2020届北师大版高考英语一轮复习：选修8Unit22　EnvironmentalProtection学案 25页

‎(一)课前自主学习 Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意 ‎1．ecology n．　　　　　　　　　 生态 ‎2．botanical adj. 植物的 ‎3．consultant n. 顾问 ‎4．corrupt adj. 贪污受贿的，腐败的 ‎5．conservation n. 保护 ‎6．consensus n. 一致的意见 ‎7．species n. 　[纵联1] (动植物的)物种 ‎8．habitat n. 栖息地 ‎9．enforce vt. 实施，执行 ‎10．scale n. 规模，范围 ‎11．evolution n. (生物)进化 Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形 ‎1．endanger vt. 危害 ‎2．trap vt. 使困住 ‎3．principle n. [纵联2] 原则，道德准则 ‎4．beyond prep. 超出 ‎5．relevant adj. 有关的 ‎6．coincidence n. 巧合 ‎7．condemn vt. 迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地 ‎8．sacrifice vt. & vi. 牺牲；献出 ‎9．advocate vt. 主张，提倡 ‎10．recycle vt. 回收利用 ‎11．substitute n. 代替品，代用品 ‎12．seize vt. 依法没收；(用武力)夺取 ‎13．behalf n. 代表 ‎14．means n. [纵联3] 方法 ‎15．flee vt.& vi. 逃走 ‎16．potential n. 可能性，潜在性 ‎17．claim vt. 声称 ‎18．arm vt. 　[纵联4] 武装 ‎19．carve vt. & vi. 雕刻 Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变 ‎1．extinct adj.灭绝的，绝种的→extinction n．灭绝，绝种 ‎2．fashionable adj.流行的，时髦的→fashion n．流行，时尚 ‎3．separation n．分离，分开→separate adj.分开的v.分离，分开 ‎4．construct vt.建造→construction n．建造 ‎5．considerate adj.想得周到的，体贴的→consider vt.考虑→consideration n．考虑→considering prep.考虑到；鉴于 ‎6．adopt vt.采用；收养→adoption n．收养；采用→adopted adj.收养的 ‎7．reservation n．预订；保留；保护→reserve n．保护区 vt.保留；预订→reserved adj.预订的，保留的 ‎8．agriculture n．农业→agricultural adj.农业的 ‎9．changeable adj.多变的→change n. & v．变化 ‎10．finance n．资金→financial adj.财政的；金融的 ‎11．allocate vt.分配，配给→allocation n．分配，配给 ‎12．calculate vt.计算，算出→calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器 纵联1.“环境”相关词一览 ‎①species n．物种 ②reserve n．保护区 ‎③conservation n．保护 ④resource n．资源 ‎⑤recycle v．回收利用 纵联2.“相似词”小结 ‎①dessert 甜点→desert 舍弃 ‎②tissue 组织→issue 问题；发行 ‎③affect v．影响→effect n．影响 ‎④principle 原则→principal 校长 ‎⑤borrow 借→sorrow 悲痛 ‎⑥wander 漫步→wonder 想知道 纵联3.“方法，途径”种种 ‎①means n．方法 ②way n．方法 ‎③approach n．方法；途径 ④method n．方法 纵联4.“熟词生义”忠义堂 ‎①arm vt.武装 ②address vt.发表演说 ‎③develop v．冲印 ④escape v．被忘掉；被忽视 ‎⑤fail v．不足；缺乏 ⑥kill v．消磨(时间)‎ ‎⑦hit n．成功；红极一时的人或事 单元话题——环境保护 子话题1　环境污染的因素 ‎①pollute vt.污染 ②radiation n．放射，放射物 ‎③rubbish n．垃圾；废物 ④litter v．乱丢杂物 ‎⑤carbon dioxide二氧化碳 ⑥damage n．& vt.毁坏，损害 ‎⑦smelly adj.有臭味的；发出臭味的 子话题2　保护环境的措施 ‎①prevent vt.阻止，防止，预防 ②forbid vt.禁止 ‎③punish vt.惩罚 ④reduce vt.减少 ‎⑤replace vt.取代 ⑥protect vt.保护 ‎⑦environmentallyfriendly adj.环保的 ‎[学考对接·活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词汇应用 ‎1．(2015·浙江高考阅读C)Living in a glare of our own making, we have cut ourselves off from❶ our evolutionary❷ and cultural heritage — the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night.In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale❸ of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way — the edge of our galaxy — arching overhead.‎ ‎①写出加黑短语在本单元的同义名词：separation ‎②写出加黑词在本单元的同根名词：evolution ‎③写出加黑词在此处的汉语意思：规模，加黑词所在句中短语lose sight of意为看不见 ‎2．(2015·陕西高考阅读C)The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change❶ in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers❷ the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world's ecological❸ balance.‎ ‎①写出加黑词在本单元的同根形容词：changeable，加黑词除“变化”的意思外，还有零钱的意思 ‎②写出加黑词在此处的汉语意思：危害 ‎③写出加黑词在本单元的同根名词：ecology ‎3．(2009·湖北高考阅读B)Now that many species❶ of parrot are in immediate danger of dying out❷， biologists are working together to study the natural history and the behaviour of this family of birds.Last year was an important turning point: conservationists❸ founded the World Parrot Trust, based at Hayle in Cornwall, to support research into both wild and caged birds.‎ ‎①写出加黑词在此处的汉语意思：(动植物的)物种，加黑词为单复数同形的名词，英语中常见的单复数同形的词还有means(手段)，works(工厂)，sheep(绵羊)，deer(鹿)等 ‎②写出加黑短语在本单元的同义形容词：extinct ‎③写出加黑词在本单元的同根名词：conservation 高考采撷(二)　写作中的词汇应用 ‎(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2016·天津高考书面表达)我谨代表我们的学校向你们表达我的感情。(behalf)‎ On_behalf_of_our_school,_I_would_like_to_express_my_feelings_to_you.‎ ‎2．(2014·浙江高考书面表达)通常科普类图书用一种简单而有趣的方式解释自然的基本原则。(principle)‎ Usually_popular_science_books_explain_basic_principles_of_nature_in_a_simple_and_interesting_way.‎ ‎3．(2012·湖北高考书面表达)虽然在破旧的(shabby)校园和设施简陋的教室里我感到失望，但是我发现老师们耐心又体贴。(considerate)‎ Disappointed_as_I_felt_at_the_shabby_campus_and_the_poorlyequipped_classroom,_I_found_the_teachers_patient_and_considerate.‎ ‎ (二)课堂重点释疑 ‎1．reserve vt.储备；保存；保留；预订，预约n.保护区；储备 ‎[辨清]　写出下列句中reserve的词性及含义 ‎①I reserve my favorable comments for my former monitor.vt.保留 ‎②I can not get the book I want but can I reserve it？vt.预订 ‎③It is advisable to keep some food in reserve in case of emergency.n.储备 ‎④Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya.n.保护区 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)reserve sth.for sb./sth.　 为某人/某物保留、预订某物 ‎(2)in reserve 贮存；备用 ‎(3)reservation n. 保留；预订(房间、座位等)‎ make a reservation 预订(座位、房间等)‎ without reserve/reservation　 毫无保留地 ‎(4)reserved adj. 预订的，保留的 be reserved for 留作，(专)供……之用 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎⑤—Have you reserved a room for your friends traveling in your city ahead of time, Mary?‎ ‎—Oh, I forgot to tell you I have made a reservation for them.They will have a reserved room whenever they get there.(reserve)‎ 完成句子 ‎⑥We always keep some money_in_reserve,_just in case.‎ 我们总是存些钱，以防万一。‎ ‎⑦They supported the measures without_reserve/reservation.‎ 他们毫无保留地支持这些措施。‎ 一句多译 你必须提前订票吗？‎ ‎⑧Do you have to reserve_tickets in advance? (reserve)‎ ‎⑨Do you have to make_a_reservation_of_tickets in advance? (reservation)‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑩(2018·北京高考书面表达)我突然意识到传统文化如茶文化具有巨大的魅力和价值。我们应该保留并且向全世界的人们传播我们的文化。‎ It_suddenly_hit_me_that_traditional_culture_like_tea_culture_was_of_great_charm_and_huge_value.And_we_should_reserve_and_spread_our_own_culture_to_people_all_over_the_world.‎ ‎2．seize vt.抓住；捉住；(用武力)夺取；依法没收 ‎[记牢]‎ seize sth. from sb.　　　　　　 从某人那里夺过某物 seize sb. by the ... 抓住某人的……‎ seize on/upon 抓住，利用 seize a chance/an opportunity 抓住机会 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Before he could run away, she seized him by the collar.‎ ‎②Our teacher forbade us to seize on/upon our dictionaries during the test.‎ 完成句子 ‎③We should seize_the__chance/opportunity_to_work_hard to achieve our goals.‎ 我们应抓住机会努力实现我们的目标。‎ ‎④Tom_seized_the_letter_from_her and began to read out loud.‎ 汤姆从她手上把信抢过去，开始大声朗读。‎ ‎[用准]　seize指突然一把“抓住”某人或某物时，可直接用被抓的部位作宾语，也可用“seize＋sb./sth.＋by＋the＋部位”结构，但表示部位的名词前不可用物主代词。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑤(2015·广东高考书面表达)我们可以利用唾液样本来检测人们是否患有主要的疾病。‎ We_can_seize_on/upon_saliva_sample_to_detect_whether_people_have_major_illnesses. ‎ ‎3．substitute vt.& vi.(用……)替代；取代n.代替品，代用品 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)substitute A for B＝substitute B with/by A ‎　　　　　　　　　　　 用A代替/取代B substitute for 代替，取代 ‎(2)a substitute for ... ……的替代品 ‎[练通]‎ 完成句子 ‎①Nothing can substitute_for_hard_work because life is a process of struggle for success.‎ 没有什么可以代替努力工作，因为生活是一个为成功而奋斗的过程。‎ ‎②The scientists are studying to develop a_substitute_for this kind of medicine.‎ 科学家们正在研究开发这种药物的替代品。‎ 一句多译 这台旧电脑坏了。我们必须用新的代替它。‎ ‎③The_old_computer_doesn't_work.We_must_substitute_a_new_one_for_it.‎ ‎④The_old_computer_doesn't_work.We_must_substitute_it_with/by_a_new_one.‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑤(2014·上海高考书面表达)我了解到我们的英语栏目正在进行改革，三个栏目中的一个将被一个新的栏目所取代。‎ I've_learned_that_our_English_Post_is_being_reformed_and_a_new_one_will_substitute_for_one_of_the_three_columns.‎ ‎4．trap vt.使困住；诱捕；诱骗；使陷入困境n.陷阱；圈套 ‎[辨清]　写出下列句中trap的词性及含义 ‎①They had been trapped in the cave for 20 days before rescued. vt.使困住 ‎②Were you just trying to trap her into making a mistaken decision？ vt.诱骗 ‎③You can escape from these traps by making the right choice. n.陷阱 ‎④The police set a trap to catch the thief. n.圈套 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)trap sb. into (doing) sth. 使某人陷入(做)某事的圈套；诱骗某人(做)某事 be/get trapped in 被困在……中 ‎(2)fall into a trap 落入陷阱/圈套 fall into the trap of doing sth.‎ ‎ 落入……的圈套；做某事不明智 set/lay a trap for 为……设圈套 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎⑤The shopkeeper trapped me into buying (buy) his poor quality milk. ‎ ‎⑥Once you fall into a trap, it will not be easy to get out of it.‎ 完成句子 ‎⑦He set/laid_a_trap_for_her and she walked straight into it.‎ 他给她设了个圈套，她就径直走了进去。‎ ‎⑧The brave soldiers were determined to save all the people who_were_trapped_in_the_flood.‎ 勇敢的战士们决心拯救所有被困在洪水中的人。‎ ‎⑨Parents often fall_into_the_trap_of_trying_to_do_everything for their children.‎ 父母经常一厢情愿地试图为子女操办一切。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑩(2015·江苏高考书面表达)更糟糕的是，因为近年来越来越多的汽车，一些司机、骑自行车的人和行人被困在交通堵塞中。‎ What's_worse,_some_drivers,_cyclists_and_pedestrians_are_trapped_in_the_traffic_jams_because_of_the_ever_increasing_number_of_cars_these_years.‎ ‎[联想]　表示“被困于……中”的短语还有：‎ ‎①be/get locked in　　　　 ②be/get stuck in ‎③be/get caught in ④be/get blocked in ‎5．threaten vt.威胁，恐吓 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)threaten sb.with ...　　　　 用……威胁某人 threaten to do sth. 威胁要做某事 threaten that ... 威胁……‎ ‎(2)threat n. 威胁，恐吓 a threat to sb./sth. 对某人或某事的威胁 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①He tied her up and threatened her with a sixinch knife.‎ ‎②Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the environment.‎ ‎③David threatened to_report (report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.‎ 句式升级 ‎④He was threatened by terrorists and didn't dare to vote for the president.(用过去分词短语作状语)‎ ‎→Threatened_by_terrorists,_he_didn't_dare_to_vote_for_the_president.‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑤(2017·浙江高考书面表达)就在那个时候，狼可能感觉到来自人的威胁，开始撤退。‎ Just_at_that_time,_the_wolf_might_feel_the_threats_from_the_people,_starting_to_withdraw.‎ ‎6．advocate vt.主张，提倡n.提倡者，拥护者 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)advocate (doing) sth.　　 提倡/拥护/支持(做)某事 advocate that ... 主张……[从句谓语动词用 (should＋)动词原形]‎ ‎(2)an advocate of/for ……的提倡者/拥护者 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎①He advocated that the children (should)_be_taken (take) good care of in the charity house.‎ ‎②Many experts in education advocated encouraging (encourage) children for good behavior.‎ ‎③She has always been an advocate of/for changes to the local economic reform.‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎④(2017·北京高考书面表达)毕业典礼终于到了，我和同学们都主张做一些有意义的事情。经过激烈的讨论，我们同意制作一个视频来记录我们在学校的经历。‎ Graduation ceremony finally came.My classmates and I advocated doing something meaningful.After a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record our experiences at school.‎ ‎7．adopt vt.采用，采纳；收养 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)adopt a policy/habit　　　 采用某项政策/某种习惯 adopt one's suggestion/plan/idea ‎ 采纳某人的建议/计划/想法 adopt a method/measures 采用某种方法/采取措施 adopt an orphan 收养孤儿 ‎(2)adopted adj. 收养的 ‎(3)adoption n. 收养；采纳 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空/完成句子 ‎①His adopted (adopt) son was said to be admitted into the key university, which made him very happy.‎ ‎②Thanks to her adoption (adopt), Mr.White could receive a good education and became an engineer.‎ ‎③After a heated discussion, we all decided to adopt_measures_to_deal_with_the_contemporary_situation (采取措施来处理当前的情况)．‎ ‎④After much consideration, we all decided to adopt_my_deskmate's_suggestion (采纳我同桌的建议)．‎ ‎[用准]　adopt与adapt词形相近，但意思不同，adapt 意为“适应；改编，改写”。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑤(2014·天津高考书面表达)首先，我们应采取科学的饮食，它能提供身体所需。‎ First_of_all,_we_should_adopt_a_scientific_diet,_which_provides_the_necessities_for_our_body.‎ ‎8．means n．方式，方法；手段 ‎[记牢]‎ means of (doing) sth.　 (做)某事的方法、途径 by means of 借助……的手段 by all means 可以，当然行；务必，一定 by no means 决不(置于句首，句子倒装)‎ by this means 用这种方法 ‎[练通]‎ 选词填空(by means of/by all means/by no means/by this means)‎ ‎①By_no_means can teaching in school be separated from practice.‎ ‎②We will by_all_means realize our dreams as long as we stick to them and work hard.‎ ‎③By_means_of the Internet, we can gain plenty of useful information.‎ ‎④Only by_this_means can you get in touch with your classmates.‎ 一句多译 各种可能的办法都尝试了，但没有一种奏效。‎ ‎⑤Every_possible_means_has_been_tried,_but none worked.(means 为单数名词)‎ ‎⑥All_possible_means_have_been_tried,_but none worked.(means 为复数名词)‎ ‎[用准]　(1)当means表示“方法，方式，手段”时，单复数同形。means作主语且有every, each, one等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数；有some, several, many, few, all等词修饰时谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎(2)“(做)……的方法”的表达还有：the approach to (doing) sth.; the way to do/of (doing) sth.; the method of (doing) sth.等。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑦(2015·重庆高考书面表达)通过定向分享，我只需要把书传递给其他参与者。书不仅能够共享，还可以搭建一座连接世界各地读者的桥梁。‎ By_means_of_controlled_release,_I_only_need_to_deliver_books_to_other_participants.Not_only_are_books_shared_but_they_can_build_up_a_bridge_connecting_readers_from_different_parts_of_the_world.‎ ‎9．coincidence n．巧合；同时发生；一致，相符 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)by coincidence　　　　　　　　　　碰巧，巧合的是 It is/was a coincidence that ... ……是巧合的 What a coincidence! 真巧！‎ ‎(2)coincident adj.　　 巧合的，重合的；一致的，相符的 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①By coincidence, my husband and I have the same birthday.‎ ‎②The result of the game was coincident (coincidence) with our expectation.‎ 完成句子/一句多译 ‎③真巧！我从没想到会在这里遇见你。‎ What_a_coincidence! I never dreamed of meeting you here.‎ 当他受伤时，碰巧有辆救护车经过。‎ ‎④It_was_a_coincidence_that_an ambulance was passing by when he got injured.‎ ‎⑤By_coincidence,_an ambulance was passing by when he got injured.‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)任何有兴趣的同学都能参加。巧合的是，你拍照好而且一直想为环保做些事情。‎ Any_student_who_is_interested_is_welcome_to_participate.By_coincidence,_you_take_good_pictures_and_you've_always_wanted_to_do_something_for_environmental_protection.‎ ‎10．considerate adj.体贴的，想得周到的 ‎ ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)consideration n．　　　 考虑；体谅，关心，体贴 under consideration 在考虑中 take ... into consideration ‎ ‎ 把……考虑在内；考虑……‎ ‎(2)considerable adj. 相当大的；相当多的 ‎(3)considering prep. 考虑到 ‎(4)consider v. 考虑；认为 consider sb./sth. to be/as ...‎ ‎ 认为……是……；把……看作…… ‎ consider doing sth. 考虑做某事 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Considering what she has done for us, we consider her as a very considerate person.(consider)‎ ‎②Mothers' Day is coming, and I'm considering purchasing (purchase) a gift for Mum, one that is to her taste.‎ ‎③Changing this situation requires considerable (consider)effort on the part of everyone.‎ ‎④Everything taken into consideration (consider), they believed themselves more qualified for the job.‎ ‎⑤The plan he put forward at the meeting is under consideration now and the result will be put up soon.‎ 句式升级 He took all the aspects into consideration and decided to study abroad.‎ ‎⑥Taking_all_the_aspects_into_consideration,_he_decided_to_study_abroad.(现在分词短语作状语)‎ ‎⑦All_the_aspects_taken_into_consideration,_he_decided_to_study_abroad.(独立主格)‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑧(2012·江苏高考书面表达)不要以自我为中心，尽量要想得周到。我们一定要学会冷静而理智地处理争执。‎ Don't_be_selfcentered_and_try_to_be_considerate.We_must_learn_to_handle_conflicts_calmly_and_wisely.‎ ‎11．sacrifice v．& n．牺牲，献出 ‎ ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)sacrifice ...for ...　　　　　 为……而牺牲……；‎ ‎ 牺牲……而换得……‎ sacrifice ... to do sth. 为做某事而牺牲……‎ ‎(2)make sacrifices/a sacrifice 做出牺牲 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Would you sacrifice a football game to_go (go) out with me?‎ ‎②As a mother, she was ready to sacrifice everything for her family.‎ 完成句子 ‎③She made_many_sacrifices_to get her son a good education.‎ 为了让儿子接受好的教育，她做出了很多牺牲。‎ ‎④He sacrificed_a_promising_career_to_look_after his kids.‎ 他为了照顾孩子牺牲了很有前途的事业。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑤(2015·浙江高考书面表达)为了集体利益，我倾向于牺牲自己的利益。‎ I_tend_to_sacrifice_my_own_interest_for_the_group_benefit.‎ ‎[词汇过关综合训练]　‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．If you don't pay your debt, your property will be seized (没收)．‎ ‎2．For most people, the car is still their main means (方式) of transport.‎ ‎3．We became trapped (使困住) by the rising floodwater.‎ ‎4．What a coincidence (巧合) that we were in New York at the same time!‎ ‎5．All children should be encouraged to develop their full potential (潜能)．‎ ‎6．You mustn't sacrifice (牺牲) environment to promote economic growth.‎ ‎7．We will condemn (谴责) those people for their mistreating pets, such as dogs or cats.‎ ‎8．The report advocated (提倡) that all buildings should be fitted with smoke detectors in yesterday's newspaper.‎ ‎9．In a formal football match, each team can have three players to substitute (替代) their teammates when necessary.‎ ‎10．It was not until I completed the form that I realized that half the questions were not relevant (有关的) to me.‎ Ⅱ.单句语法填空 ‎1．It is reported that the new airport is still under construction (construct)．‎ ‎2．In England, the changeable (change) weather is a topic which is much talked about.‎ ‎3．By my calculation (calculate), we made a profit of ＄20,000 last year.‎ ‎4．He came to China in order to learn Chinese agricultural (agriculture) skills.‎ ‎5．The schools must adopt (adoption) new methods of teaching foreign languages.‎ ‎6．The president called on his people to make a sacrifice for the good of their country.‎ ‎7．If you are going to visit a friend, it is necessary to make a reservation (reserve)．‎ ‎8．Her brother threatened to_leave (leave) her in the dark room alone when she disobeyed his order.‎ ‎9．They were trying every possible means to rescue the miners trapped (trap) underground.‎ ‎10．The project wasted a considerable (consider) amount of time and money.‎ Ⅲ.单句改错 ‎1．Only by this/that mean can we master English.mean→means ‎2．The policeman seized the thief by his arm immediately.his→the ‎3．Though seats in the library are tight, my friend Tom has reserved one to me.to→for ‎4．Pack ice around Iceland was becoming a threat with navigation.with→to ‎5．Having trapped in the traffic jam for hours, he became impatient.Having_后加been Ⅳ.完成句子 ‎1．By no means will_you_tell_him the news.‎ 你决不能告诉他这个消息。‎ ‎2．Do you advocate_banning_cars in the city centre?‎ 你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗？‎ ‎3．By_coincidence,_I met the person we'd been discussing the next day.‎ 巧合的是，我在第二天遇见了我们一直在谈论的那个人。‎ ‎4．It_is_considerate_of_you not to play the piano while I was asleep.‎ 在我睡觉时你不弹钢琴，真是体贴入微。‎ ‎5．The man would probably seize_him_by_the_wrist and take the razor away.‎ 那人很可能会抓住他的手腕，把刮胡刀夺走。‎ ‎(一)课前自主学习 ‎1．a_number_of　 　　　　　　　 一些 ‎2．in_turn 依次，轮流；反过来 ‎3．take_action 采取行动 ‎4．lead_to　 　[串记1] 引起，导致 ‎5．apart_from　[串记2] 除……以外 ‎6．answer_for　[串记3] (对已产生的不良后果)负责任 ‎7．carry_off 掠去，夺走 ‎8．call_for_an_end_to_sth.[串记4] 要求结束……‎ ‎9．refer_to 指，意即 ‎10．all_in_all 总的来说 ‎11．earn_one's_living 谋生 ‎12．as_a_matter_of_fact 实际上 ‎13．result_in 导致 ‎14．on_somebody's_behalf 代表……‎ ‎15．break_away_from 摆脱；脱离(团体、组织、某种 ‎ 思想体系)‎ ‎16．sum_up 总结，概括 ‎17．or_else 否则，不然 ‎18．beyond_one's_control 超出……的控制 ‎[同根短语串记]‎ 串记1.说说“引起，导致”短语 ‎①bring about ②lead to ‎③result in/from ④contribute to 串记2.“除……以外”家族 ‎①apart from 除……外(还有/没有)‎ ‎②aside from 除……外(还有/没有)‎ ‎③except for 除了(不好的部分)‎ ‎④except 除……之外(不包括)‎ ‎⑤besides 除……外(还有)‎ ‎⑥in addition 此外(单独使用)‎ ‎⑦in addition to 此外 ‎⑧as well as 除……之外 串记3.“负责”短语全接触 ‎①answer for ②be responsible for ‎③take charge ④in (the) charge of 串记4.“结束”在何方 ‎①call for an end to sth. 要求结束某事 ‎②come to an end 结束 ‎③bring sth.to an end 结束 ‎④put an end to sth. 结束 ‎1．warn people in advance　　　　　　提前警告人们 ‎2．in mountainous areas 在山区 ‎3．the global average temperature 全球平均气温 ‎4．the process of global warming 全球变暖的过程 ‎5．cause changes in the Earth's climate 造成地球气候变化 ‎6．the worst eruption in human history人 类历史上最严重的一次喷发 ‎7．environmental disasters on a grand scale ‎ 大规模的环境灾难 ‎1．Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun's rays would_bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.‎ 如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空中去，使地球处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。‎ ‎2．Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.‎ 鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅只是巧合而已。‎ ‎3．The_last_few_years_have_seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come.‎ 近几年一些环境灾难大规模地出现，专家们预测更坏的局面即将来临。‎ ‎[学考对接·活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词块与句式 ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.(用本单元短语替换加黑词汇)Or_else ‎2．(2013·江苏高考完形)I used to believe in the American Dream, which meant a job, a mortgage (按揭), credit cards, success.I wanted it and worked toward it like everyone else, all of us separately chasing the same thing.(用本单元短语替换加黑词汇)referred_to 高考采撷(二)　写作中的词块与句式 ‎(根据汉语及提示翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)总之，我真诚地邀请你能亲自来我们学校看看。(all in all)‎ All_in_all,_I_sincerely_invite_you_to_come_to_our_school_and_see_for_yourself.‎ ‎2．(2014·广东高考书面表达)鉴于这次机会，我将向那些仍然生活在现代生活贫困线以下的人捐赠一些东西。(given ...)‎ Given_the_choice,_I_would_make_donations_to_those_who_still_live_under_the_bottom_line_of_the_modern_living_condition.‎ ‎(二)课堂重点释疑 ‎[短语集释]‎ ‎1．refer to涉及，提及；谈到；参考；查阅 ‎[辨清]　写出下列句中refer to的含义 ‎①If you don't understand some words, you can refer to the dictionary. 查阅 ‎②Your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. 参考 ‎③We have reached an agreement that we will not refer to the matter again. 提及 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)refer to ... as ...　 把……称作……‎ refer ... to ... 把……提交给……(以求获得帮助)‎ ‎(2)reference n. 提及；参考；查阅 in/with reference to 关于 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎④Johnson referred to the discovery as a major breakthrough in medical science yesterday.‎ ‎⑤The girl always refers to the reference books as her good friends and helpers.(refer)‎ 完成句子 ‎⑥He should call 802－247－9999 for the information in/with_reference_to his delayed baggage.‎ 关于行李延误情况，他应该打电话802－247－9999询问。‎ ‎⑦You may refer_the_matter_to_him if necessary.‎ 必要的话你可以把这件事委托给他。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑧(2018·江苏高考书面表达)例如，有大量的参考书，我经常不知如何选择。‎ For_example,_there_are_huge_amounts_of_reference_books_which_I_am_often_confused_to_choose_from.‎ ‎2．lead to引起，导致，造成(后果)；通向 ‎[记牢]‎ lead sb. to ...　 　 引导某人去……；带领某人通往……‎ lead sb. to do sth. 使得某人做某事 lead a(n) ...life 过……的生活 lead the way 领路 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①His illness led to his not being able to attend the meeting.‎ ‎②I want to know what led you to_take (take) up Japanese when you are in your fifties.‎ 完成句子 ‎③The receptionist led_the_way to the manager's office.‎ 接待员领路来到经理办公室。‎ ‎④Only in peaceful countries can the people lead_a_happy_life.‎ 只有在和平的国家，人民才能过上幸福的生活。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑤(2015·湖北高考书面表达)‎ 质疑会导致寻找答案。如果我们对于所告知的是否是真的养成提出疑问的习惯，我们就能发现正确答案并学到更多。‎ Questioning_can_lead_to_searching_for_an_answer.If_we_are_in_the_habit_of_raising_doubts_as_to_whether_what_we_are_told_is_true,_we_can_find_the_correct_answer_and_learn_more.‎ ‎3．apart from除……之外(都)；除……之外(尚有)‎ ‎[记牢]‎ take ...apart　　　　 将……拆开/拆分 tell ... apart 分辨出……‎ fall apart 破裂；断裂；散开 set sb.apart 使某人与众不同 ‎ ‎[练通]　完成句子 ‎①Apart_from this, the air and rivers have been heavily polluted.‎ 除此之外，空气和河流都被严重污染了。‎ ‎②Please take_the_TV_apart to see what's the matter with it.‎ 请拆开电视看看出了什么毛病。‎ ‎③You can tell_the_two_books_apart by their covers.‎ 你可以根据封面把这两本书分开。‎ ‎④He had a deep voice, which set_him_apart_from_others in our small town.‎ 他那深沉的声音使他和我们小镇上的其他人与众不同。‎ ‎⑤The plan about building a bridge fell_apart because we failed to agree on where to build it.‎ 建桥计划失败了，因为我们未能就在何处建这座桥达成一致意见。‎ ‎[用准]　apart from作“除……以外”讲时，既可以表示“包括”之意，相当于besides；也可以表示“不包括”之意，相当于except；还可以表示说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正，相当于except for。‎ ‎[写美]‎ ‎⑥(2015·四川高考书面表达)除此之外，你还可以阅读一些中文书籍，看一些中国电影，听一些中国广播节目。‎ Apart_from_it,_you_can_also_read_some_books_in_Chinese,_see_some_Chinese_films_and_listen_to_some_Chinese_radio_programmes.‎ ‎[句式集释]‎ ‎1．given的用法 ‎[教材原句]　Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)Given (give) that he was still a boy, I forgave him.‎ 考虑到他还是个孩子，我就原谅他了。‎ ‎(2)Provided/Providing (provide) that you finish your work, you may go.‎ 假如你完成了自己的工作，你就可以走了。‎ ‎(3)Considering (consider) the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.‎ 考虑到对方的实力，我们能进两个球就很不错了。‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 ‎(1)given为介词，意为“考虑到，鉴于”，表示原因，后可接that从句，that可省略；还可以表示假设，意为“倘若，假定”。‎ ‎(2)引导条件状语从句用法相似的表达还有：‎ ‎①considering (that) ...　　　　　 考虑到，鉴于 ‎②seeing (that) ... 既然，鉴于 ‎③provided/providing (that) ... 假定……‎ ‎④assuming (that) ... 假设，如果 ‎⑤suppose/supposing (that) ... 假如，如果 ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)Given (that) his health conditions, I think he should have a good rest.(要点句)‎ ‎(2)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)Suppose/Supposing (that) you have any opinion about the film, please send emails to studentunion@126.com.(总结句)‎ ‎2．拟人修辞手法 ‎[教材原句]　The_last_few_years_have_seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come. ‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)The last 30 years have_witnessed/seen the rapid development of China.‎ 过去的30年见证了中国的快速发展。‎ ‎(2)(2015·重庆高考)History has_witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.‎ 历史见证了莎士比亚戏剧在世界上每一种语言下众多作品。‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 ‎(1)see意为“见证，目睹，经历”时，常以表示时代、年代、世纪或地点的名词作主语，表示某时或某地“目睹、发生、经历”了某事。‎ ‎(2)与see用法相同的动词有find, witness, say, experience等，这些词在句中作谓语，用物作主语时，表示一种拟人的手法，以增添语言色彩，使表达更形象。‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)(2015·广东高考满分作文)All in all, these past years witnessed gradual changes in the class.(要点句)‎ ‎(2)The last decade saw many technological advances, and the next few years will see more.(要点句)‎ ‎[词块、句式过关综合训练]　‎ Ⅰ.选词填空 apart from， refer to， answer for， result in， or else， all in all， in turn， break away from， earn one's living， call for an end to sth.‎ ‎1．The team leader called_for_an_end_to the match.‎ ‎2．Jobs earned_his_living_by selling computers when he was 19 years old.‎ ‎3．Stress and tiredness result_in a lack of concentration.‎ ‎4．He spends too much time on maths, and this_in_turn affects the progress of his other subjects.‎ ‎5．All_in_all,_it was a great success in the film industry.‎ ‎6．I didn't know that he was a cheat; or_else I wouldn't have believed him.‎ ‎7．The thief broke_away_from the policeman and ran away.‎ ‎8．If you stick to that, you shall answer_for the consequences.‎ ‎9．It's a good composition, apart_from a few spelling mistakes.‎ ‎10．When you write your composition, you can refer_to any book you like.‎ Ⅱ.完成句子 ‎1．Ironically, this may lead_to_doing_more_instead_of_less.‎ 具有讽刺意味的是，这可能会导致做更多而不是更少。‎ ‎2．Apart_from_Beijing_and_Shanghai,_we also visited some other cities during the holiday.‎ 除了北京和上海，假期里我们还参观了一些其他城市。‎ ‎3．The National Day this year witnessed_so_many_traffic_jams on the expressway.‎ 今年的国庆节，高速公路上发生了很多交通堵塞。‎ ‎4．Given_that_you_are_sick,_we'd better put off the meeting.‎ 考虑到你生病了，我们最好推迟会议。‎ ‎5．But_for/Without_your_help,_we couldn't have succeeded.‎ 要是没有你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。‎ Ⅲ.分步写作 假定你是李华，想邀请你校留学生Jack和全班同学周六去Green ‎ Village感受美丽乡村。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：‎ ‎1．表达邀请的意愿；‎ ‎2．乡村介绍；‎ ‎3．活动安排；‎ ‎4．往返时间、方式。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点 本写作属于应用文中的邀请信，时态为一般现在时，人称为第一人称。邀请信的写作需要委婉含蓄，但需要点清楚，所以本文写作需要从以下四方面着手：要点1，表达邀请的意愿；要点2，乡村介绍；要点3，活动安排；要点4，往返时间、方式。要点表达要力求准确全面，避免跑题。‎ 要点1：我是李华。我写信邀请你参观这个地区的Green Village。下面看一下吧。‎ I'm_Li_Hua._I'm_writing_to_invite_you_to_visit_Green_Village_in_this_area._Here's_a_look_at_it.‎ 要点2：介绍乡村。‎ Introduce_the_countryside.‎ 要点3：活动安排。‎ Make_the_arrangement_about_activity.‎ 要点4：介绍往返时间、方式。‎ Introduce_the_time_and_way_of_going_and_returning.‎ 第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼 为了使内容充实，我们需要对要点进行完善升级，使之更加完美、地道。如要点1可使用同位语；要点2可补充内容“这座迷人的村庄距市中心大约5英里，被绿色的田野和茂密的森林所包围”及“村民们很友好，他们总是热情地欢迎游客”，表达时可用并列句及一些高级词汇；要点3可添加具体活动安排如“我们将花两小时参观当地的博物馆，这将是一个了解这个村庄悠久历史的机会”及“在那之后，我们将独自在村子里旅行”，表达时可用sb.spend ＋时间＋(in) doing sth.的结构及which引导的定语从句使要点更加形象，增加文章的亮点，同时可使用表示时间先后顺序的短语，使要点更加详细具体；要点4可使用and并列句使往返时间及方式一目了然。‎ 拓展1：我是李华。我写信邀请你参观这个地区的一座迷人的村庄，Green Village。下面看一下吧。(同位语)‎ I'm_Li_Hua._I'm_writing_to_invite_you_to_visit_Green_Village,_a_charming_village_in_this_area._Here's_a_look_at_it.‎ 拓展2－①：这座迷人的村庄Green Village距离市中心大约5英里，被绿色的田野和茂密的森林所包围。(介词短语， be surrounded by)‎ An_attractive_village_about_five_miles_from_downtown,_Green_Village_is_surrounded_by_green_fields_and_thick_forests.‎ 拓展2－②：村民们很友好，他们总是热情地欢迎游客。(and并列句， enthusiastic)‎ The_villagers_are_friendly_and_they_always_give_visitors_an_enthusiastic_welcome.‎ 拓展3－①：我们将花两个小时参观当地的博物馆，这将是一个了解这个村庄悠久历史的机会。(sb.spend ＋时间＋(in)doing sth., which引导的定语从句)‎ We're_going_to_spend_two_hours_exploring_the_local_museum,_which_will_be_an_opportunity_to_learn_about_the_long_history_of_the_village.‎ 拓展3－②：在那之后，我们将独自在村子里旅行。(after that)‎ After_that,_we_shall_travel_through_the_village_by_ourselves.‎ 拓展4：我们计划在本星期六9点在校门口集合，下午乘公共汽车回来。(and并列句)‎ We_plan_to_meet_at_the_school_gate_at_9_a．m.this_Saturday_and_come_back_in_the_afternoon_by_bus.‎ 第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡 开头发出邀请；中间列举要点，利用各种高级词汇及表达，使句式要点之间工整协调；结尾利用if引导的条件状语从句，表达作者的殷切期望。‎ Dear_Jack，‎ I'm_Li_Hua._I'm_writing_to_invite_you_to_visit_Green_Village,_a_charming_village_in_this_area._Here's_a_look_at_it.‎ An_attractive_village_about_five_miles_from_downtown,_Green_Village_is_surrounded_by_green_fields_and_thick_forests._The_villagers_are_friendly_and_they_always_give_visitors_an_enthusiastic_welcome._We're_going_to_spend_two_hours_exploring_the_local_museum,_which_will_be_an_opportunity_to_learn_about_the_long_history_of_the_village._After_that,_we_shall_travel_through_the_village_by_ourselves.‎ We_plan_to_meet_at_the_school_gate_at_9_a．m._this_Saturday_and_come_back_in_the_afternoon_by_bus._If_you_will_join_us,_please_email_me_soon.‎ Yours，‎ Li_Hua 掌握阅读技能之(三)　猜测 有时候，未知的生词对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。那么，如何排除这些障碍呢？此时，了解推理和猜测单词的方法就特别重要，它们大致有以下几种：‎ ‎1．重述 ‎ 作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词、同位语引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。‎ 典例 ‎(2015·天津卷阅读C节选) In the library, I found my way into the “Children's Room”. I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.‎ 分析 由同位语“the first and only animal companion”的解释说明可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。‎ ‎2．定义 作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其常出现在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。‎ 典例 ‎(2015·北京卷阅读C节选) Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.‎ 分析 通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。‎ ‎3．举例 作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助考生理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。‎ 典例 ‎(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选) Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.‎ 根据下文的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。‎ 分析 ‎4．同义词或近义词 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。‎ 典例 ‎(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A节选)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.‎ 分析 根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为“翻译”。‎ ‎5．反义词 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。‎ 典例 ‎(2015·福建卷阅读E节选)If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.‎ ‎73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．‎ A.cheerful　　　　　　 B．average C.serious D．temporary 分析 根据上文语境，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。‎ ‎6．构词法 英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。‎ 典例 ‎(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.‎ 分析 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适的)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。‎