2020届高考英语二轮培优新专题限时检测（十九）　阅读理解B篇保分练（二） 7页

专题限时检测(十九)　阅读理解B篇保分练(二)‎ ‎(共4篇，限时28分钟)‎ A ‎(2019·南京、盐城模拟)That competition keeps prices down is well known. But it is hard to measure by just how much, because prices vary for all sorts of reasons, from differences in labour costs and rents to taxes. Rising to the challenge is a new paper in The Economic Journal by Giacomo Calzolari, Andrea Ichino, Francesco Manaresi and Viki Nellas，economists at the European University Institute, Bologna University and the Italian central bank. They looked at pharmacies (药房) and specifically at customers who may be particularly easy to rip off: new parents.‎ Using data for 2007 to 2010 covering about a fifth of pharmacies in Italy, the researchers measured the way in which prices of hygiene products for babies changed as the number of babies varied. They took advantage of a peculiar law from the 1960s, according to which regions with at most 7,500 people are allowed just one pharmacy (supposedly to keep the quality of services high). They compared prices in places with populations just below this threshold, and just above.‎ The products studied included some 3,000 varieties of shampoos, bath foams, baby wipes, creams and so on. Many are also used by adults on themselves. Some people, for example, prefer suncream labelled “for children” because of its high level of protection. When raising prices for these products, even a pharmacist with a monopoly (垄断) must consider the risk that adult users will switch to products that are not aimed at children. But a rise in the number of babies, and hence buyers who are parents, could tip_the_scales_towards price increases. By contrast, the pharmacist should already be charging as much as parents are willing to pay for products without adult users, such as nappies.‎ The scholars found that pharmacists raised prices when there were more new parents — but only in regions with a single pharmacy, and not for nappies. In monopoly areas a doubling of the number of babies from one month to the next (not unusual in a small population) coincided with a 5% increase in the price of the basket of babyhygiene products.‎ The study is timely. Italy's government has started to loosen some of the many restrictions that stop competition in the pharmacy sector (though not yet the one that the researchers relied on). But such regulations are plentiful in many other lines of business, and not just in Italy. The consumers who pay the price are often those who find it hardest to travel to shop around — for example, people with crying babies on their hands.‎ 语篇解读：研究人员发现竞争有利于降低价格。但是在一些人口比较少，只有一家垄断的药店的地方，儿童用药价格就比较高，所以文章建议政府放宽医药行业准入门槛，多增加一些药店，这样可以减轻新手父母的负担。‎ ‎1．What's the purpose of the study?‎ ‎ A．To review the function of the special law for pharmacies.‎ ‎ B．To make clear the relation between competition and prices.‎ C．To collect the information on pharmacy business in Italy.‎ ‎ D．To gather the data on hygiene products for babies in Italy.‎ ‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句“That competition keeps prices down is well known. But it is hard to measure by just how much ...”可知，大家都知道竞争会导致价格下降，但是很难具体测量竞争到底影响了多少价格，所以研究的目的是为了搞清楚竞争和价格之间的关系。‎ ‎2．The underlined phrase“tip the scales”in Paragraph 3 means “________”．‎ ‎ A．push the move　　　　 B．keep the level ‎ C．control the rise D．break the balance ‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据本文的主题以及常识可知婴儿多了，家长(要扩大购买)会推动价格上涨。画线词意为“推动价格上涨”，A项与之表达的意思一致，故选A。‎ ‎3．The government's new measures will greatly benefit ________.‎ ‎ A．pharmacy owners B．local merchants C．new parents D．adult users ‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，怀抱婴儿的家长不方便到远的地方去买儿童药品，所以在药店比较少的地方容易被欺诈。放宽一些禁止医药行业竞争的政策，同一个地方会有更多的药店，有利于降低药价，所以刚做父母的人会受益。‎ B ‎(2019·南通七市模拟)We all have defining moments in our lives — meaningful experiences that stand out in our memory. Many of them owe a great deal to chance: a lucky encounter (相遇) with someone who becomes the love of your life. A new teacher who spots a talent you didn't know you had. These moments seem to be the product of fate or luck. We can't control them.‎ But is that true? Not necessarily. Defining moments shape our lives, but we don't have to wait for them to happen. We can be the authors of them. It is possible to create defining moments if we understand more about them. Our research shows that they all share a set of common elements. We start by asking: why do we remember certain experiences and forget others? In the case of big days, such as weddings, the answer is pretty clear — it's a celebration that is grand in scale and rich in emotion. No surprise that it's more memorable than a maths lesson. But for other experiences in life — from holidays to work projects — it's not so clear why we remember what we do.‎ Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to submerge (浸入) their hands for 60 seconds in buckets filled with ‎14℃‎ water. (Remember ‎14℃‎ water feels much colder than ‎14℃‎ air.) They were then asked to submerge their hands for 90 seconds instead of 60, but during the final 30 seconds, the water warmed up to ‎15℃‎. The participants were then given a choice: would you rather repeat the first trial or the second?‎ Psychologists have explained the reasons for this puzzling result. When people assess an experience, they tend to forget or ignore its length. Instead they seem to rate the experience based on two key moments: the best or worst moment, known as the peak, and the ending.‎ In the participants' memories, what stood out for them was that the longer trial ended more comfortably than the shorter one. So when we assess our experiences, we don't average our minutebyminute feelings. Rather, we tend to remember flagship moments: the peaks, the pits (低谷) and the transitions. What we don't remember are the bits in between — sometimes there is little to distinguish one week from the next.‎ Partly this is because there may be only a dozen moments in your life that show who you are — those are big defining moments. But there are smaller experiences, too, in the context of a memorable holiday, romantic date or work achievement. Once we understand how we remember certain moments and why, we can start to create more moments that matter.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要阐述了人生的关键时刻最容易被记住，对一个人的影响也是最大的。对于这些关键的时刻，我们不应被动地等，而是可以积极地去创造的。‎ ‎4．How does the author understand defining moments?‎ ‎ A．We can create defining moments in our lives. ‎ ‎ B．Defining moments are just out of our control. ‎ ‎ C．No similarities exist between defining moments.‎ ‎ D．Defining moments consist of smaller experiences.‎ ‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是第四、五句“We can be the authors of them. It is possible to create defining moments if we understand more about them.”可知，作者认为决定性的时刻不必等待，我们自己可以创造这样的时刻。‎ ‎5．We can learn from the experiment that ________. ‎ A．the striking moments are more likely to be remembered ‎ B．the length of an experience determines our memory of it C．it is meaningful to distinguish the pits in between flagship moments D．all the components of an experience should be equally remembered ‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第五段第三句“Rather, we tend to remember flagship moments: the peaks, the pits (低谷) and the transitions.”可知，我们倾向于记住最重要的时刻：人生巅峰、低谷和转折点。the striking moments与flagship moments含义一致，都是指人生最重要的时刻。‎ ‎6．What would probably be discussed in the following part of the text?‎ ‎ A．What to prepare for life's trials.‎ ‎ B．Why to create defining moments.‎ ‎ C．Whom to owe our good fates to.‎ ‎ D．How to create life's big moments.‎ ‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。最后一段指出当我们知道了如何记住那些确定的时刻，我们就可以去创造更多重要的时刻，由此可推测，接下来就应该要说怎么去创造重要的时刻。‎ C ‎(2019·南京模拟)Like a lot of healthcare professionals, Dr. Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives.“There's this view that you should suck it up and do one more thing，” says the ER physician and host of CBC's White Coat, Black Art. But that “one more thing” often comes at Goldman's expense.‎ ‎“You're exhausted and a patient or their family look at you with begging eyes，” he says.“So you have this dilemma: say that your shift is over or give until you're totally spent？” Goldman's work stress combined with family tension after his mother was diagnosed with dementia 20 years ago. Caring for her over a decade was difficult, as was dealing with his father's grief.“When someone else is drowning you, you have to grab a life preserver and save yourself，” says Goldman.‎ Setting boundaries isn't just important for busy professionals; everyone can benefit from managing situations that cause undue stress or pain. Here are some tips.‎ First，“If someone's behavior makes you unhappy — and it could be anything from the way they speak to you to repeatedly failing to stick to their promise — then there's room to set limits，” says Patrick Keelan, a Calgary psychologist. We often avoid setting limits because we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours. In order to control this_impulse,_Goldman suggests framing the development of boundaries as a form of selfkindness. When facing an overwhelming situation like the one he was in with his father, Goldman suggests reflecting on what is making you feel uncomfortable, unhappy or unappreciated.“You can't relate to others or be kind to others if you aren't kind to yourself，” he says.‎ Second, once you've become aware of your needs, setting and maintaining boundaries requires clear verbal communication. There are three obstacles to enforcing boundaries in a relationship: fear, guilt and selfdoubt, says psychologist Nicole McCance. We often fear that if we set limits, the other person will reject us, or we feel bad claiming our needs. Keelan proposes setting ground rules before relationships become tense. Start by cooperatively listing values — like mutual respect, support, and loyalty — and then building the guidelines from these values. If you're struggling to reach a consensus, Keelan recommends engaging a third party, such as a therapist, to help.‎ Now, if you want a boundary to stick to, you can't enable someone in breaking it. As such, it's crucial to establish consequences for transgressions (越轨). Otherwise, McCance says，“you're giving them permission to violate that boundary.” If they won't respect your boundaries, you have to do some soulsearching about the value of the relationship.“When you feel bad more than you feel good in this person's presence, and when the relationship is impacting your selfworth and happiness, ‎ it's time to reassess，”says McCance. Saying no is hard, but she suggests framing it as saying yes to healthier relationships.“We're all better mothers and partners and brothers when we have boundaries.”‎ 语篇解读：本文主要讨论了设定必要的界限的重要性，并且就如何设定界限提出了几点建议。‎ ‎7．What do we know about Goldman?‎ ‎ A．He is in need of support in his work. ‎ ‎ B．He is caught between his work and life. ‎ ‎ C．He slides into the state of desperation. ‎ ‎ D．He always puts his family at the first place.‎ ‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Like a lot of healthcare professionals, Dr. Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives.”可知，像许多医疗保健专业人士一样，布莱恩·戈德曼博士发现很难在工作和个人生活之间划清界限，即他被困在工作和生活之间。‎ ‎8．What do the underlined words “this impulse” in Paragraph 4 refer to?‎ ‎ A．Prioritizing others' happiness.‎ ‎ B．Avoiding setting limits.‎ ‎ C．Failing to stick to their promise.‎ ‎ D．Framing the development of boundaries.‎ ‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。画线部分this impulse意为“这种冲动”，this指代前一句提到的“we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours”。‎ ‎9．What's the best title of the passage?‎ ‎ A．Do communicate B．Do not cross ‎ C．Identify your limits D．Say no and mean it ‎ ‎ 解析：选B　标题归纳题。文章一开始谈到医疗保健专业人士布莱恩·戈德曼博士发现很难在工作和个人生活之间划清界限。第二段举例说明这样做的危害。第一段和第二段都可以看成导入主题之前的铺垫。第三段提出文章的主题，即“Setting boundaries isn't just important for busy professionals; everyone can benefit from managing situations that cause undue stress or pain.”接下去几段的内容就如何设定界限提出了几点建议。所以“Do not cross”能够概括整篇文章的内容，提醒人们要注意设定必要的界限，永远都不要超越这个界限。‎ D ‎(2019·扬、泰、南、淮、徐、宿、连模拟)Researchers around the world interested in uncovering complex human disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, could soon have access to cloned monkeys with genomes that have been edited to display these conditions in China.‎ On 24 January, scientists at the Institute of Neuroscience (ION) in Shanghai reported that they had used geneediting to disable a gene in monkeys that is crucial to their sleepwake cycle. The ‎ scientists then cloned one of those monkeys to produce five primates (灵长目动物) with almost identical (相同的) genes. It is the first time that researchers have cloned a geneedited monkey.‎ Primates are the best animal model for studying higher cognitive (认知的) functions and brain disorders in humans, says neuroscientist Muming Poo, ION's director and cofounder of the new 720 million yuan (US D|S106 million) centre. The advantage of creating cloned monkeys is that it reduces the number of animals needed for certain types of experiments, such as testing whether a drug works.‎ But some scientists think that experiments using monkeys should be a last approach because of their higher levels of cognition. Mitchell Lazar, who studies metabolic disease at the University‎ of ‎Pennsylvania, says that some experiments in mice — for example, research into the genes behind human diseases — are equally appropriate scientifically as in primates. Research in mice is also more accepted by the public, and the animals are cheaper and quicker to produce. Lazar worries that if scientists have ready access to populations of geneedited monkeys, they might use them for experiments when rodents (啮齿动物) would do.‎ Poo says that mice are not a good substitute for studying higher cognitive functions and brain disorders in humans. He argues that cloning will reduce the burden on monkeys by cutting the number used in labs. The ION follows strict international guidelines for animal research, he says.‎ Poo's team will continue to study the effect of gene editing on their five cloned monkeys. The group disabled a gene, BMAL1, that has a crucial role in maintaining circadian rhythm (生理节奏), the internal clock that helps a healthy sleepwake cycle. In people, BMAL1 mutations have been linked to diabetes, hypertension and depression.‎ The monkeys with the disabled BMAL1 genes move more at night and sleep less overall. They also display psychosisrelated symptoms, such as fear and anxiety, when put in unfamiliar environments.‎ The team's next step is to look in detail at the neural (神经的) mechanisms that might create these problems. It will also take advantage of the genetically identical monkeys to hunt for diagnostic markers of circadian rhythmrelated disorders and possible treatments.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了中国开始克隆和人类有着类似基因的猴子，用来做科学实验，从而找到一些比较棘手的疾病的治疗方法。‎ ‎10．Why were the genetically identical monkeys cloned?‎ ‎ A．To prove scientists' innovation in cloning animals.‎ ‎ B．To study the rare characteristics of cloned monkeys.‎ ‎ C．To explore many possibilities for monkeys' cognition.‎ ‎ D．To provide improved animal models of human diseases.‎ ‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Primates are the best animal model for studying higher cognitive(认知的) functions and brain disorders in humans”‎ 可知，灵长类动物是研究人类高级认知功能和大脑紊乱的最佳动物模型。所以克隆更多的和人类有着类似基因的灵长类动物，是为了给人类的疾病提供更好的动物模型。‎ ‎11．What does Mitchell Lazar think of cloning monkeys?‎ ‎ A．It is of little value. B．It is of much practice.‎ ‎ C．It is hardly acceptable. D．It is completely illegal.‎ ‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第四段的内容，尤其是第二、三句“Mitchell Lazar ... says that some experiments in mice ... are equally appropriate scientifically as in primates. Research in mice is also more accepted by the public”可知，他认为用老鼠做实验也能达到用猴子做实验的效果，而且用老鼠做实验也更容易被公众所接受。言下之意就是用猴子做实验不容易被人们所接受。‎ ‎12．From the passage we can know that Poo's team will ________.‎ ‎ A．continue to disable a gene on the monkeys ‎ B．try to clone more monkeys and edit their genes ‎ C．find the similarities between humans and monkeys ‎ D．determine the cause of sleep disorders and find cures ‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“It will also take advantage of the genetically identical monkeys to hunt for diagnostic markers of circadian rhythmrelated disorders and possible treatments.”可知，他们还将利用基因相同的猴子来寻找与昼夜周期紊乱相关的疾病的诊断指标和可能的治疗方法。‎