高考英语语法精讲精练名词和主谓一致 28页

‎2012届新课标高三第二轮专题讲解 ‎（一）分类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，‎ 团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 ‎（二）转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 抽象化(抽象名词，不可数名词)‎ 个体名词(可数)‎ in flower开花 a flower一朵花儿 youth青春 a youth年轻人 success成功 a success成功的人或事 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 物质名词(不可数)‎ 具体化(个体名词，可数名词)‎ iron铁 an iron熨斗 glass玻璃 a glass玻璃杯 chicken鸡肉 a chicken小鸡 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 抽象名词(不可数)‎ 具体化(个体名词，可数名词)‎ in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 win success 获得成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)‎ win honor 赢得荣誉 an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)‎ Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.‎ a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)‎ have pity on sb. 怜悯某人 a pity 可惜的事情 with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事 可数名词有单数和复数的变化，而单复数的变化又分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。‎ 分 类 变化方法 举 例 规 则 变 化 单数名词词尾直接加-s boy — boys pen — pens 以s，x ，ch，sh结尾的单词一般加-es glass—glasses box—boxes watch—watches brush—brushes 特例：stomach — stomachs 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”‎ baby—babies lady —ladies 注意：penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同：‎ pence（便士的钱数） pennies(便士的枚数)‎ 以“o”结尾的多数加-s radios zoos photos pianos kilos tobaccos ‎ 而下列名词的复数却要加-es：‎ tomato — tomatoes potato — potatoes hero — heroes 以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es wife—wives self — selves 特例：handkerchief—handkerchiefs gulf—gulfs belief—beliefs ‎ 不 规 则 变 化 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men woman-women foot-feet goose-geese mouse-mice ‎ 特例：child-children 单复数相同 sheep deer means（方法） works（作品、工厂、著作）‎ 合成名词变成复数的情况：‎ ‎●将主体名词变为复数 ‎●无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 ‎●将两部分都变为复数 ‎●sons-in-law lookers-on passers-by story-tellers boy friends ‎●grown-ups housewives stopwatches ‎●women singers men servants 在熟悉以上规则的基础上，特别注意以下几点： ‎ ‎1.注意以下名词数的概念 ‎ ‎①以s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词) ‎ physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States ‎ ‎②集合名词：表示一类事物的集合或总称，没有复数形式 machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence ‎ ‎③单数和复数形式表达不同的意思 custom风俗，习惯—customs海关 damage损害—damages赔偿金 good好处，利益—goods货物 time时间—times时代，次数，倍数 fish 鱼肉—fishes 各种鱼 paper 纸—papers 试卷，文件 water 水—waters 水域 room 空间—rooms 房间 time 时间—times 时代 arm 手臂—arms 武器 ‎④有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现，表示具体化，意义发生变化或构成固定短语。‎ use one’s brains动脑筋 meet with difficulties遇到各种困难 make preparations做准备 in high spirits 情绪高涨 good manners有礼貌 Many thanks.非常感谢。‎ No pains, no gains.不劳无获。 congratulations祝贺 possessions所有物，财产 surroundings环境 ‎ ⑤有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。‎ ‎ burst into tears 大哭起来 miles of golden sands 绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩 ‎ burn to ashes 烧成灰烬 ‎⑥形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义 people, police, cattle, staff, public, the＋adj.(the rich富人), the＋ 分词(the wounded伤员)‎ ‎2.集体名词的数 ‎ family, team, audience, class, club, committee, crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff等集体名词注意其主谓一致，一般来说，视为整体时作单数看待，侧重其成员时则作复数看待。‎ The enemy has suffered heavy losses.‎ The enemy are in flight.‎ 名词所有格的规则如下： ‎ ‎①名词词尾加’s，如the boy’s bag, men’s room。 ‎ ‎②若名词已有复数词尾“s”，只加 “‘”。如：the workers’ struggle。‎ ‎③由of构成的所有格：无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构。‎ 如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。‎ 在熟悉以上规则的基础上，特别注意以下几点： ‎ ‎1.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有“‘s”，则表示“分别有”；只有一个“‘s”，则表示“共有”。 ‎ John’s and Mary’s rooms(分别拥有的房间)‎ John and Mary’s room(共有的一间) ‎ ‎2.“‘s”所有格的特殊表达形式 ‎①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。‎ today’s newspaper, five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight, ten dollars’ worth of apples。‎ ‎②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。‎ the earth’s plant, the world’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。‎ ‎③表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop，house等名词。‎ the tailor’s 裁缝店，the barber’s理发店，go to the doctor’s上诊所。‎ ‎3.双重所有格：of ＋名词’s(或+名词性物主代词)‎ a friend of Tom’s some/two students of mine 尤其是在表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时常常用这种结构。of 所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those，但不能用the。‎ That invention of hers belongs to the world.她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)‎ 注意：当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同：‎ This is a picture of my friend’s.这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。‎ This is a picture of my friend.这是我朋友的一张照片。‎ 名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式，根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类：‎ ‎1.表示中心词的用途、功能、材料 stone figures石像，shoe shop鞋店，coffee cup咖啡杯 ‎2.表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。‎ summer holidays暑假，school education学校教育，evening dress晚礼服 注意：表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。‎ yesterday’s news昨天的消息 an hour’s drive开车一小时的路程 ‎3.表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。‎ bike key自行车的钥匙，animal trainer驯兽师，woman driver女驾驶员 ‎4.表示中心词的内容 computer studies电脑学习，weather report天气预报，film industry电影工业 ‎5.表示部分与整体的关系 river banks河岸，animal bones动物骨头，cigarette ends烟头 名词作定语时的特别注意点：‎ ‎①名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式，且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化 two pencil boxes, girl friends, a seven-year-old boy 但是，少数的名词作定语却用复数形式。‎ sports shoes 运动鞋 clothes shops 服装店 ‎ a sales girl女销售员 a greetings card 贺卡 ‎②man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化 a man doctor—men doctors; a woman engineer—women engineers ‎③名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。‎ the girl friend女朋友—the girl's friend那位女孩的朋友 the woman driver女司机—the woman's driver那位妇女的司机 ‎④名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别 名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象；形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。‎ gold watch金表 golden sunshine金色的阳光 heart trouble心脏病 hearty welcome热忱的欢迎 ‎ convenience food快餐 convenient food制作方便的食品 名词是英语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查，单项填空题中，每年都出现1—2道题。此外，在阅读理解和完形填空中，名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此，在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法等。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎①We always keep ______ spare paper, in case we ran out.‎ A. too much B. a number of C. plenty of D. a good many ‎【解析】 答案为C。“paper”作为“纸”解释时为不可数名词，所以先排除B和D两个选项。根据题意“我们总是准备充足的备用纸张，以防用光。”选择答案C。too much意为“太多”尽管修饰不可数名词，但用在这儿不符合题意。‎ ‎②The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ___ pictures of them. ‎ A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of ‎【解析】答案为B。【解析】答案为masses of 意为“大量的”既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词；the number of…意为“……的数量”；a large amount of意为“大量的”后接不可数名词；“many of”后接前面带有定冠词的名词，意为“……中的许多”。‎ ‎ ‎ The village is far away from here indeed. It's ____ walk. ‎ A. a four hour B. a four hour's C. a four-hours D. a four hours'‎ ‎【解析】答案为D。“walk, ride, drive”等用做名词可用来表示一般距离，其用法结构为：“时间名词的所有格+这些名词”。‎ ‎①The_________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it. ‎ A. bicycle’s shop B .bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D bicycles’ shop ‎【解析】答案为B。表示什么样的商店要用单数名词修饰“shop”。‎ ‎②He dropped the _________and broke it. ‎ ‎ A. cup of coffee B. coffee's cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup ‎【解析】答案为D。coffee cup意为“ 咖啡杯”是指“用来喝咖啡的杯子”。名词作定语修饰名词。‎ 一是考查语义方面的辨析：主要考查某些多义词在特定上下文中的引申含义,以及准确辨别一些同义、近义词在特定语境中的差异的能力。‎ ‎①Most air pollution is caused by the burning of___ _ like coal, gas and oil. ‎ A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products ‎ ‎【解析】答案为A。由题干中的“coal，gas，oil”可知都是燃料，故正确答案A项意为“燃料”。articles意为“物品”；goods意为“货物、商品”；products意为“产品”。‎ ‎②To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten,‎ the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ”. ‎ A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices ‎【解析】答案为D。由语境可知，此处指人类的语言，而语言是人类说的声音，因此用“voices”。‎ ‎③—Shall we go out for a walk?‎ ‎—Sorry. This is not the right to invite me. I am too tired to walk.‎ A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance ‎【解析】答案为A。句意：“我们出去散散步好吗？”“对不起，这不是邀请我的合适的时间，我太累了而不想去散步。”moment意为“某一时刻，片刻”；situation意为“情形，状况”；place意为“地方”；chance意为“机会”。‎ ‎④The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly . ‎ A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon ‎【解析】答案为A。句意：这两个国家的最高领导人在友好的气氛中进行交谈。atmosphere意为“气氛，氛围”；state意为“状态”；situation意为“形势，局面”；phenomenon意为“现象”。‎ ‎⑤What’s the of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a ‎ while?‎ A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion ‎【解析】答案为A。本题所设的语境是：有这样一个你在那里不能吃、不能喝甚至不能动的公共开放场所有什么意义呢？sense意为“意义、意识”；matter意为“问题，麻烦”；case意为“情况，问题”；opinion意为“意见，看法”。四个选项中只有A项符合语境。‎ 二是考查搭配方面的辨析：主要考查固定句型中的名词、名词与动词的搭配以及名词与介词的搭配等。‎ ‎①The young man made a ______to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. ‎ A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution ‎【解析】答案为B。句意：这位年轻人向他的父母许诺说毕业之后他将努力自食其力。make a promise意为“许诺、答应”其后的“that”从句为同位语从句，补充说明先行词“promise”的内容，其它选项不合句意。‎ ‎②I bought a dress for only 2010 dollars in a sale; it was a real .‎ A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business ‎【解析】答案为B。bargain用作名词时，意为“廉价货，便宜货”，a real bargain意为“真便宜”。‎ ‎③It is no arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. ‎ A. use B. help C. time D. way ‎【解析】答案为A。“it is no use后接动词+ing形式”或“动词+ing形式短语”表示“做某事没有用”。‎ ‎④I have read the material several times but it doesn’t make any ________ to me. ‎ A. meaning   B. importance C. sense   D. significance ‎【解析】答案为C。因为make sense意为“有意义、讲得通、有道理” 是固定习语。‎ ‎⑤Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ________ of little children. ‎ A. hand  B. reach C. space  D. distance 【解析】答案为B。within one’s reach意为“伸手拿（够）得到”，是习语。‎ ‎ 在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。近几年来，高考关于该内容的考查主要集中在语法一致、逻辑意义一致以及就近（远）一致原则等三个方面。‎ 一、语法一致原则 只要确定句子的主语是单数意义，则谓语用单数，句子的主语意义复数，则谓语用复数。具体表现如下：‎ ‎1.不可数名词作主语，一律视为单数。某些以s结尾的单数名词作主语，仍视为单数。‎ No news is good news.‎ His task was to collect information.‎ How much machinery has been installed?‎ ‎2.表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ When and where to go for the on－salary holiday has not been decided yet.‎ ‎3. “ one, either, neither, each of ＋复数名词或代词”作主语时， 谓语用单数。‎ Either of the stories is very funny. ‎ ‎4.something, everything, anything, nothing，somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语，谓语通常是单数。‎ Nothing is impossible.‎ ‎5.表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。‎ Ten pounds was missing from the box.‎ ‎6. a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。 ‎ This pair of glasses is very expensive.‎ Two series of new stamps have been ordered. ‎ ‎7.a number of ＋复数名词，“许多……”，复数意义；the number of ＋复数名词，“……的数目”，单数意义。the population of…“……的人口数量”作主语时，谓语用单数，但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of the population 作主语时，具体指其中的多少人，复数意义，谓语则用复数。the average of…“……的平均数量”，作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.‎ The population of China is large and most of the population are farmers.‎ ‎8.主语后with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as 等短语时，谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。(因为with等词为介词，其后跟的名词只能是介宾，不可能充当主语。)‎ Mr. Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday.‎ ‎9.“the ＋adj.”结构指一类人时，谓语动词用复数；如果指个别人或表示抽象的概念，谓语动词用单数。‎ The disabled are well taken care of in this country.‎ The dead in this accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing‎ ‎University. ‎ The new is certain to replace the old.‎ ‎10.分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。‎ The rest of the workers are still very tired.‎ ‎11.当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数， 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。‎ War and peace is a constant theme in history. ‎ Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.‎ 英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：‎ iron and steel 钢铁 law and order 治安 bread and butter黄油面包 a watch and chain 一块带链的表 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a coat and tie 一件配有领带的上衣 aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真诚 ‎12.what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于作表语的名词的单复数。‎ What surprised me most was his attitude towards his study.‎ ‎13.such 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。‎ Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.‎ ‎14.quantities of ＋名词作主语时，不论名词是复数还是不可数，谓语一律用复数。‎ a quantity of ＋名词复数作主语时，谓语用复数。‎ a quantity of ＋不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。 ‎ amounts of ＋不可数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。‎ an amount of ＋不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ Every day quantities of water are wasted. ‎ A large amount of damage has been done because of the floods.‎ 二、逻辑意义一致原则 ‎1.every /each/no ＋名词＋and every/ each/ no ＋名词作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ Every boy and every girl is having sports now.‎ ‎2.“one ＋单数名词＋and a half”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ One apple and a half was on the table.‎ ‎3.“more than one ＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ More than one student has failed the exam.‎ ‎4.“many a ＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ Many a child was playing there.‎ ‎【注意】以上四种情况，如果从意义上来讲，主语有复数意义，但由于名词都是以单数形式出现的，故谓语用单数形式，谓语形式上与主语的单数形式一致。‎ 三、就近（远）一致原则 ‎1.谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, not…but…； either…or…， neither…nor…， not only…but also …等。‎ Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.‎ Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.‎ ‎2.在倒装句中谓语可与后面最近的一个主语一致。‎ In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.‎ ‎3.当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。‎ There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.‎ There are twenty boy－students and twenty－three girl－students in the class.‎ ‎4.当一个句子是由 there 或here引起，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致。‎ Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.‎ ‎5.在定语从句中，关系代词如果在从句中作主语，依先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数形式；在“one of＋复数名词＋who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，从句中的动词用复数形式；但是之前有the (only)等修饰语时，则从句中的动词用单数形式。‎ Mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to China.‎ ‎6.主语后面跟有“with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to”‎ 等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。‎ Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.‎ A woman with a baby was on the bus.‎ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.‎ She like you and Tom, is very tall.‎ The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.‎ No one except my teachers knows anything about it.‎ ‎◆动词不定式、动名词以及名词性从句作主语时的主谓一致 Most of what has been said about the Smiths_______also true of the Johnsons.‎ A. are B. is C. being D. to be ‎【解析】答案为B。本题的主语是主语从句通常看作不可数，“most of”修饰主语从句依然是不可数，谓语动词应该用单数形式。‎ ‎◆one, either, neither, each等+of+复数名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致 ‎—Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ______ to go to university.‎ ‎—So do I. ‎ ‎ A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped ‎【解析】答案为B。本题的主语是“each”，“of the students”作后置定语，修饰“each”。‎ ‎◆由and连接并列主语时的主谓一致 ‎①—Did you go to the show last night?‎ ‎—Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ________invited.‎ A. were B. have been C. has been D. was ‎【解析】答案为D。主语是“every boy and girl”表示单数概念，故谓语动词用单数，且询问昨晚的情况，有明确的过去时间，所以应选择“was”。‎ ‎②A poet and artist ________ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.‎ ‎ A. is B. are C. was D. were ‎【解析】答案为A。此题中“and”连接的第二个名词“artist”前没有加冠词，说明指的是同一个人，应为单数。‎ ‎◆定语从句中的主谓一致 He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years. ‎ A. is B. are C. have been D. has been ‎【解析】答案为D。“the only one of +复数名词+定语从句”中的先行词是“the only one”，定语从句中谓语动词用单数形式，又结合时间状语“for three years“可知应使用现在完成时。‎ ‎◆quantities of+名词作主语时的主谓一致 With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ______ each year.‎ ‎ A. is washing away B. is being washed away C. are washing away D. are being washed away ‎【解析】答案为D。一般讲“quantities of“不论修饰可数名词还是不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ ‎◆the number of与a number of的区别 ‎①As you can see, the number of cars on our roads__________ rising these days.‎ A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping ‎【解析】答案为C。在“the number of +复数名词”中主语是“the number（数量）”，谓语动词用单数，根据语境，应使用现在时。‎ ‎②Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _______ in the clothing industry.‎ ‎ A. is working B. works C. work D. worked ‎【解析】答案为C。a number of +复数名词，谓语动词用复数，根据语境和时间状语Nowadays可知应使用一般现在时。‎ ‎◆分数、百分数作主语时的主谓一致 ‎①The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third_____ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.‎ ‎ A. is B. are C. was D. were ‎【解析】答案为D。“one-third”是指“20台笔记本中的三分之一”，表示复数意义；根据语境，前后是今昔对比的描述，空格处应使用过去时。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎②_____ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass. ‎ ‎ A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are ‎【解析】答案为C。分子大于“1”时，作分母的序数词要用复数形式，并且分数修饰的是不可数名词“land”，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎◆倒装句中的主谓一致 ‎①At the foot of the mountain ________. ‎ A. a village lie B. lies a village C. does a village lie D. lying a village ‎【解析】答案为B。这是一个全部倒装的句子，主语是“a village”。‎ ‎②On top of the books _______the photo album you’re looking for.‎ A. is B. are C. has D. have ‎ ‎【解析】答案为A。作表语的介词短语放在句首时，使用全部倒装语序，句子的真正主语不是“books”，而是“the photo album”。‎ ‎◆表示抽象概念的名词或词组作主语时的主谓一致 A survey of the opinions of experts _________that three hours of outdoor exercise a week ________ good for one’s health. ‎ ‎ A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are ‎【解析】答案为B。主句中的主语是“A survey”为单数，后有“of”短语作定语分隔；从句中的主语是“threehours”，是表示时间段的名词词组，看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎◆一些单复数形式相同的名词如作主语时的主谓一致 Every possible means _____to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear. ‎ A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used ‎【解析】C。答案为“means”前有“every”修饰，说明是单数；根据语境，此处应使用现在完成时，表示对现在造成的结果或影响。‎ ‎◆由连词“or， either…or…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…，whether…or…”等连接并列主语时的主谓一致（遵循就近一致原则）‎ Either you or the headmaster _______ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting. ‎ A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out ‎①We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _________ so small that a day is unimportant. ‎ ‎ A. is B. are C. has been D. have been ‎ ‎【解析】答案为A。主语“time”和谓语动词之间插入了“of”短语作定语来迷惑考生，必须分析句子成分和结构才能慧眼识别出主语为“the time”。‎ ‎②The father as well as his three children _________skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. ‎ A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going ‎【解析】答案为C。本题的主语是“father”，“as well as”短语是插入成分，其后的名词不是主语的一部分。‎ ‎2009年 ‎1.（天津卷） I’m trying to break the _______ of getting up too late .A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：我试图打破起床太晚这个习惯。 Tradition表示“传统”；convenience表示“方便”；habit表示“习惯” ；leisure表示“消遣，娱乐”，根据句意，应选C。‎ ‎2. （安徽卷）China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.‎ A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】四个近义词来区分.从句意及空格后面的介词入手，表达“中国在……上面有着较好的声誉”应接介词for。influence后接on。impression后接on。knowledge后接of.‎ ‎3.(福建卷)The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009. ‎ ‎ A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】delay：耽搁，延误；effort：努力；schedule：时间表；consideration：考虑，体谅；关心。题干意思是：当H1N1型2009年4月袭击墨西哥时，世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。选A。‎ ‎4.(湖北卷)Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for ______ building.‎ A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】根据常识便可知运动既可增强体质也可强健个性，不会增强尊敬或名声，友谊可以增强，但与前面health不搭配，故答案为character。‎ ‎5.(湖北卷) In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a ______ for everyone to stand up.‎ A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】根据句意可知打铃及老师合上书本，这是下课的暗示，选项中只能选择signal。chance“机会”，mark“分数，痕迹”，measure“方法，措施”。‎ ‎6.(江西卷)The ____________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into __________ car.‎ A. girl’s; Tom’s B. girls’; Toms’ C. girls’; Tom’s D. girl’s; Toms’‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。‎ ‎7.(山东卷)— He says that my new car is a ____________ of money. 21世纪教育网— Don’t you think those ‎ words are just sour grapes? ‎ A. lack B. load C. question D. waste 21世纪教育网 ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】lack缺乏；load负担；question疑问；waste 浪费；根据句意，尤其是下句的sour grapes(酸葡萄)可知答案选D。‎ ‎8. (陕西卷) Form their ________ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city. ‎ ‎ A. stage         B. position            C. condition             D. situation ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】stage：舞台，时期，阶段；position：位置；condition：条件，情况；situation：形式，情况；情景；根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。题干意思是：从他们在电视塔顶部的位置，游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色。‎ ‎9.(浙江卷)The system has been designed to give students quick and easy ______ to the digital resources of the library. ‎ A. access B. passage C. way D. approach ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：人们设计这个系统是为了让学生快洁地使用图书馆的数字资源。 passage 意为 “文章；走廊”；way 是“方法、方式”； approach 也指“方式；接近”；access 指“入口、通路”，常和介词to 连用，可知选A符合。‎ ‎10. (四川卷)The teacher together with the students ________ discussing Reading Skills that ________ newly published in America. ‎ A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was ‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】A together with B作主语时谓语动词与A的单复数保持一致；第二空为定语从句that指代Reading Skills，由于Reading Skills是书名所以谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎11.（湖南卷）Either you or one of your students ______ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.‎ A. are B. is C. have D. be ‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】Either …or…. 连接两个主语，按就近原则来确定谓语的单复数。One of your students 谓语应用单数形式。‎ ‎12.（江苏卷）The population of Jiangsu __    to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million.‎ A. has grown         B. have grown       C. grew        D. are growing ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。population是集合名词，或集体名词，即看成一个整体，所以谓语动词用单数形式。句子说的是江苏现在的人口数量和以及增长，用完成时表示现在的状态。‎ ‎13.（江西卷）At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport ________ that it will going a lot jobs to the area.‎ A. is B. are C. will be D. were ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。根据at present =now 可知，应用一般现在时。‎ ‎14.(山东卷)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ________ rising steadily since1990. ‎ A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 21世纪教育网 ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本题考查主谓一致和时态，主语是 the number故谓语动词用单数，又因时间状语是since 1997所以用完成时态。‎ ‎15.（陕西卷）Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer.‎ A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。主语中心词是Dr. Smith，表单数，谓语动词用单数形式；时间状语是this summer，表计划性的将来，故时态用一般将来时，选A。‎ ‎16.(四川卷)The teacher together with the students ________ discussing Reading Skills that ________ newly published in America.‎ ‎ A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was ‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】A together with B作主语时谓语动词与A的单复数保持一致；第二空为定语从句that指代Reading Skills，由于Reading Skills是书名所以谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎2010年 ‎1. (安徽卷)I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond .‎ A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D. measure ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】 hearing意为“听力”；strength意为“力气；力量”；recognition意为“认出；识别；认识”；measure意为“测量；措施”。句意为“……她变得认不出来了。”‎ ‎2.(湖北卷)This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.‎ A. division B. area C. range D. circle ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】此题不仅考察学生对于四个选项的认知，更重要的是要理解句子的含义。“这家餐馆越来越出名是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型的人群。”“a range of ”强调一个系列，而“a wide range of”意为“各种各样的”。正好符合题意。从句子结构来讲，这个句子属于典型的“从句套从句”。“for”引导原因状语从句，“that”引导定语从句。 ‎ ‎3.(湖北卷)After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless families.‎ A. occupation B. furniture C. equipment D. accommodation ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】accommodation表示“住处”；occupation表示“占用”或者“工作，职业”；furniture表示“ 家具 ”；equipment表示“设备，器材”。正确答案D。‎ ‎4.(江苏卷)The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_____.‎ A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】 表示名声而expectation是期望的意思。contribution是贡献的意思。civilization是文明的意思。‎ ‎5.（江西卷）Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a(n) ‎ ‎ of 40,000 per year.‎ A. average B. number C. amount D. quantity ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】a number of 许多 amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额, 既可以修饰可数也可以修饰不可数名词。an average of表示“平均……”的意思。‎ ‎6.(山东卷)Those who suffer from headache will find they get ______ from this medicine.‎ ‎ A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意应为“那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。”所以A项意义符合句意, relief 表示“缓解，减轻，解除”。 safety表示“安全，保险”；defense 表示“防御，防护”； shelter表示“掩蔽，保护”。‎ ‎7.(天津卷)James took the magazines off the little table to make _______ for the television.‎ A. room B. area C. field D. position ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】make room for是固定搭配，意思是“为……让出空间”的意思，其中的room是不可数名词。‎ 句意：詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下来，为电视机腾出空间来。‎ ‎8.(浙江卷)The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any direct __ .‎ ‎ A. solution B. target C. measure D. function ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】四个选项：solution解决的方法；target目标；measure措施；function功能。句意：学校老师帮助你分析问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决方法。‎ ‎9.(湖南卷)Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.‎ ‎ A. is B. are C. has D. have ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】根据动名词短语作主语，句子的谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除B、D两项，根据主语与caused的主动关系，排除A项。‎ ‎10.(四川卷)Such poets as Shakespeare widely read, of whose works, however, some ‎ difficult to understand.‎ A. are；are B. is；is C. are；is D. is：are ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】主句中的主语应为poets,谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works，谓语动词也应是复数。故选A。‎ 11.(全国卷Ⅱ)Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who________evening dress.‎ A.wear B.wears C.has worn D.have worn ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】 考查主谓一致和时态。首先the only one of ….为先行词时，定语从句修饰的是one，即one是主语，而非后面的复数women，根据主谓一致的原则，谓语动词应该用单数，排除A，D。另外，从“is”可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯，因此要用一般现在时，排除C，故选B。‎ ‎2011年 ‎1.（湖北卷）“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with clearly ________ in her voice.‎ A. anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意为“Tommy，快跑！快点！房子着火了！”母亲大声叫喊，嗓音里夹杂着明显的惊慌。anger生气；rudeness粗鲁；regret后悔；panic惊慌，慌乱。根据句意选D。‎ ‎2.（湖北卷）Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big _______, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.‎ A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】根据句中的“现在我知道这是最好的决定”，可知“放弃工作重新参加全职教育是一个很大的投入。”，故答案为B。句意：放弃我的工作重新参加全职教育是一个很大的投入，但现在我知道这是我曾经做出的最好的决定了。project意为“工程；项目”；commitment意为“投入；奉献；承诺”； competition意为“竞争；比赛”； ambition意为“雄心；志向”。‎ ‎3.（山东卷）There’s a _________in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.‎ A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：我们办公室有个传统：轮到某个人的生日时，他就带蛋糕来与大家分享。tradition传统；balance平衡；concern关心；relationship关系，联系。句中somebody 与they相照应，说明不止一次，因此用tradition作答案。‎ ‎4.（江西卷）What’s the ________, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?‎ ‎ A. sympathy B. theme C. object D. point ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】sympathy同情，theme 主题，object 物体，point意义。句意：你认为如果他没有作出努力去帮助自己而去帮助他的意义是什么？选D。‎ ‎5.（江苏卷）Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _______. ‎ A. consequence B. independence C. competence D. intelligence ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】为了保持专业能力，老师需要不断地更新他们的知识。competence“能力”，符合句意。consequence“结果”，independence“独立”，intelligence“智力”，均不符合句意。‎ ‎6.（浙江卷）Anyway, I can’t cheat him —it’s against all my ________. ‎ ‎ A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】选项emotions情绪；regulations规程；opinions意见，因此选principles原则最合句意。句意：无论如和，我不能骗他——这违背我的原则。‎ ‎7.（福建卷）The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major _______of global climate ‎ change.‎ A. result B. cause C. warning D. reflection ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】“公众缺乏环保的习惯”和“全球气候变化”二者之间是因果关系，所以用cause。句意：公众缺乏环保的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的一个主要原因。‎ ‎8.（四川卷）Always remember to put such dangerous things as lives out children’s _______. ‎ A. touch B. sight C. reach D. distance ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】out of/beyond one’s reach为固定用法，意为“某人够不到”，符合句意。touch触摸，接触；sight视力，视野；distance距离。句意：时刻记住把诸如刀子之类的危险物品放在孩子们够不到的地方。‎ ‎9.（安徽卷）The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which_______saved for other purposes.‎ A. is B. are C. was D. were ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查时态与主谓一致。非限制性定语从句中的主语rest意为“其余的”，谓语动词应与of后的名词一致，而which指代先行词materials，故谓语用复数；定语从句中的谓语应与主句中的谓语动词used一致，故用过去时态。从时态和主谓一致两方面考虑，选择D项。句意：该工厂使用了65%的原材料，其余的用作其它用途。‎ ‎10.（湖南卷）One third of the country ______covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_______black people. ‎ A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】分数、百分比、the majority of, the minority of等结构的单复数取决于其后面所跟的名词的单复数。the country是单数，而the citizens是复数，故选A。‎ ‎11.（江苏卷） 22. The fact that so many people still smoke in public places_________ that we may need a ‎ nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.‎ A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查时态及主谓一致。首先解析句子结构，题干中that so many people still smoke in public places为the fact的同位语，主语为the fact，所以谓语用单数形式；that we may need a national wide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking是宾语从句，而原句中缺少谓语动词，可排除D选项;根据句意“还是有那么多的人在公共场合吸烟这个事实说明我们需要一个广泛的全国性的运动来提高人们对吸烟危害性的认识”，这是现在的情况，用一般现在时即可。‎ ‎1. Any help from you will be greatly appreciated. Please give me a reply at your earliest________.‎ A. interruption B. instruction C. consideration D. convenience ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】这里表示“请在你方便的时候尽早给我回复”，at your earliest convenience 是固定表达，表示“在你方便的时候请尽早”，符合语境。interruption打断；instruction 指导，指示；consideration 考虑。‎ ‎2. If you ask why I plan to study in the United States，the only answer is that it is a(n) ________for me.‎ A. puzzle B. advantage C. challenge D. average ‎3. The conference has been held to discuss the ________of global warming on people’s lives all over the world.‎ A. importance B. effects C. protection D. attitudes ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】effects 意思是“影响”，即讨论全球气候变暖对人们生活的影响。其他选项不合题意：importance 意思是“重要性”；protection 意思是“保护”；attitudes 意思是“态度”。‎ ‎4. I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents’ ________will be to my poor examination result.‎ A. expression B. reaction C. appearance D. expectation ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：我真的有点担心，因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression 表情；reaction 反应；appearance 外表；expectation 期望。‎ ‎5. There is no ________in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts.‎ A. doubt B. mind C. point D. wonder ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】固定句式There is no point in doing sth.表示“做……是没有必要的”，其他搭配不正确，所以这 里选C项。‎ ‎6. Here are some ________for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry.‎ A. patterns B. tips C. topics D. efforts ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】语境为“下面给你提出几点忠告，当你参加化学测验时应该遵循”。tip 忠告，意见；pattern 样式，花样，图案；topic 题目，论题，话题；effort 努力，尽力。‎ ‎7.Mr. Li has some trouble sleeping，so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common ‎________.‎ A. practice B. knowledge C. experience D. duty ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】……因此每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他通常的做法。common practice ‎ 通常的做法，符合题意。‎ ‎8. —Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.‎ ‎—In my________, his decision is not wise.‎ A. word B. view C. sight D. way ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：在我看来，他的决定不明智。in one’s view表示“在某人看来”。‎ ‎9.My English teacher is really very kind. I’ll never forget the ________he has done me.‎ A. favor B. deed C. help D. value ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：我的英语老师实在是太好了。我永远不会忘记他对我的帮助。do sb. a favor 帮助某人。‎ ‎10.According to a UN report,30 percent of the world’s population have no ________to clean drinking water and health care.‎ A. means B. approach C. channel D. access ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】access意思是“(使用或见到的)机会，权利”，后面与介词to连用。‎ ‎11.It was reported that the problem had been settled without much________.‎ A. affect B. affair C. effect D. effort ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】affect影响；affair事务；effect影响，效果；effort尝试，努力。句意：据报道，问题没费多大事就解决了。根据语意可知，D项正确。without effort意思是“毫不费力地”。‎ ‎12.The speech that Mr. Smith made today gave a strong ________on the students.‎ A. expression B. impression C. reputation D. expectation ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：史密斯先生今天所做的演讲给学生们留下了深刻的印象。give/leave/make an impression on sb.表示“给某人留下印象”。expression表情，表达；reputation声誉，名声；expectation期望，指望。‎ ‎13.Our government has decided to give________ to those environmentally-friendly businesses in many aspects.‎ A. profit B. interest C. preference D. advantage ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】profit利益；interest兴趣，嗜好，利息；preference偏爱，优待；advantage优势，有利条件。政府已经决定给那些环保的企业多方面的优惠政策。‎ ‎14.Finding a girl struggling in the water，he threw himself into the water without________.‎ A. hesitation B. suggestion C. order D. asking ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】发现一名女孩正在水中挣扎，他毫不犹豫地跳入水里。without hesitation毫不犹豫，符合题意。‎ ‎15.—How do you like the scenery here, Mr. Black?‎ ‎—Wonderful indeed. Beyond all ________,I suppose.‎ A. explanation B. introduction C. description D. instruction ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】beyond all description的意思是“无法(用言语)表达”，即这里的景色很美，无法用言语表达。‎ ‎16.This sentence is difficult to understand. Can you make of it?‎ A. sense B. knowledge C. idea D. understanding ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】考查固定短语。句意：这个句子很难理解，你能弄明白吗? make sense of理解，懂，明白。又如：Can you make sense of what this American is saying?你能听懂这个美国人在说些什么吗?make sense讲得通，有意义；make no sense讲不通，没意义，毫无意义。‎ ‎17.My father didn't have to say anything. I knew he was upset from his ________.‎ A. look B. sight C. appearance D. sign ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：我父亲无须说什么，我从他的表情就知道他很难过。此处的look表示“表情”。后三项分别表示“视力，景象”“外貌”“标志，迹象”，都不符合题意。‎ ‎18.The door and the windows were all closed and there was no ________ of forced entry.‎ A. scene B. signal C. sign D. sight ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】语意表示“门窗都关闭着，没有强力侵入的迹象”。这里sign表示“迹象”；scene表示“场景，景色”；signal表示“信号”；sight则表示“视野”。根据句意，选C项。‎ ‎19.Many people in Haiti died from the earthquake because they didn't have ________ to immediate rescue.‎ A. access B. admission C. approach D. attention ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：海地有许多人死于地震，因为他们没有得到及时的援救。have access to可以获得或使用(机会、权利等)。‎ ‎20.The________ to the environment has helped many animals to escape from their enemies and fit ‎ in with the surroundings.‎ A.adaptation B.adoption C. recreation D. foundation ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：适应环境的能力使很多动物能逃脱其敌人，并且适应周围的环境。根据句意判断选，adaptation表示“适应，适应性”。adoption“收养，采用，推选”；recreation“娱乐，消遣”；foundation“建立，基础”。‎ ‎21.Chen Fang , as well as his two colleagues, ________ for a trip to Tibet in a month. ‎ A. goes B. go C. is going D. are going ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查主谓一致及时态。此处Chen Fang是主语，故用单数谓语动词；根据in a month可知用将来时。‎ ‎22.The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as _______ its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans. ‎ A. has B. do C. is D. are ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】此处soil and water是主语，故用are。‎ ‎23.In fact, not only Mary and I but also Jane___ having one exam after another.‎ A. is tired with B. are tired with C. is tired of D. are tired of ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】此处考查就近一致，Jane是主语故用is。‎ ‎24.Either you or one of your students ___ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.‎ A. are B. is C. have D. be ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】此处考查就近一致，真正的主语是one of your students，故用is。‎ ‎25.— Did you go to the show last night?‎ ‎ — Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ______ invited. ‎ A. were B. have been C. has been　 D. was ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】根据时间状语last night可以排除B、C。every /each/no ＋名词＋and every/ each/ no ＋名词作主语时，谓语用单数。 ‎ ‎26.A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers.‎ A are telling B. is telling　　 C. are given D. were given ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】本句主语指的是同一个人，即英语老师兼班主任，谓语用第三人称单数形式。‎ ‎27.There a table, four chairs, three bikes in the courtyard, in the middle of which two tall trees with great shade.‎ ‎ A. are; is B. is; are C. has; have D. have; has ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致；后面是个倒装句，主语是two tall trees，应用复数。‎ ‎28.Our monitor said to our English teacher,“ All _________present and all_______ going on well.”‎ ‎ A. is, is B. are, are C. are, is D. is, are ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】第一个“all”指人意思为“所有的人，大家”，其谓语用复数；第二个“all”表示事物指“一切的事情”，其谓语用单数。‎ ‎29.The young eaten up almost everything; one and a half bananas _____ left on the table.‎ ‎ A. is; are B. are; is C. has; have been D. have; has been ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】“the ＋young”指一类人(年轻人)时，谓语动词用复数；“一半香蕉”为单数。‎ ‎30.A survey of the opinions of experts that three hours of outdoor exercise a week good for one’s health.‎ ‎ A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are