Her sister worked in a textile/flour mill for three years. 她姐姐在一间纺织厂/面粉厂工作过三年。‎ There is a steel-mill near the middle school. 学校附近有一家钢铁厂。‎ ‎ (3) plant 一般指电气业或机械制造方面的工厂，常指 power, bicycle, machinery, aircraft, ship-building, tractor, auto 等方面的工厂。例如：‎ The villagers built a machine tools plant and an electric-power plant last year. 去年村民建造了一个机床厂和一个发电厂。‎ ‎ (4) works 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，用作单数，常与 iron, steel, brick, salt, chemical, printing, gas, ice 等词连用。例如：‎ This year the output of the iron and steel works/ice works has increased by 30.57% as compared with that of last year. 今年这个钢铁厂/制冰厂的产量比去年增加了30.57%。‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用factory, mill, plant 和 works 的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. Our company has three machinery _______ in China.‎ ‎2. The steel _______ is closed for the holidays.‎ ‎3. The farmers started the glass _______ in May, 2005.‎ ‎4. Cotton cloth is made in a cotton _______.‎ 1. My sisters work in a shoes _______.‎ 2. The workers at the power _______ belong to the union.‎ 3. The deep recession in the world steel was worsening, _______ were working below capacity.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. plants 2. works 3. factory 4. mill 5. factory 6. plant 7. plant 8. mills ‎9. fairly，rather fairly 和 rather 这两个副词都可以用作程度副词，作“相当地”、“十分地”、“颇……”解，但各自的含义和用法有差别。‎ ‎ (1)fairly 一般用来修饰表示褒义或含有“合意的”、“想要的”意义的形容词，如 good, well, nice, pretty, diligent, bravely 等。fairly 不能与 too 连用，也不可以修饰含比较级的形容词或副词。例如：‎ Miss Li speaks English fairly well. 李小姐的英语讲得相当好。‎ If you go to town at night, the buses are fairly empty. 如果你晚上进城，公共汽车相当空。‎ ‎ (2) rather 则一般修饰表示贬义或含有“不合意的”、“不想要的”意义的形容词或副词，如 bad, lazy, stupid, late, tired, crowded 等。Rather 可以与 too 连用，也可以修饰含比较级的形容词或副词，表示“一点点”、“稍许”的意思。另外，若被修饰的形容词后又接一个单数可数名词，rather 可以放在不定冠词之前，也可以置于其后。例如：‎ This book is rather too difficult for a child of eleven. 这部书对于一个11岁的小孩来说是太难了一点。‎ His father is feeling rather better today. 他父亲今天感觉得好一点。‎ This is a rather/rather an interesting story. 这是一本颇为有趣的故事。‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用 fairly 和 rather 的适当形式填 ‎1. The morning is now _____ bright and warm.‎ ‎2. Thai’s _____ a silly question.‎ ‎3. I have eaten _____ more than I intended.‎ ‎4. “I think John is _____ lazy.” “Oh, I don’t agree. He is _____ diligent.”‎ ‎5. This book is ______ too difficult for him and _____ too essay for us.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. fairly 2. rather 3. rather 4. rather, fairly 5. rather, rather ‎10. fault，mistake，error ‎ fault, mistake 和 error 都可以翻译成汉语的“缺点、错误”，但含义和用法有所不同。‎ ‎ (1)fault 一般多指性格上的弱点，行为上的过失，强调对过失的应负的责任。例如：‎ It's your own fault that you failed in the examination. （重在责任）考试失败是你犯的过错造成的。‎ With all your faults, you are still a good comrade. 你虽有缺点，但仍是一个好同志。‎ 注意：‎ find fault with sth. 意为“找岔，挑毛病”fault 前无冠词，不用复数。如：‎ They like to find fault with my work. 他们就喜欢从我的工作中找岔。‎ He did not find much fault with my work. 他并没有从我的工作中找到多少错误。（若改用 many faults 则含有“故意”找毛病之意。）‎ ‎ (2) mistake 最通俗最常用。意为“错误、误会、误解、弄错”，多指缺乏正确理解造成的行动上、认识上的错误。如：‎ Be careful, and make no mistake. 当心，不要弄错了。‎ You can't arrest me! There must be some mistake! 你们不能抓我，一定是搞错了。‎ It was a mistake to leave my umbrella at home. 把伞忘在家里是个错误。‎ ‎ (3) error 比较正式，可指品德上的错误。常指按某一既定标准而发生的错误。如：印刷错误、笔误、计算错误、技术错误、语法错误等。例如：‎ There is printers’error. 有一些印刷错误。（指不符合印刷标准的要求）‎ Please pardon any error that you may discover in my letter. 信中如有错误，请原谅。（指笔误）‎ You made an error in your culculations. 你出了个计算错误。‎ ‎ (4) mistake 常可与 error 互换。例如：‎ Your essay is full of mistakes. 你的文章净是错。‎ He made a mistake (an error in grammar, conversation, spelling, pronunciation, calculation)‎ ‎ (5) 应注意习惯上的搭配，不要随意互换。例如：‎ ‎① “从错误中学习”习惯说 learn by one's mistake.‎ ‎② “弄错了”习惯说 do sth. by mistake 或 do sth. in error ‎③ “是我错了”习惯说 This is my fault. 或 I'm in the wrong 或I'm wrong. ‎ ‎④ “你猜错了”习惯说 You guessed wrong/wrongly.‎ ‎⑤ “误会、误解”习惯说 get it wrong.‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用fault, mistake 和 error 的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. It’s easy to find _______ with the suggestions of theirs.‎ ‎2. It’s his own _______ that he failed in the college entrance examination.‎ ‎3. There are a few grammatical _______ in the book.‎ ‎4. No one is proof against _______.‎ ‎5. In transcribing the characters from the bronze, he made a number of _______.‎ 1. You are laboring under an ________.‎ 2. You are in _______.‎ 答案：1. fault 2. fault 3. mistakes/errors 4. mistakes 5. errors 6. error 7. error ‎ ‎11. fear，frighten，terrify，horrify ‎ fear, frighten, terrify 和 horrify 都有“害怕”的意思，但是其含义不尽相同。‎ ‎ (1)fear 最普遍，而语气最弱，它可表示对某事感到不安，也可表示“怕”受到某事的侵扰。大多数情况下用作及物动词，可接名词、代词、不定式或动名词。例如：‎ She has always feared mice. 她一向害怕老鼠。‎ Don't fear to tell the truth. 不要害怕说出真实情况。‎ He looked out of the window, seeing nothing to fear. 他从窗口往外看，一点也不胆怯。‎ Fear 还可以跟that从句，常有“恐怕”的意思。例如：‎ She feared that she might not find him in his office. 她恐怕在办公室里找不到他。‎ ‎ (2)frighten 常用作及物动词，意为“使害怕”，常指没有精神准备，突然受到惊吓而害怕，恐惧。还常用于be frightened 这一结构，后面接of 短语或动词不定式。如：‎ These words frightened me. 这些话把我吓了一跳。‎ She was frightened of dogs. 她害怕狗。‎ He left his gun outside so as not to frighten his wife. 为了不吓着他的妻子他把枪放在外边。‎ He was frightened to look down from the top of the tall building. 他害怕从高楼顶往下看。‎ ‎ (3)terrify常用作及物动词，意为“使害怕”、“使惊恐”，这种恐惧指客观环境造成的。例如：‎ The thunderstorm terrified the children. 大雷雨把这孩子吓坏了。‎ Li Li was terrified by his appearance. 他的出现使李利感到害怕。‎ ‎ (4)horrify常用作及物动词，意为“使感到恐怖（震惊）”。例如：‎ The news will horrify your mother. 这消息会使你母亲感到震惊。‎ She was horrified at/by the news. 听到这个消息她感到震惊。‎ 自我测试 根据句意，用 fear, frighten, terrify 和 horrify 的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. The fighters for communism _______ fear hardship or death.‎ ‎2. _______ by the thunder, the child started crying.‎ ‎3. _______ he might be recognized, he decided to go out at night.‎ ‎4. He was _______ of being killed in the battle.‎ ‎5. That sort of thing _______ people.‎ ‎6. The sight _______ them.‎ ‎7. We were _______ to hear the news.‎ 答案：‎ ‎1. fear 2. Frightened 3. Fearing 4. terrified 5. terrifies 6. horrified 7. horrified