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考点详解
【命题解读】
冠词是历年高考的必考点,对于冠词的考查主要集中在冠词的基本用法和习惯用法,高考中常见的考点如下:
① 冠词的泛指、特指
② 在形容词和副词比较等级前的用法
③ 固定搭配
④ a 和an的区别(2017新增)
【命题预测】
预计2019年的高考仍然会以考查冠词在具体语境中的正确使用为主,以语篇型语法填空和短文改错的形式出现,它可能把冠词的各种用法结合名词一起进行考查。
【名师指导】
复习冠词须把握好以下三个原则:
①单数可数名词用不定冠词a/an表示泛指;
②复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指时,其前不加冠词;
③无论可数名词还是不可数名词,表示特指时,其前都要加定冠词the。
考向1 不定冠词
1. 与可数名词单数连用, 表示类别,泛指一类人或事物。
☞—I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.
—You shouldn’t put drinks near a computer.
2. 用来表示不确定的某一个, 相当于 a certain。
☞—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t a Mr. Smith here.
3.用于数量、时间等名词前, 表示"每一(单位)的……"。
☞I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
4. 在抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时)用不定冠词, 使之意义具体化, 表示"一种"、
"一件"、"一份"等。
☞It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。(honour是抽象名词,an
honour指一件荣誉的事)
5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示"再一,又一"。
☞She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.
她不喜欢这两个包的颜色,又要了一个。
1.(2017·新课标1卷语法填空)As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示"结果"。句意:结果,人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。
2.(2017·新课标3卷语法填空)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting (rest). Instead, she is earning £6500 a day as 62 model in New York.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。model是可数名词,前面没有限定词,而此处泛指 "一个",故填a。
3. I wonder what it feels to be one of _________really rich. The Browns already have two Rolls Royce and now
they are buying ________ third.
A. the; a B. the ;the
C./;a D./;the
【答案】A
【解析】考查冠词。第一句表示"我想知道当有钱人是什么滋味";"the+形容词"表示"一类人";the third则表示"第三",而a third则表示"再一个",这里并不是要强调"第三"这个顺序,而是表示"又一个"。故选A。
4. The foreigners here are greatly impressed by the fact that _______ people from all walks of life are working hard
for ________ new Tianjin.
A./; a B./; the
C. a; a D. the; the
【答案】A
【解析】考查冠词。外国游客们对这个事实有深刻的印象:来自各行各业的人们正在努力建设一
个新天津。people from all walks of life是个固定搭配,意思是"各行各业的人们";a new Tianjin泛指"一个新天津",a表示"一"的意思。故选A。
5.(2016·全国新课标2卷语法填空)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 48 while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
【答案】a
【解析】介词短语for a while意为"一会儿",本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情,让你的身体和大脑休息一会儿。
【巧学妙记】
不定冠词的用法口诀
泛指单数和首提,某个/每个/又一个;
物质名词具体化,相同还是抽象词;
三餐四季有修饰,感叹句中有名单。
注释:
①泛指的单数可数名词前和首次提到的单数可数名词前;
②表示又一个,某一个(a second;a certain...);
③具体化的物质名词和抽象名词前(a success,a surprise...);
④有修饰词的三餐和四季前(a wonderful supper…);
⑤感叹句中有单数可数名词(What a lovely girl!...) 。
有些单词以元音字母开头,但读音却以辅音开头,这些单词前要用不定冠词a;
相反,有些以辅音字母开头、读音却以元音开头的单词前要用不定冠词an。如:
a useful book,an hour,an honest child等。
考向2 定冠词
1. 用来特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所修饰。
☞Of all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was the most
important one.
2. 指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。
☞Don’t worry if you can’t come to the party. I’ll save some cake for you.
3. 复述上文中提到的事物。
☞There is a shelf in my father’s room. The shelf is new.
4. 用于单数可数名词之前, 表示该类事物, 相当于 a。
☞When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat.
5. 序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the。
☞The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small.
6. 用于复数姓氏之前, 表示"夫妇"或"全家"。
☞The Whites settled down in Canada last year.
去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。
7. 表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。
☞the sun, the moon, the earth, the world
8. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及些建筑物等
名称前。
☞According to the World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the
spread of AIDS.
9. 定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用,表示一类人或事物。
☞Many of the injured are still in danger.
许多受伤者仍处于危险中。
☞the rich the poor, the old
the wounded the living the dead
10. 用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。
☞the east 东部 play the piano 弹钢琴
1.(2018·新课标2卷语法填空)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。句意:玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%,而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。
2.(2018·新课标3卷语法填空)Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ___62___ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of,此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。
3. (2017·新课标3卷短文改错)Around me in picture are the things which were very important in my life at that
time: car magazines and musical instruments.
【答案】 picture前加the或this
【解析】考查限定词的用法。单数可数名词前应该有限定词,根据句意可知在picture前加the或者this。
4. Xi Jinping met with Hung Hsiu-chu, chairwoman of Kuomintang (KMT) Party, and called for
officials on both sides of the Taiwan Straits to remain committed to one-China consensus(共识).
A. the; the B.不填; the
C.不填; a D. the; 不填
【答案】B
【解析】考查冠词。句意:习近平会见洪秀柱,国民党的主席,并呼吁海峡两岸的官员继续致力于"一个中国"。名词在句中作表语、同位语时,当它所表示的职位、头衔等是独一无二的,则不用冠词,故第一空不用冠词;第二空特指"一个中国"的共识。故选B。
5. This type of machine is on way out, so what on earth shall I buy it for?
A. /; / B. a; the
C. the; / D. the; the
【答案】C
【解析】考查冠词。句意:这种机器即将过时,所以我到底为什么买它呢?on the way out"即将过时;即将被淘汰"是固定搭配,on earth"究竟;到底"是固定搭配。故选C。
6. This book tells _________ life story of John Smith, who left _________ school and worked for a newspaper at
the age of 18.
A. the; the B. a; the
C. the; / D. a; /
【答案】C
【解析】考查冠词。句意:这本书讲述了John Smith的生平。他在18岁时辍学为一家报纸工作。第一空由of短语可知表特指;第二空leave school"毕业、辍学"表抽象意义不用冠词。故选C。
7. Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write children’s book for many years, but one thing or another
always got in way.
A. a;不填 B. the;the
C. 不填;the D. a;the
【答案】D
【解析】句意:多年来,简的奶奶想写一本有关于儿童的书,但总是被这样或那样的原因阻碍了。第一个空使用不定冠词表泛指,第二个in the way 是固定搭配,意为挡道或阻碍。定冠词用于特指或者是固定搭配,不定冠词用于泛指。选D。
【巧学妙记】
定冠词的用法口诀:
特指双知上文提,独一无二普遍专;
方位顺序最高级;赛项乐器影剧院;
姓氏复数一家人,形容词前可数单;
群岛河山江湖海,沙漠海峡和海湾。
阶级党派国全名,组织团体与机关。
连续应用比较级,朝代年代按天算。
考向3 零冠词
1. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。
☞Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts.
偏远地区非常需要教师。
2. 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时,不加冠词。
☞Dr. Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,"A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and
Cambridge."
这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们,这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。
3. 月、季、星期、节假、洲前;三餐、球类、惯用语前;学科、棋类名词前,用零冠词。
☞A year can be divided into four seasons — spring,summer,autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
4. no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后的名词不用冠词。
☞There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.
天下没有免费的午餐。
5. 在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词,但become后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。
☞He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher.
他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。
1. However, we refer to Donald Trump as _______ great success not merely because he has been elected
President of the USA.
A. a; the B. 不填;the
C. a;不填 D. 不填;不填
【答案】C
【解析】考查冠词。在此句中success是可数名词,指"一个成功的人物";President 是职务名词,前面不需要冠词。句意:然而,我们认为唐纳德•特朗普是一个成功的人,不仅仅因为他被选为美国总统。故选C。2. George couldn’t remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _____ Sunday because
everybody was at _____ church.
A. /; the B. the; /
C. a; / D. /; a
【答案】C
【解析】a Sunday指某一个星期天;at church为固定搭配,意为"做礼拜",中间不用冠词。
【巧学妙记】
下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前;
专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭;
复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;
颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
难点剖析
一、序数词前冠词的使用问题
强调顺序时用定冠词;当不强调顺序,而是表示"又,还,再"时用不定冠词。如:
The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have ________ third one because ________ second one is rather too small.
A. a; a B. the; the
C. a; the D. the; a
【答案】C
【解析】第一空表示"还,再"用不定冠词;第二空强调顺序用定冠词。句意为:蛋糕很好吃,因为他第二块太小了,所以他想再吃一块。
二、school, bed等前面冠词的使用问题
像bed, table, class, school, college, church, hospital, prison等名词,在指这些家具、建筑或场所本身时用冠词,但若抽象地指它们所具有的作用或功能时,则不用冠词,此时多用于go to或者be in / at之后。如: 1. —Where is Jack?
—I think he is still in ________ bed, but he might just be in ________ bathroom. (全国卷)
A. 不填;不填 B. the;the
C. the; 不填 D.不填;the
【答案】D
【解析】题中bed是指其用途,即:be in bed在睡觉。第二空指双方都知道的洗手间。
2. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed in my
flat.
A. the; a B. the; 不填
C. a; the D. a; 不填
【答案】A
【解析】题中bed不是指其用途,而是泛指"床"这类事物中的一个。hotel是特指这次住的那个旅馆。句意是:你下次来这里度假,就不要住那个旅馆了,我在我的公寓里帮你弄一张床。
3. When he left ________ college, he got a job as ________ reporter in a newspaper office.
A. 不填;a B. 不填;the
C. a ; the D. the; the
【答案】A
【解析】题中college指在大学的功用,即:供人"求学",leave college指"大学毕业"。在as后表示职业或身份的单数名词前要用不定冠词。
三、专有名词前的冠词使用问题
一般不用冠词,如John, China等。但以下几种情况用冠词:
①"the+姓氏复数"表示"某某夫妇"或"姓某的一家人"。如:
________ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.
A. The Evens B. The Evens’
C. The Evenses D. Evenses’
【答案】C
【解析】"the+姓氏复数"表示"某某夫妇"或"姓某的一家人"。
②"a(n)+人名"表示"……式的人物"或"有一个名叫……的人",如:
☞He is a Lei Feng. 他是一个雷锋式的人物。
☞A Smith is waiting for you at the school gate. 有一个叫史密斯的人在门口等你。
③由普通名词构成的专有名词前通常要加the,如the Summer Palace, the United Nations。但若是在"专 有名词(人名或地名)+普通名词"构成的专有名词前不用冠词,如Beijing University, Yale U
niversity。 如:
The most important thing about cotton in history is ________ part that it played in ________ Industrial Revolution.
A. 不填;不填 B. the;不填
C. the; the D. a; the
【答案】C
【解析】因为part后面有一定语从句修饰,是特指,用the;又因为工业革命是由普通名词构成的专有 名词,所以前面也要用the。
④表示特指时专有名词前也可能用the,如:
the Gorge of China (中国的高尔基)
the China of the 1960s(20世纪60年代的中国)
the Smith you’re looking for(你在找的那个史密斯)
四、物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用问题
一般不用冠词,如We all need water. (我们都需要水。) 但是下列情况要用冠词:
①特指时要加the,如:
In Hangzhou Mr Green was so struck by ________ beauty of ________ nature that he stayed for another night. A. /, / B. /, the
C. the, / D. the, the
【答案】C
【解析】beauty后有of 短语表示特指,用the;nature作"大自然, 自然界"解是不可数名词,通常 不用冠词。
②有的抽象名词具体化后,前面要加不定冠词,如:
a surprise一件预料之外的事 a pity / shame (一件令人遗憾的事)
a success(一件成功的事或一个成功的人) a pleasure(一件快乐的事),a time(一段时间)
③不定冠词可在coffee, tea, beer, drink等物质名词前表示"一杯 / 罐 / 瓶"。如:
I’d like a tea(=a cup of tea), please. 我要来杯茶。
五、表示三餐的名词前的冠词使用问题
breakfast, lunch, supper等前一般不用冠词,但若受形容词修饰时用a / an;特指时要用the。如:
a good lunch(丰盛的午餐)
How do you like the lunch?(你觉得这顿午餐怎么样?)
六、play后的乐器和球类名词的冠词使用问题
play后接西洋乐器名词时,要加定冠词。但象erhu(二胡)之类的汉语拼音的中国民乐名称前就不用冠词;play后面接球、棋、牌等之类的名词前也不用冠词,如play football / chess / bridge踢足球 / 下棋 / 打桥牌。 After watching ________ TV, she played ________ violin for an hour.
A. 不填, 不填 B. the, the
C. the, 不填 D. 不填, the
【答案】D
【解析】play作"弹、演奏"讲,后接的西洋乐器名词前要用the。watch TV是习惯说法,不用冠词。
七、表示季节、月份、星期的名词前的冠词使用问题
一般不用冠词,但特指时用the;受形容词修饰表示具有某种特点时可用a / an。如:
the spring of 1998 1998年的春天 a hard winter 一个严寒的冬天
八、表示节日的名词前的冠词使用问题
含有day的节日前一般不用冠词,如May Day, New Year’s day, Christmas Day, April Fool’s Day,
Mother’s Day等;但仅中国才有的传习统节日名称前常用the,如the Spring Festival(春节), the Mid-autumn Festival(中秋节)。
九、有后置定语的名词前的冠词使作问题
特指某人或某物时用the;但若指一类事物时用a / an。如:
I’d like to buy a present that is useful but not expensive.
我想买一件价格不贵但又有用的那样一类礼物。(from www.nmet168.com)
十、两个并列名词前冠词的使用问题
指同一人、同一物或同一概念时,第二个名词前不用冠词,如a teacher and writer(一位教师兼作家),a horse and cart(一辆马车),a knife and fork(一付刀叉);但若是指两个人时,第二个名词前一般也要加冠词,如a man and a woman(一个男人和一个女人)。
十一、冠词的非前位用法
1. 不定冠词用在quite,rather,many,half,what,much等词之后。如:
☞He is rather a fool.
☞—What did you think of the concert?
—Oh,it was quite a success.
2. 不定冠词用在so(as,too,how)+形容词之后。如:
☞She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
☞It’s too difficult a book for us to read.
注意:以元音音素开头的名词前加不定冠词时用"an"。例如:an apple。
即使单词拼写以辅音字母开头,但该词的读音是元音音素开头,加不定冠词时也要用"an",例如:an hour,an honest boy;反之,拼写以元音字母开头,但读音是辅音,加不定冠词时要用"a",例如:a university。
3. so…that与such…that:
①so…that和such…that都作"如此……以至于"解,that引导结果状语从句。常见句型如下:
so
②such…that和so…that有时可以换用,条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词,且该名词还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下:such a/an+形容词+名词→so+形容词+a/an+名词。如:
☞He is such a good student that we all like him.→He is so good a student that we all like him。
但是,如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词,则只能用such,不能用so修饰。如:
☞It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home。
③如果复数名词前有many,few,不可数名词前有much,little等表示量的形容词时,应该用so而不用such。如:
☞I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
☞Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together(维持生活)。
但little不表示数量而表示"小"的意思时,仍用such。如:
☞They are such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves.
检测训练
题组一 真题在线
1.(2016·浙江)______prize for the winner of the competition is ______two-week holiday in Paris.
A. The ; 不填 B. A ; 不填
C. A ; the D. The ; a
2.(2015·陕西) more learned a man is, more modest be usually become.
A. The ; the B. A; a
C. The ; a D. A; the
3.(2015·四川)Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be Beethoven.
A. a B. an
C. the D.不填
4.(2015·浙江)Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write children’s book for many years, but one thing
or another always got in way.
A. a;不填 B. the; the
C. 不填;the D. a; the
5.(2015·重庆)I just heard____ bank where Dora works was robbed by____ gunman wearing a mask.
A. the; / B. a; /
C. the; a D. a; the
6.(2014·重庆)I can’t tell you _______ way to the Wilsons’ because we don’t have _______ Wilson here in the
village.
A. the; a B. a; /
C. a; the D. the; /
7.(2014·天津)Life the like ________ ocean; Only ________strong-willed can reach the other shore.
A. an; the B. the; a
C. the ;/ D. / ; a
8.(2014·江西)They chose Tom to be ________captain of the team because they knew he was _______smart
leader.
A. a; the B. the; the
C. the; a D. a; a
9.(2014·陕西)________ village where I was born has grown into ________ town.
A. The; a B. A; the
C. The; the D. A; a
10.(2014·浙江)The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into ______
night.
A. a; the B. the; 不填
C. a; a D. 不填;the
题组二 名校模拟
1. The foreigners here are greatly impressed by the fact that _______ people from all walks of life are working hard for ________ new Tianjin.
A. /; a B. /; the C. a; a D. the; the
2. No one hopes the two countries will be at ________ war, because ________ peace is what everyone wants.
A. the; the B. a; a C. the; / D. /; /
3. They had to bring the project under ________ construction to ________ end because of lack of money.
A. the; an B. /; / C. /; an D. the; the
4. This type of machine is on ________ way out, so what on ________ earth shall I buy it for?
A. /; / B. a; the C. the; / D. the; the
5. Xi Jinping met with Hung Hsiu-chu, ________ chairwoman of Kuomintang (KMT) Party, and called for officials on both sides of the Taiwan Straits to remain committed to ________ one-China consensus(共识).
A. the; the B.不填; the
C. 不填; a D.the; 不填
6. I wonder what it feels to be one of _________really rich. The Browns already have two Rolls Royce and now they are buying ________ third.
A. the; a B. the; the C. /;a D. /;the
7. Being able to afford ________ drink would be ________ comfort in those tough times.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; / D./; a
8. ________ prize for the winner of the competition is ________ two-week holiday in Paris.
A. The; / B. The; a C.A; / D./; the
9. —The show is just amazing! It’s hard to believe you fell asleep.
—There is no such ________ thing ________ everyone likes.
A. a; that B./; what C./; as D. a; /
10. The most amazing thing about ________ nature is its creation of human beings.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
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