2021届高三英语北师大版一轮总复习教师用书：名词和冠词 17页

www.ks5u.com ‎(一)名词 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)．‎ 解析：此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。‎ ‎2．(2018·浙江卷)Making Chinese dishes (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.‎ 解析：此处dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指中国菜。‎ ‎3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ 解析：根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。‎ ‎4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.‎ 解析：根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。‎ ‎5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum—she never suspects.‎ 解析：every few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football.player→players 解析：player为可数名词，且此处被all所修饰，故把player改为players。‎ ‎2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do.job→jobs 解析：job为可数名词，且根据different可知，此处应用job的复数形式。‎ ‎3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. city→cities 解析：city为可数名词，根据修饰词many different可知，此处应该用名词的复数形式，故将city改为cities。‎ ‎4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Then, when I was in the five grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.five→fifth 解析：根据句意“在我上五年级的时候，我想当一名老师，因为我非常喜欢我的英语老师。”可知要用序数词，故改为fifth。‎ ‎5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little，Friday's night was our family game night.Friday's→Friday 解析：名词Friday作定语修饰night，意为“周五晚上”。‎ ‎6．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.chicken→chickens 解析：短语dozens of之后应该使用可数名词chicken“鸡”的复数形式。‎ ‎7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)After supper, we would play card games of all sort ‎ in the sitting room.sort→sorts 解析：由前面的all修饰可数名词sort可知，应用sort的复数形式；all sorts意为“各种各样的”。‎ ‎8．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.”mistake→mistakes 解析：and连接两个平行成分，前面的textbooks为复数，故可数名词mistake“错误”应改为mistakes。‎ ‎9．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”word→words 解析：根据后面引号内的内容可知教练一直重复说的话有多句，故此处应用word的复数形式。‎ ‎10．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.year→years 解析：此处指13～19岁的年龄，且其后be动词为were，故用year的复数形式。‎ ‎1．规则名词的六种变化形式 ‎(1)一般情况下，在词尾直接加s: book—books, mouth—mouths, house—houses, girl—girls。‎ ‎(2)以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词，在词尾加es：glass—glasses, box—boxes, match—matches, brush—brushes。‎ ‎(3)以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，变y为i再加es：city—cities, country—countries, party—parties, factory—factories。‎ ‎(4)以o结尾的名词常在词尾加s：radios, zoos, pianos, kilos, photos，加es的只有以下词：heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes/zeros。‎ ‎(5)以f，fe结尾的名词 ‎①少数直接加s：roof—roofs, belief—beliefs。‎ ‎②一般以f或fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v＋es ：self, life, thief, wife, knife, leaf, shelf，wolf, half。‎ ‎[巧学助记] 为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。‎ ‎③下列以f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加es，也可以直接在f后加s：handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarf—scarfs/scarves。‎ ‎(6)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数：women engineers。‎ ‎2．不规则名词的三种复数变化 ‎(1)单复数同形的名词 deer(鹿)，sheep(绵羊)，means(方式)，Chinese(中国人)等。‎ ‎(2)改变元音或辅音的名词 foot→feet, child→children, man→men, mouse→mice, tooth→teeth, woman→women ‎(3)合成名词的复数形式 若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。‎ passerby→passersby, sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw，grownup→grownups ‎[名师指津] fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同。‎ 具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：‎ 单词 抽象名词 具体化名词意义 success ‎ 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 ‎ failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 ‎ shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情 ‎1．有生命的名词的三种所有格 情况 构成 示例 不以s结尾的名词 加's Mary's email Children's books 以s结尾的复数名词 加'‎ the girls' dormitory the teachers' readingroom 以s结尾的单数名词 加's或'‎ our boss' office Engels's works ‎2.无生命的名词的三种所有格 ‎①通常用of所有格表示 The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the north on the coast.‎ 秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。‎ ‎②表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用's所有格表示。‎ Beijing's parks北京的公园 the factory's output工厂的产量 ‎3．双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式为：名词＋of＋名词的所有格/名词＋of＋名词性物主代词 He is a friend of my father's.‎ 他是我父亲的一个朋友。‎ ‎(二)冠词 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.‎ 解析：考查冠词。此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。‎ ‎2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)She said, “We don't have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call saying she was shortlisted, we thought it was a joke...”‎ 解析：考查冠词。joke为可数名词，在本句中为泛指，且joke的读音以辅音音素开头，故本空应用不定冠词a。‎ ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.‎ 解析：the past 25 years意为“过去的25年”，此处特指过去的25年。‎ ‎4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm facetoface with the gorilla，who begins screaming at the top of her lungs.‎ 解析：at the top of one's lungs尽量大声地，声嘶力竭地。‎ ‎5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead，she is earning ￡‎6,500 a day as a model in New York.‎ 解析：此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词model前应该使用不定冠词a，表示“一，一名”。‎ ‎6．(2017·浙江卷)For Pahlsson，its return was a wonder.‎ 解析：wonder为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，故要用不定冠词a。‎ ‎7．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed，the other is with mum—she never suspects.‎ 解析：此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用the other。‎ ‎8．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for a while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.‎ 解析：for a while为固定搭配，意为“一会儿”。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me.在football前加a 解析：此处表示“一个足球”，表示泛指，且football的读音以辅音音素开头，故在football前加不定冠词a。‎ ‎2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.an→a 解析：unique的发音以辅音音素开头，故把an改为a。‎ ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.countryside前加定冠词the 解析：the countryside是固定用法，意为“乡下，农村”。‎ ‎4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.第一个a→an/one 解析：hour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以表示一个小时用an/one hour。‎ ‎5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard first day was.first前加the/my 解析：表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。‎ ‎6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case，we will learn little about world.world前加the 解析：此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。‎ ‎7．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At the first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.去掉the 解析：at first “起初”，为固定短语。‎ ‎1．不定冠词的三种基本用法 ‎(1)表示类指，或指某类中的任何一个。‎ A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.‎ 病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。‎ ‎(2)表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词，因此由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于a certain。‎ The story happened in a small town in Victoria.‎ 故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。‎ ‎(3)表示数量。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。‎ I watch TV for sixteen or seventeen hours a day.‎ 我一天要看十六七个小时的电视。‎ ‎2．不定冠词的活用 ‎(1)用在某些抽象名词或物质名词前，使之具体化。‎ He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us.‎ 他在一个雨夜突然出现，这使我们非常吃惊。‎ ‎(2)不定冠词用于序数词前，强调“再一，又一”。‎ After ten minutes, a third man stood up and left the room.‎ 大约10分钟后，又一个人站起来离开了房间。‎ ‎(3)当表示一日三餐的名词和专有名词前有形容词修饰的时候，用不定冠词。‎ I'm sure this outing will last long, so bring a packed lunch.‎ 我敢肯定这次郊游会持续很长时间，所以请带上自备的午餐。‎ ‎(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前有修饰语的时候，用不定冠词。‎ a peaceful world一个和平的世界 a bright moon一轮明月 ‎3．不定冠词的习惯搭配 as a result因此　as a rule通常 as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact事实上 at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙 in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上 in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久 keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to拜访 put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔 once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然 ‎1．定冠词的四种基本用法 ‎(1)表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。‎ Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?‎ 你认识那个站在门口的人吗？‎ I went to a university in New Zealand. The university was set up in the early twentieth century.‎ 我在新西兰的一所大学学习。这所大学是二十世纪初建立的。‎ ‎(2)用在世界上独一无二的名词前。‎ The earth goes around the sun.‎ 地球围绕太阳转。‎ ‎(3)用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。‎ Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?‎ 这是你第一次游览青岛吗？‎ China‎ is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.‎ 在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。‎ ‎(4)用在乐器名词前，表示演奏，但“play＋表示中国乐器的名词”中，名词前不用冠词。‎ She was born in 1974 and has played the piano since the age of six.‎ 她出生于1974年，从六岁起就开始弹钢琴了。‎ ‎2．定冠词的活用 ‎(1)用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。‎ the wounded 伤员 the rich 富人 The Greens are on holiday now.‎ 格林一家(夫妇)现在正在度假。‎ ‎(2)用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。‎ in the 1990's在20世纪90年代 ‎(3)用在表示单位的名词前。‎ I hired the car by the hour.‎ 我按小时租车。‎ ‎(4)用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。‎ The police caught the thief by the arm.‎ 警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。‎ ‎(5)与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况： ‎ ‎①用于“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构中，表示“越……越……”之意。‎ The more we do for the people, the happier we'll be.‎ 我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。‎ ‎②用在“the＋比较级＋of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较……的一个”。‎ She is the taller of the two girls.‎ 她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。‎ ‎3．定冠词的习惯搭配 make the most/best of充分利用 in the end最后 by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处 in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说 at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面 to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时 on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不 the other day前几天 take the place of代替 ‎1．零冠词的三种基本用法 ‎(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。‎ He is living in Canada now.‎ 他现在住在加拿大。‎ ‎(2)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。‎ We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock.‎ 我们通常7点吃早饭。‎ ‎(3)在学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。‎ I'm interested in English.‎ 我对英语很感兴趣。‎ He is fond of playing chess.‎ 他喜欢下棋。‎ ‎2．零冠词的活用 ‎(1)系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。‎ His brother has turned writer.‎ 他弟弟已成为一名作家。‎ ‎(2)“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”意为“尽管……但是……”。‎ Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.‎ 尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。‎ ‎(3)用在“名词＋介词短语”的独立主格结构中。‎ The teacher came in, book in hand.‎ 老师手里拿着一本书走进来。‎ ‎3．零冠词的习惯搭配 at present目前　take part in参加 in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧 on purpose故意 on second thoughts再一想 ahead of time提前 in advance提前 by law根据法律 by mistake由于差错 under repair处于维修中 lose heart灰心 day and night整日整夜 from morning till night从早到晚 out of control失控 out of work失业 in danger处于危险之中 at risk有危险 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．In the Barcelona soccer club, Messi was one of the best players (player) through his teen years.‎ ‎2．To some extent, examination results (result) are sometimes unexpected by your study level.‎ ‎3．You can either write a thesis (论文) or take two more elective courses (course)．‎ ‎4．Like a phone，you will be able to receive calls (call) on your wrist.‎ ‎5．He praises Zuckerberg's effort and thinks more American CEOs should learn foreign languages (language)．‎ ‎6．But the youngest billionaire is Albert von Thurn und Taxis of Germany, who, in 2001, inherited a billion dollars when he turned 18.‎ ‎7．They found that：“Outdoor workers in northern Finland who are exposed to cold temperature have a_ significant amount of brown fat when ‎ compared to sameaged indoor workers.”‎ ‎8．At about the same time in various towns and cities across America people began to celebrate the “Father's Day”．‎ ‎9．However, I told the gentleman that the door had an automatic opener, and he did not need to stay to hold it open.‎ ‎10．An American airliner was hijacked (劫持) on a flight from Los Angeles to New York.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．The city I live in is most known for its modern public facility.facility→facilities ‎2．The moment we arrived at the foot of the mountain, we set out for the top in high spirit.spirit→spirits ‎3．There was a time when I was so proud that I overlooked my classmate, refusing to work together with them.classmate→classmates ‎4．“And，” the man said, “my tooth are in the piece of chocolate on the floor.”tooth→teeth ‎5．Last Saturday, as usual, she went to several class.class→classes ‎6．From then on, I learned to help others and turn to my friends for the help whenever I had difficulty finishing a task on my own.去掉the ‎7．For instance, it's convenient, fast and comfortable means of transportation.convenient前加a ‎8．Our English teacher will have operation today.have后加an ‎9．The other day we held class meeting to discuss how family conditions influence high school students.held后加a ‎10．Actually, I didn't have to walk far before I found the small house standing in a field.the→a Ⅲ.用所给词的适当形式或冠词完成下列短文 Once a man came to Allah (安拉) and said，“Oh Allah，I have many bad __1__ (habit)．Which one should I give up first？” Allah said, “Give up telling __2__ (lie)first and always tell the truth.” The man promised to ‎ do so and went home.‎ At night the man was about to go out to steal.Before setting out，he thought for __3__ moment about __4__ promise he made to Allah.“If tomorrow Allah asks me where I have been，what should I say？Should I say that I went out to steal？No，I cannot say that.If I tell the truth，everyone will start hating me and call me __5__ thief.I would be punished for stealing.But nor can I lie any more.”‎ So the man decided not to steal that night，and gave up this bad habit.‎ Next day，when he was about to drink wine，he also remembered what he had promised to Allah，so he gave up the idea of drinking wine.In this way，whenever the man thought of doing something bad，he remembered his promise to tell the truth at all __6__ (time)．One by one，he gave up all his bad habits.‎ ‎1．habits　2.lies　3.a　4.the　5.a　6.times Ⅳ.语法填空 The State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, is __1__ secondlargest art museum in the world after the Louvre, France, both of which are visited by millions of people __2__ (annual). Hermitage holds not only artistic treasures but also a collection of living history __3__ well.‎ The Hermitage was built as part of the royal Russian family's Winter‎ ‎Palace. Empress Elizabeth had cats brought in __4__ (rid) the several palace buildings of mice. The cats did their job well and __5__ (give) homes in the basements of the buildings and the title of Hermitage cats.‎ The 74 Hermitage cats live at the museum __6__ they now lead an extremely __7__ (comfort) life. A press secretary is in charge of the cats, with three fulltime caretakers __8__ (attend) to their every need. There are even kitchens for preparing meals for the cats because every cat has its own __9__ (prefer). This may all seem over the top, but Russian and foreign __10__ (visit) alike love seeing the Hermitage cats while admiring some of the world's greatest artistic treasures.‎ 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了圣彼得堡冬宫博物馆的猫。‎ ‎1．the　‎ 解析：考查冠词。句意：圣彼得堡冬宫博物馆是继法国卢浮宫之后世界第二大艺术博物馆，每年都有数以百万计的游客参观。“the＋序数词”表示“第几”。故填the。‎ ‎2．annually　‎ 解析：考查副词。句意：圣彼得堡冬宫博物馆是继法国卢浮宫之后世界第二大艺术博物馆，每年都有数以百万计的游客参观。修饰动词应用副词形式，故填annually。‎ ‎3．as　‎ 解析：考查固定短语。as well“也，和”为固定短语，置于句末。故填as。‎ ‎4．to_rid　‎ 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：伊丽莎白女王让人把猫带进宫殿，来消灭几座宫殿里的老鼠。分析句子可知，此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。‎ ‎5．were_given　‎ 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：这些猫干得很好，它们被安置在大楼的地下室里，并被授予冬宫奇猫的称号。分析句子可知，本句为一般过去时，主语cats与谓语动词give之间为被动关系。故填were given。‎ ‎6．where　‎ 解析：考查定语从句。句意：74只冬宫猫生活在博物馆里，它们现在过着极其舒适的生活。分析句子可知，museum为先行词，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。‎ ‎7．comfortable　‎ 解析：考查词性转换。句意：74只冬宫猫生活在博物馆里，它们现在过着极其舒适的生活。修饰名词life，应用形容词形式，故填comfortable。‎ ‎8．attending　‎ 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：负责这些猫的是一位新闻秘书，有三位全职的看护人员负责照顾它们的一切需要。分析句子可知，本句为with的复合结构，在句中作状语，three fulltime caretakers与attend在逻辑上是主动关系，所以用现在分词attending。‎ ‎9．preference　‎ 解析：考查词性转换。句意：甚至还有厨房为猫们准备食物，因为每一只猫都有它自己的喜好。own为形容词修饰名词，故填preference。‎ ‎10．visitors　‎ 解析：考查名词复数。句意：这一切看起来似乎都有些夸张，但俄罗斯人和外国游客都喜欢在欣赏一些世界上最伟大的艺术作品的同时，欣赏冬宫猫。分析句意可知，本句在说俄罗斯人和外国游客，所以应填visitor。又因为visitor为可数名词，在本句中指很多的游客，故填visitors。‎ Ⅴ.短文改错 It's time for us to graduate. Before parting, our class is going to hold the last class meeting, which theme will be the Past Golden Days. We plan to have several activities to bring a unforgettable ending to our beautiful days. Firstly, we will watch the photos take during the three years, especial about our school events. It will surely make everyone to recall those precious moments. Then we'll extend our sincere gratitude to our teachers. It is them who give without asking anything for return. Then came one of the most important moment in our life—a big party. In a word, I hope the last class meeting will meaningful.‎ 答案