高考英语二轮复习考前三个月专题一阅读理解技法剖析授之以渔 10页

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 1 专题一 阅读理解 技法剖析 授之以渔 考情分析 1．近三年全国卷阅读理解话题分布情况 年份 类型 A B C D 2016 全国Ⅰ 四位不同领域的女 性先驱及其贡献 老人在子女附近 居住 运送造血干细胞 的工作经历 沉默的不同含义 全国Ⅱ 四则广告：一个讲 座、一个喜剧演员的 演出、一个喜剧演员 的工作室以及一个 有爵士乐和美食的 好去处 通过拼装玩具培 养孩子们的创造 性和动手能力 图书漂流网站的 图书分享活动 一次航海活动的 记录 全国Ⅲ 音乐活动的广告 女作家请朋友吃 饭的一次经历 节日(Apple Day) 网络时代的好消 息与坏消息 2015 全国Ⅰ 伦敦运河博物馆的 每月会谈 快乐的萨拉索塔 农贸市场之旅 巴黎蓬皮杜艺术 中心 心理学咖啡馆 全国Ⅱ 让人郁闷的彩色电 视机 室内环境对身材 的影响 “间隔年”现象 四条一日游线路 2014 全国Ⅰ 针对学生参加创新 挑战赛的参赛通知 旅鸽 驯兽师的启示 如何拯救那些面 临消亡的语言 全国Ⅱ 失而复得的手提箱 保护环境 Chinese au pair 在美国流行 地铁袖珍指南 2.近三年全国卷阅读理解题型分布情况 年份 类型 细节 理解题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 词义 猜测题 文章 结构题 观点 态度题 2016 全国Ⅰ 9 4 1 1 0 0 全国Ⅱ 8 4 1 2 0 0 全国Ⅲ 8 3 1 2 0 1 2015 全国Ⅰ 9 4 0 1 0 1 全国Ⅱ 11 1 1 1 0 1 2014 全国Ⅰ 7 5 0 2 0 1 全国Ⅱ 9 4 1 1 0 0 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 2 技法剖析 授之以渔 一 定位关键信息，拨云见日巧解细节理解题 设问特点 1．考查事件、地点、人物和物品的具体细节； 2．问题一般比较直白； 3．答案常是原文的一句话或一个词，但可能变换了说法； 4．有时以 true，false 或 untrue，except 等提问； 5．错误答案往往明显与原文内容不符。 常考问题 1．Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage? 2．Which of the following(sentences/statements) is NOT true according to the passage? 3．According to the passage，all of the following are true EXCEPT . 4．The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT . 5．In the passage，the author states that . 6．According to the passage，when(where，why，how，who，etc.)．..? 7．Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. 8．Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of...? 解题技巧 1．速读题干抓“关键”，“跳读”文章锁信息，找准信息源是关键，即含有信息的那一段或 那一句。 2．正误判断题：题干原文静心觅。在解答时要带着原题回到原文中，看它们之间的吻合性。 这类题目头绪繁杂，在解题时一定要避免急躁心理。 3．数字计算题：“加减乘除”巧破解。弄清询问数据与原文数据的因果关系，必要时进行加 减乘除或单位换算。 4．Paraphrase 是常用手法，即把原文的说法换一种说法。 5．错误答案可能部分是正确的，但以偏概全；也可能根据常识正确但却与原文内容不符。 典例 (2016·全国Ⅰ，A片段) Rosa Parks (19132005) On December 1,1955，in Montgomery，Alabama，Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year，and kicked off the 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 3 civilrights movement.“The only tired I was，was tired of giving in，” said Parks. 23．Who made a great contribution to the civilrights movement in the U．S.? A．Jane Addams. B．Rachel Carson. C．Sandra Day O’Connor. D．Rosa Parks. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。由题干可以迅速将答案锁定在文章最后一段，根据“Her simple act landed Parks in prison...and kicked off the civilrights movement.”所提供的信息 可知，Parks 为美国的民权运动做出了极大贡献。故选 D 项。 二 理顺上下文语境，字斟句酌攻克推理判断题 设问特点 1．考查暗含的信息，文章没有直说。这类试题的题干中常含 infer(推断)，learn about(知 道)，suggest(暗示)，imply(暗示)，conclude(推断)，indicate(暗示)等词语； 2．在原文中一定能找到暗示； 3．设问含义深刻，不像细节理解题那么直白； 4．正确选项既符合逻辑，又与全文主旨一致； 5．错误选项的特点是过于直白，歪曲事实或夸大其词。 常考问题 1．We can infer from the passage that . 2．The passage/author implies/suggests that . 3．It can be concluded from the passage that . 4．From the passage we can tell . 5．The writer suggests in the beginning that . 6．What probably happened in the end? 解题技巧 1．根据事实细节，合理推断信息。在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从 而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠于原文。切忌用自己的观 点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。 2．解题时应注意以下两点： (1)直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项； (2)推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。 3．推理判断的主要方法：抓住关键词，结合全文，归纳演绎。归纳是具体到抽象，个别到一 般；演绎是一般到个别，抽象到具体。 4．要依据原文推理判断，牢记是在原文中考查作者的想法，而不是考生本人的想法，原文是 唯一的判断依据。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 4 典例 (2016·上海，C 片段) Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark？“I think if you went and did the survey， people would like to think they would，” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton，UK，who studies open data.“We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter，he says. 74．It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether . A．social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme B．people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think C．a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale D．the kitemark would help companies develop their business models 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。根据第五段 Nigel Shadbolt 说“...if you went and did the survey， people would like to think they would...”，最后一句又说“But what would happen in practice is another matter，he says.”由此可推断，Nigel Shadbolt 怀疑人们是否会真 正和他们想的那样注意认证标记。故 B 项正确。 三 探寻主线或主题，高瞻远瞩锁定主旨大意题 设问特点 1．考查标题归纳、全文主旨或段落大意； 2．正确选项概括范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确； 3．错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或是偏离主题，主观臆断； 4．常以 main idea，best idea，subject，mainly discuss 等词提问。 常考问题 1．The best title for this passage is . 2．The passage (or the first paragraph) is mainly about . 3．What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage? 4．The passage chiefly discusses/deals with . 5．The passage mainly tells us that . 6．The main idea of the first/second/third...paragraph probably is . 解题技巧 1．如原文有标题，则标题常反映主旨大意。 2．如问段落大意，应注意首句和尾句。 3．主旨信息常在 for example 之前，all in all 之后。 4．若段首为疑问句，则回答即主题。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 5 5．作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关 键词。 6．表示总结或结论的话常有 therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion 等。 典例 (2015·浙江，C 片段) If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet.Instead，we are diurnal creatures， with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light.This is a basic evolutionary fact， even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night：We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. 54．What might be the best title for the passage? A．The Magic Light B．The Orange Haze C．The Disappearing Night D．The Rhythms of Nature 答案 C 解析 标题归纳题。整篇文章都在说明光污染给生物带来的巨大影响，本来是宁静、舒适的 夜晚也被人类设计的灯光所影响。所以，标题应该是 The Disappearing Night。 四 洞察逻辑关系，顺藤摸瓜明辨词义猜测题 设问特点 1．从原文中找单词、短语或句子设问； 2．只有在具体的上下文中才可判断准确； 3．所考单词有的是生词，有的是旧词新意； 4．正确选项的特征是放在原文不仅单句合理，全文也合理； 5．错误选项或是字面意思，或是故意胡说； 6．考查某些指示代词的具体指代。 常考问题 1．The word/phrase “...” in the passage means . 2．The word/phrase “...” could be best replaced by . 3．Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to “...”？ 4．The word/phrase “...” probably refers to . 5．According to the passage，the word “...” is known as . 6．The underlined word “...” in Paragraph...means . 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 6 解题技巧 1．利用构词法猜词 英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速 有效的解题方法。 2．利用语境及逻辑关系猜词 利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测 词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如 or，that is，in other words，including，although， but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than， instead of 等。 3．利用同义解释猜词 同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用 or，that is (to say)，in other words， namely 等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等 引出后面的解释。 4．利用常识及生活经验猜词 考生要运用非语言知识提示来提高分析能力，力图理解阅读中的生词，以明确把握作者的意 图。 典例 (2016·全国Ⅰ，C片段) I am Peter Hodes，a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012，I’ve done 89 trips—of those,51 have been abroad，I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient，we’ve got 72 hours at most.So I am always conscious of time. 29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．provider B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor 答案 B 解析 词义猜测题。由下文可知，“我”是一名志愿者，从事干细胞递送的工作。所以答案 为 B。 五 理清全文构架，画龙点睛勾勒文章结构题 设问特点 1．问题主要考查对文章结构的把握能力； 2．考查对文章组织形式的判断； 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 7 3．考查对文章基本架构的理解。 常考问题 1．How is the text organized? 2．The author develops the passage mainly by . 3．The text is mainly developed in the order of . 4．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? 5．The first paragraph serves as a(n) . 6．What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? 解题技巧 1．发挥整体感悟能力，做结构题也要了解全文的主题。 2．判断文章体裁类型，是议论文、记叙文还是说明文。 3．记叙文通常以时间、地点或故事情节发展(开端、发展、高潮、结局)等为序进行写作。 4．议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类：“提出论点→分论点一→分论点二→分论点三……→ 结论”；第二类：“引入段→导出论点→分点论述→结论”；第三类：“提出问题→分析问 题→解决问题”；第四类：“提出反面观点→批驳反面观点→提出正面观点”。 5．说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作。 6．了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构(总 →分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结 构(结构形式上是一正一反)。 典例 (2016·北京，D) Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自 主性) and the development of adult identity.However，now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence，during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations，college was a decisive break from parental control； guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades，however，continued connection with and dependence on family， thanks to cell phones，email and social media，have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility， universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility，college needs to be a time 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 8 of exploration and experimentation.This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally.While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges，we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群体) differs from the family，many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern，they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover，the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults：the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规 定) and controlled，the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out，particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore，there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values，social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and selfregulation，of the necessary tension between safety and selfdiscovery. 70．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Subpoint(次要点) 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 9 C：Conclusion 答案 C 解析 篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一、二段起到以目前大学教育现状导入的作用；第三 段是第一个主要点(大学教育应该尝试新的方法培养学生在思维方面和个性方面的发展)；第 四段是第二个主要点(培养学生的社会实践能力)；第五、六段是第二个主要点的次要点；第 七段是结论(大学探讨应该包括意识到培养学生自主性、自我规范等方面的重要性)。 六 洞察作者思想倾向，揣摩观点态度题 设问特点 1．问题明确，但作者表述不明确，常隐含在字里行间； 2．褒义词或贬义词经常是判断的依据； 3．考查客观的陈述，则要寻找不偏不倚的观点； 4．常问到转折词后的观点，即作者明确赞同或反对的观点。 常考问题 1．The author’s attitude to...is that . 2．The writer’s purpose in writing this article is . 3．What is the author’s opinion about...? 4．Which point of view may the author agree to? 5．The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to . 6．The writer thought that . 解题技巧 1．全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容词、 副词、动词及所举的例子，如 doubt，appreciate，hate，against 等。 2．找准信息源，做题不要掺杂个人情感。 3．判断依据可能是个别词，也可能是个别句。 4．对作者举的事例要注意，事例反映了作者的观点。 5．借助连接词做题，搞清语句关系。 6．不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法，因此脱离原文的主观臆断都是错误的。 典例 (2016·北京，D 篇章见上) 67．What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A．Sympathetic. B．Disapproving. C．Supportive. D．Neutral. 答案 B 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 10 解析 观点态度题。根据第一段作者说现在的大学生没有承担起成人的责任，以及第二段作 者分析了原因，指出由于父母的引导延伸到了大学导致学生自主能力的缺失。由此可见，作 者对父母给大学生的持续引导是不赞成的。故选 B项。