专题11 阅读理解-备战2021年高考英语之纠错笔记系列（原卷版） 27页

易错点 1 只见树木不见森林，误把细节当主题 （2018·新课标 III 卷）Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000. Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762. 27. What is the text mainly about? A. The rise and fall of a city. B. The gold rush in Canada. C. Journeys into the wilderness. D. Tourism in Dawson. 【错因分析】一篇文章都是围绕着一个中心思想或一个话题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一 是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 通读全文可知，文章主要围绕 Dawson 的发展展开，Dawson 反复出现，再根据每一段的段首 句可以总结出，文章第一段通过城市发展的原因引出 Dawson，第二段介绍 Dawson 发展的原 因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，从而总结出文章的主旨大意。 【试题解析】第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出 Dawson 这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的 原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕 Dawson 这个城市 的发展起伏。故 A 正确。 【参考答案】 A 近几年的高考阅读理解越来越倾向于从语篇的角度考查能力，考生在做题时也要相应地转变为整体思 维，要从整体把握文章的大意，不可过于纠缠细节。利用文章的细节内容进行干扰是命题人常采用的干扰 方式，考生千万不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意题或是标题归纳题，切忌只见树木，不见森林。 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years. 27. What is the best title for the text? A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control 易错点 2 主观臆断，忽视逻辑 Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, ＂The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.＂ Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the ＂real＂ and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries. 29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing. C. To stress the importance of reading. 【错因分析】 考生容易做错的原因是忽视本题上下文的逻辑关系和所涉及的相关信息，单一地、孤立地分 析某句内容从而不能全面总结。 【试题解析】本文属于说明文，介绍了 BookCrossing.com 所进行的分享图书活动的目的以及具体过程。 本题是目的意图题。作者在第一段中提出读书也是一种社交活动，那些参加读书小组的人经常在一起阅读 讨论所读内容，增强相互之间的理解。接着在最后一句提出 BookCrossing.com,说明作者提到读书小组的目 的正是为了介绍网站 BookCrossing.com。故 B 正确。 【参考答案】B 回归原文，重视逻辑 考生做阅读理解题的唯一依据就是文章，所有的判断都应围绕文章进行。每篇文章都是完整的语篇，上下 文之间的逻辑关系非常紧密。在做此类题时，考生需要通过上下文之间的逻辑关系揣测作者所要表达的真 正意图。 （2018·浙江）In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad. In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa. How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one. 22. Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________. A. his reputation in France B. his interest in modern art C. his success in publication D. his importance in literature 易错点 3 信息错位，忽视题干 Carri Kessler and her husband Will named their daughter Ottilie after a friend from the U.K., who helped them a lot. However, right after their baby girl was born, the couple noticed a big problem. "No one could remember her name and no one could pronounce it. We’re going to keep having to introduce her!" Kessler told Today.com. The situation then grew worse as Kessler’s grandmother admitted to sticking Post-it notes around the house to help remind her of Ottilie’s name which can be pronounced either Ott-ill-ee or Oh-teel-ya. Three months after Ottilie was born, the Kesslers decided to legally change their daughter’s name. The couple came up with two possible names. They then settled on Margot after talking to a name expert. The Kesslers’ situation is not uncommon as an increasing number of parents experience the same as the Kesslers. According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their child’s name due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting. Parents care a lot more and think a lot more about names now than their parents. To deal with this, a number of name experts now offer services to help parents choose the right name. Couples have also sought help from the Internet to choose their baby’s name. However, parents can change their child’s name in the event that they regret their choice. In Canada, the rules vary in each province. For instance, in Ontario, the child must have lived in the province for the past 12 months, or since birth if under the age of one. Each of the child’s legal guardians (监护人) must also give permission. 3．What can we learn from the third paragraph? A. The Kesslers’ experience is no exception. B. Unfitness is the main reason for changing the name. C.11% of Canadians are unsatisfied with their baby’s name. D. Parents always pay more attention to children’s name. 【错因分析】根据第三段中的"due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting"可知,家长想给孩子 改名字的原因有名字太普通、发错音或者只是不适合,但文中并没有说不适合是改名字的最主 要原因,故可排除 B 项。根据第三段中的"According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their child’s name"可知,11%的BabyCenter Canada的用户想要给他们的孩子改 名字,由此得不出 11%的加拿大人都对他们孩子的名字不满意这一结论,故可排除 C 项。根据第 三段中的"Parents care a lot more...than their parents"可知,现在的父母对他们孩子的名字的关注 度要比他们自己的父母对自己的名字关注度高,但这并不等于说父母一直都很关注孩子的名字, 故可排除 D 项。 【试题解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"The Kesslers’ situation is not uncommon as an increasing number of parents experience the same as the Kesslers"可知,Kessler 夫妇的情况很常见,很多家长都有类 似的经历,即 Kessler 夫妇的经历并非例外。故选 A。 【参考答案】 D 审清题干，锁定范围 考生在做阅读理解题时，一定要看清题干，即所问的问题是什么，切忌答非所问。更改原句词汇，偷换概 念，变换时态以及颠倒是非都是命题人经常采用的干扰方式。由于题干或选项不是照抄文章中的句子，而 是用其同意词句进行表达的，所以考生一定要仔细对照文章，做出正确判断。 (2017·全国新课标 II)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well known as Paul— he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen. We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words. 24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first? A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent. C. He wasn’t famous enough. D. The director recommended someone else. 易错点 4 断章取义，忽视语篇 You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(贫困) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising＂changemakers＂ seeking to solve(解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker. Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there. When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka's streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把……制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers( 化 肥 ) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14，000. Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development. The author's attitude towards Ashoka's programme can be described as ＂________＂． A．changing B．forgiving C．cautious D．positive 【错因分析】 文章介绍了 Bill Drayton 创办的机构 Ashoka，该机构旨在让每一个公民都成为 changemaker。 如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些细节内容，可能误选 A 或 C。 【试题解析】文章对 Ashoka's programme—changemakers 自始至终充满着赞赏之词，显然作者对此是持积极 态度的。故选 D。 【参考答案】 D 重视语境，挖掘信息 近几年的高考阅读理解题中出现了不少夹叙夹议类文章，或者是先叙述后议论、或者在叙述中夹有议论， 无论是哪种类型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的观点或态度，而是将自己的情感贯穿于文章之中。考生 在做题过程中，要从语篇的角度推断作者的情感。遇到猜测词义或句意类试题，考生要依据上下文进行综 合推断，不宜只根据某一处细节或某个句子下结论。 Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy( 自 主 性 ) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on ＂ new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在 思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined( 规 定 ) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery. 1.What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A. Sympathetic B. Disapproving C. Supportive D. Neutral 高考阅读理解试题解题误区 第一大误区，阅读文章时逐字逐句，力争读懂每一句话。 很多同学都觉得阅读理解时间不够，往往是采用的这种阅读方法。在高考或者我们平时高考模拟考试中， 英语阅读一共应分配的时间是 35 分钟。平均每篇文章 7 分钟，那么这每篇文章的 7 分钟又应该大致如何分 配呢？我问过一些中学生同学，不少同学都认为文章读 5 分钟，题做两分钟。他们的理由很简单，读完这 样一篇高考文章，没个 5 分钟不太可能。 那么我可以肯定的说，花 5 分钟读文章的同学 2 分钟绝对做不完题。于是在考试中这些同学只得采取 牺牲写作文的时间这样一种拆东墙补西墙的方法以求在阅读上多拿分。这样的做法往往收效甚微，感觉时 间不够的同学很多时候是因为采取了错误的阅读方法，这样的话即使补进去 10 来分钟时间，其实也不见得 能多拿几分。一场考试下来，同学发现英语阅读错了很多，开始反思的时候，会这样想，我是阅读速度太 慢，文章没有读懂，我应该继续努力提高我的英文水平，争取下次考试能把文展轻松读懂。 这样一个努力方向是不现实的，就高考文章而言，要在 7 分钟内把文章读的清楚明白，还要把题作对， 基本是一个不可能任务。而且出题人也根本没指望一个中学生能把高考阅读文章读的通通透透。高考阅读 主要考查的是同学们两方面的能力，一个是把握文章主旨大意，另一方面是把握文章的某些细节。考纲中 说阅读理解测试学生好几方面的能力，其实都可以归到这两类里，它不过写到更具体一些而已，比如＂根 据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申＂，这些推理引申不是没有根据的，其根据也只能根据两点，要 么文章主旨，要么文章某个细节。 因此根据高考阅读考查的特点，我们在读文章时不是应该每个细节都不放过的去读，而是应该读文章 的结构，读出结构，主旨题就能解决，而其他细节题再回文章定位做出。平时我们在复习的过程中就要 注意了，我们读文章时要读文章的结构，不要在细节上做过多的纠缠。高考文章中的说明文占的比重较 大，难度也大，而偏偏是这类文章结构鲜明，同学们应该注意把握。我们把阅读的重点转移到文章结构 之后，建立起正确的时间分配方法就不是难事了，那就是读文章 3 分钟，做题 4 分钟。其实你熟悉了把 握结构这种读文章的方式之后，3 分钟足够你把握文章的大致结构。 第二个误区，读文章时断章取义。 这个误区实际是第一个误区的延伸，就是同学对文章缺乏大局观，仅仅根据本段来理解本段。比如这 样一篇文章，后面有道题问的是段落主旨。我们把其他段的大意翻译出来，只留下一二两段： 1、One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a ＂sea of technology＂ rather than experiencing the natural world. Fear-producing TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors, which will changes the wild places of the world, its creatures and human health for the worse, unless adults get working on child’s play. 2、Each of us has a place in nature we go sometime, even if it was torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. ＂If the decline in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment（蚕食）?＂ asks Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods. 3. 接近自然好处多。 4. 不是孩子的错。 5. 每个人都有责任来让孩子重返自然。 题目：The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that___ A. kids are missing the sense of wonder outdoors B. parks are in danger of being gradually encroached C. Richard Louv is the author of Last Child in the woods D. children are expected to develop into protector of nature 这个题目正确答案是 D，而很多考生误选了 A。纠其原因，就是根据本段理解本段，没能体会这个段 落在文章中的作用。这篇文章结构很清晰，先讲了一个现象（孩子脱离自然），然后表明了自己的态度，最 后提出解决方案。好了，文章很明显的是，第一段讲了现象，第三段讲了态度，第 4、5 段讲解决方案。那 问题就出来了，第二段它要干吗，是做为第一段的延续把这个现象更一步描述呢，还是表明了作者的态度， 并引出了第三段的阐述？这样就能看出第 2 段文章的主旨了，它不是在描述现象，它是在讲作者的态度， 表明了作者对孩子脱离自然后果的担忧；四个选项就只有 D 是最合适的，表明了作者的态度，孩子们应该 要成长成为大自然的保护者。 第三个误区，深究生词和难句。 高考考纲规定高考阅读中超纲词可占 3％－5％，同学们背纲内词也会有盲点，在加上英语当中有很多 抽象的词汇不好理解，我们在考试中遇到不理解的词的情况时有发生。有些词不影响我们对文章结构的把 握，细节题也没有考到，这样的词可以勇敢的跳过，在考场上没必要花时间去仔细琢磨。句子也是一样， 我们关注的只是跟主旨相关的，以及后面题目考到的那些句子。于是就有这样一种情况，这个词这个句子 考到了我又不理解那怎么办。那就根据上下文来猜测即可。 第四个误区：＂选好了就不能再改，一改就会错。＂ 做完一篇阅读后，必须花半分钟左右检查一下，看是否勾错选项，是否自己选的选项本身就是矛盾 的，是否每个答案都能在文中找到了映射等等。 如果感觉有一道题目自己第一遍做错了，检查后想改，怎么办呢？很简单：对比两个选项间的映射， 哪个选项映射的观点在文中表达得更清晰（比如，选项就是文中某一观点的另一种说法），哪个选项的结论 更合乎作者的思维和推理方式，哪个选项的内容更接近主题中心而不是针对某一细节，那就应该选哪个选 项。 事实上，避免不敢对已经做了的选择的答案进行修改的最有效的方法，是在第一遍做题的时候就仔 细分析选项在文章中的映射。没有完全把握的题目可以放一放，等做完其它小题时你对全文已经有了全局 的把握，再回头思考这个问题，可能更容易做出选择。 第五个误区：＂先读文章，然后才做题。＂ 考场上分秒必争，但一篇三四百字的文章考的问题往往只有 5 个，很多信息是多余的，过两眼就行； 而有的一个单词却牵连数个选项，就得研究上下文，找出对应的关键词，然后参考题目认真加以分析。 从经验来看，做阅读理解题时，基本要用十几秒时间迅速浏览，弄清文章的主题是什么，比如环境 保护、求职、医疗等等。再找到关键词，然后用一分钟读文章后的题目，了解问题是什么。有了文章的关 键词，又知道了提问的主要问题，再回过头读文章时效率就比较高了。 而在浏览完考题之后，一定要细读文章，对题目涉及到的段落、句子做简单标记，接着要仔细分析 每个题目在文中的映射，再做出选择。最后，可以结合文章中心上下检查一遍，一个完整的解题顺序就完 成了。 做阅读理解是慢功出细活，不要妄想有什么捷径，只要＂闯＂过这几大误区，就能取得更好的成绩。 高考阅读的基本解题思路： 第一，扫描提干，划关键项。 第二， 通读全文，抓住中心。 1. 通读全文，抓两个重点： ①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）； ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读） 2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考 3 个问题： ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ ②文章中有无提到核心概念？ ③作者的大致态度是什么？ 第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩） 定位原则： ①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等） ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文） 1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选 项，选出答案。 2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由 阅读理解的解题技巧 1.例证题 ： ① 例证题的标记。当题干中出现 example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。 ② 返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。 ③ 搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表 达通常就是它的论点。 注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不 能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 ④ 找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。 ⑤ 例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。 即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。（╳） 要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。 2.指代题 ： ① 返回原文，找出出题的指代词。 ② 向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不 会离得太远）。 ③ 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。 ④ 将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。 3. 词汇题 ：＂搜索代入＂法 ① 返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。 ② 确定该词汇的词性 ③ 从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找）， 代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适 ④ 找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案 注意： a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。 b.高考阅读不是考查字认识不认识，而是考查是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。 c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。 d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点（比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的 并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含 义）、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组（动词词组）的意思， 我们就向上向下搜索名词词组（动词词组）。 隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做 法几乎一样，往上往下找。 4.句意理解题 ： ① 返回原文找到原句。 ② 对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析（找主干），应该重点抓原句的字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确 定，则依据上下文进行判断。注意：局部含义是由整体决定的。 ③ 一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同，只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。 ④ 句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征：推得过远。做题时应把握住推的度。 思路： 对句子微观分析? 不行就依据上下文? 选择时不要推得过远。 5.推理判断题 ：＂最近原则＂ ① 标志： learn, infer, imply, inform ② 看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无 论通过题干能不能定位，我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。 ③ 依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理，若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样，则该选 项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点 所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此，不推的比推的好；推的近的比推的远的要好。 ④ 推理题的最近答案原则：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推的好。 (原文的某句话变个说法) 注意：做题时不能想得太多，推得过远。是否把原文读懂才是关键。 6.主旨大意题 ： ＂串线摘帽＂ 即在自然段少的时候串串线，串线法解不出来时，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。 ① 主旨题的标志：mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title ② 串线法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句话，把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词， 特别要注意中心句。（主要针对自然段少的文章；针对自然段多的文章，主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和 中心句最贴近的） ③ 小心首段陷阱。 ④ 主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是： ⑴ 局部信息，即选项的内容小于文章的内容； ⑵ 范围过宽，即选项的内容大于文章的内容。 ⑤逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果 自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。 7. 作者态度题 ： ① 标志：attitude ② 应精确理解四个选项的含义。 ③ 不要掺杂自己的观点。 ④ 可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。如：fortunately, excessively, too many. ⑤ 举例的方式。 ⑥ 抓论述的主线。把第一段读透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来，看整个文章的谋篇结构。 ⑦ 做作者态度题时特别注意：首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。 8.推理 判断题 ： ①看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。 ②每个选项都应返回原文，不能凭主观印象进行判断。 ③要重点抓是＂三错一对＂还是＂三对一错＂的关系（做题是要看清题目）。 9. 细节理解题 ： 看完题目回到原文，重叠原文，得出答案 10.重点题型中的几个问题： ① 词义猜测题：字面意思不是答案，要根据上下文推测其深刻含义 ② 句意理解题：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。 ③ 推理判断题：答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。 11. 正确答案的特征： ① 正确答案经常与中心思想有关。 ② 正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。 ③ 正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。 ④ 从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some. ⑤ 正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。 12. 错误答案的特征： 第一大层次： ① 无中生有 （未提及的概念）； ② 正反混淆 （选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反）； ③ 所答非所问 （虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边） 第二大层次： ① 过分绝对； ② 扩大范围（注意隐蔽型的扩大范围 mostly）； ③ 因果倒置； ④ 常识判断； ⑤ 推得过远； ⑥ 偏离中心； ⑦ 变换词性。 常识判断：如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现；如果 一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正答案。能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了 这些技巧。 Passage1（2018·新课标卷 I，B） Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11. "We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. " The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes. 24. What do we know about Susanna Reid? A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme. C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a tight budget for her family. 25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna? A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids. C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her. 26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers. C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion. 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less Passage2（2018·新课标卷 II，B） Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C. When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 24. What does the author seem to like about cherries? A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A. C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants. 25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas? A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour. C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition. 26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph? A. A dessert. B. A drink. C. A container. D. A machine. 27. From which is the text probably taken? A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine. C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure. Passage1（2018·北京卷，B） Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun. More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom. For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂ downed＂ pilot. With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task. All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7. Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone! For more details, please visit us online at www. oursac. com. 40. Why do people come to SAC? A. To experience adventures. B. To look for jobs in aviation. C. To get a degree in engineering. D. To learn more about medicine. 41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to . A. fly to space B. get an Aviation badge first C. study the principles of flight D. build and fire model rockets 42. What is the most important for trainees? A. Leadership. B. Team spirit. C. Task planning. D. Survival skills. Passage4（2017·新课标卷 I，B） I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful. I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety. I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down. Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring. A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so. 24. What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to paragraph 1? A. Efforts made in vain. B. Getting injured in his work. C. Feeling uncertain about his future. D. Creatures forced out of their homes. 25. Why was the author called to Muttontown? A. To rescue a woman. B. To take care of a woman. C. To look at a baby owl. D. To cure a young owl. 26.What made the chick calm down? A. A new nest. B. Some food. C. A recording. D. Its parents. 27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event? A. It’s unexpected. B. It’s beautiful. C. It’s humorous. D. It’s discouraging. Passage5（2017·新课标卷 II，D） When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to ＂overhear＂ the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on. 32. What does a plant do when it is under attack? A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants. C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals. 33. What does the author mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3? A. The attackers get attacked. B. The insects gather under the table. C. The plants get ready to fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies. 34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can . A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary 35.what can we infer from the last paragraph? A. The world is changing faster than ever. B. People have stronger senses than before C. The world is more complex than it seems D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative. Passage6（2017·新课标卷 III，D） The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named ＂DriveLAB＂ in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: ＂ For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.＂ ＂But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.＂ Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. ＂For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. ＂We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.＂ 32. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB? A. To explore new means of transport. B. To design new types of cars. C. To find out older driver’s problems. D. To teach people traffic rules. 33. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe? A. It keeps them independent. B. It helps them save time. C. It builds up their strength. D. It cures their mental illnesses. 34. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers? A. Improve their driving skills. B. Develop driver-assist technologies. C. Provide tips on repairing their cars. D. Organize regular physical checkups. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. A new Model Electric Car Passage7（2017·天津卷，B） Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama. Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view. Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didn’t want to mess with that. Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it. This photo, with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who ＂ruined＂ it, now hangs on a wall in my bedroom. What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some stranger’s bedroom wall? A bedroom, after all, is a very private space, in which some woman I don’t even know has been immortalized(使……永存). In some ways, she lives in my house. Perhaps we all live in each others’ spaces. Perhaps this is what photos are for: to remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for something that is greater than us. That photo is a reminder, a captured moment, an unspoken conversation between two women, separated only by a thin square of glass. 41. What happened when the author was about to take a photo? A. Her camera stopped working. B. A woman blocked her view. C. Someone asked her to leave. D. A friend approached from behind. 42. According to the author, the woman was probably___________. A. enjoying herself B. losing her patience C. waiting for the sunset D. thinking about her past 43. In the author’s opinion, what makes the photo so alive? A. The rich color of the landscape. B. The perfect positioning of the camera. C. The woman’s existence in the photo. D. The soft sunlight that summer day. 44. The photo on the bedroom wall enables the author to better understand ____________. A. the need to be close to nature B. the importance of private space C. the joy of the vacation in Italy D. the shared passion for beauty 45. The passage can be seen as the author’s reflections upon _____________. A. a particular life experience B. the pleasure of traveling C. the art of photography D. a lost friendship Passage8（2016·新课标卷 I，D） The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap( 间 隙 ) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection. Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic udner discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority. Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 32. What does the author say about silence in conversations? A. It implies anger. B. It promotes friendship. C. It is culture-specific. D. It is content-based. 33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A. The Chinese. B. The French. C. The Mexicans. D. The Russians. 34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence? A. Let it continue as the patient pleases. B. Break it while treating patients. C. Evaluate its harm to patients. D. Make use of its healing effects. 35. What may be the best title for the text? A. Sound and Silence B. What It Means to Be Silent C. Silence to Native Americans D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________