2020届外研版高考英语一轮复习必修3学案： 18页

‎(一)课前自主学习 Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意 ‎1．philosopher n．　　　　　　　　　 哲学家 ‎2．philosophy n. 哲学 ‎3．adviser n. 顾问 ‎4．bark n. 树皮 ‎5．leather n. 皮革 ‎6．monk n. 和尚_‎ ‎7．category n. 范畴；种类 ‎8．sutra n. (佛教的)经_‎ Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形 ‎1．teaching n. (常作复数)教导；学说 ‎2．thinker n. 思想家 ‎3．principle n．[纵联1] 原则；准则 ‎4．position n. 职位 ‎5．stress vt. 强调 ‎6．resign vi. 辞职 ‎7．kindness n．[纵联2] 善良 ‎8．love n. 仁爱 ‎9．soft adj. 柔软的 ‎10．fuel n．[纵联3] 燃料 ‎11．condition n. 状况；条件；环境 Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变 ‎1．equal adj.平等的；相等的 v．比得上→equality n．相等；平等→equally adv.平等地；相等地 ‎2．importance n．重要；重要性→important adj.重要的 ‎3．order n．秩序→orderly adj.整洁的；有秩序的 ‎4．influential adj.有影响的→influence n．& v．影响 ‎5．honesty n．诚实→honest adj.诚实的[纵联4]‎ ‎6．justice n．公正→just adj.公正的 ‎7．contribution n．贡献→contribute vi.贡献；促成；造成 ‎8．invent vt.发明→inventor n．发明家→invention n．发明 ‎9．argument n．争论；辩论；议论→argue vi.争论；争辩；提出理由 ‎10．freedom n．自由→free adj.自由的；空闲的；免费的[纵联5]‎ 纵联1.易混单词先辨清 ‎①principle原则　　　　　 principal校长 ‎②tissue组织 issue问题；发行 ‎③affect 影响 effect结果 ‎④dessert甜点 desert舍弃 ‎⑤borrow借 sorrow悲痛 ‎⑥wander漫步 wonder想知道 纵联2.名词后缀ness大观园 ‎①kindness善良 ②blindness盲目 ‎③darkness黑暗 ④weakness虚弱 ‎⑤loneliness寂寞 ⑥awareness意识 纵联3.各种“燃料”选一选 ‎①fuel燃料 ②coal煤炭 ‎③oil石油 ④gas汽油 ‎⑤petrol汽油 ‎ 纵联4.以y结尾的名词一览 ‎①honesty诚实 ②difficulty困难 ‎③modesty谦虚 ④discovery发现 ‎⑤delivery投递；交付 ⑥safety安全 纵联5.名词后缀dom荟萃 ‎①freedom自由 ②boredom无聊 ‎③kingdom王国 ④wisdom智慧 单元话题——历史人物及事件 子话题1　历史人物 ‎　①emperor n．皇帝 ②queen n．女王；王后 ‎③minister n．大臣；部长 ④king n．国王 ‎⑤empress n．女皇；皇后 ⑥prince n．王子 ‎⑦princess n．公主 ⑧guard n．卫兵 子话题2　历史事件 ‎　①dynasty n．朝代 ②slavery n．奴隶制度 ‎③battle n．战斗；战役 ④origin n．起源；由来 ‎⑤aggression n．侵略 ⑥revolution n．革命 ‎⑦uprising n．起义 ⑧incident n．事变 ‎⑨invade v．侵略 ⑩occupy vt.攻占 ‎⑪sacrifice v．牺牲 ⑫betray vt.出卖；泄露(机密)‎ ‎⑬feudal adj.封建(制度)的 ⑭primitive adj.原始的；远古的 ‎⑮historic adj.历史上著名(或重要)的 ‎⑯historical adj.与历史有关的 ‎[学考对接·活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词汇应用 ‎1．(2012·辽宁高考阅读C) In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities.More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries.These schools teach❶ both Chinese language and culture.The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy❷.Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantage of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Western philosophy.Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese.So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal❸ power with the United States.Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.‎ ‎①写出teach在本单元中的同根名词：teaching ‎②写出philosophy在句中的含义：哲学 ‎③写出equal的名词形式：equality。其近义词fair, just，意为：公平的；公正的 ‎2．(2010·江西高考阅读C) Neither philosopher❶ lived in times of peace, though there were more wars in Greece than in China.The Chinese states were very large and feudal, while the Greek citystates were small and urban.The urban environment❷ in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical(激进的) than Confucius.Unlike Confucius, Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively.Thus, Socrates was able to be more idealistic, focusing on issues like 　❸　 (free), and knowledge for its own ‎ sake.Confucius, on the other hand, advised❹ those in government service, and many of his students went on to government service.‎ ‎①写出philosopher在句中的含义：哲学家 ‎②写出environment在本单元中的近义词：condition ‎③用free的正确形式填空：freedom ‎④写出advised在本单元中的同根名词：adviser 高考采撷(二)　写作中的词汇应用 ‎(根据汉语及提示翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2018·天津高考书面表达)我想强调的是我们小组现在正在寻找新成员。(stress)‎ What_I_want_to_stress_is_that_our_group_is_looking_for_new_members_right_now.‎ ‎2．(2015·重庆高考写作)只有这样，我们才能为我们的家庭和社会做出巨大的贡献。(contribution)‎ Only_in_this_way_can_we_make_a_great_contribution_to_our_family_and_our_society.‎ ‎3．(2012·山东高考写作)最后，参考一些好的英语学习网站对学习英语很重要。(importance)‎ Finally,_referring_to_some_good_English_study_websites_is_of_great_importance_in_learning_English.‎ ‎(二)课堂重点释疑 ‎1．equal adj.平等的；相等的；胜任的 vt.等于；比得上 n．同等的人；相等的物 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)equal ...with ...　　　　 把……与……等同 ‎(2)be equal to (doing) sth. 等于；能胜任(做)某事 be equal with 与……平等 equal sb./sth.in (doing) sth. 在(做)某事方面比得过、‎ ‎ 敌得过某人/物 without equal 无与伦比 ‎(3)equality n. 相等；平等 equally adv. 相等地；平等地；同样地 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①We need to be active in all kinds of sports, and pay attention to mental health which is equal to physical health.‎ ‎②Hong Kong Wetland Park is equally (equal) attractive in spring and autumn, for the weather is pleasant in both seasons.‎ ‎③We Chinese people have persistently urged the equality (equal) of nations, big or small.‎ 补全句子 ‎④I am_not_equal_to the position, so I don't apply for it.‎ 我不能胜任这个职位，因此我不会申请它。‎ ‎⑤His paintings are without_equal in the western world.‎ 他的画作在西方世界无与伦比。‎ ‎[写美]　翻译句子 ‎⑥他们没有意识到浪费时间实际上等于自杀。‎ They_don't_realize_that_wasting_time_is_actually_equal_to_killing_themselves.‎ ‎[联想]　表示“胜任……”的其他常见表达：‎ ‎①be up to　②be fit for　③be qualified for ‎2．order n．秩序；次序；命令；订购；点菜 vt.命令；订购；点(饭菜)‎ ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)in order of　　　　　　　 以……的顺序 in order 井然有序；整齐；按顺序 in order to 为了 out of order 次序颠倒；发生故障 place an order for sth.(with sb.)‎ ‎ (向某人)订购某物 ‎(2)order sb.to do sth. 命令某人做某事 order that ...(should) do 命令……(应当)做 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①I'd like to place an order for some tea with your company.‎ ‎②(2016·北京高考) Ordered (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.‎ ‎③Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order?‎ 单句改错 ‎④The officer ordered his soldiers not stand still.not后加to ‎⑤Our refrigerator is out in order again.We'd better buy a new one instead of repairing it.in→of ‎[用准]　order后接宾语从句时，从句的谓语要用虚拟语气“(should＋)动词原形”‎ ‎， should可以省略。‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎⑥(2017·北京高考书面表达)为了在毕业前给大家留下一些难忘的回忆，我们班制作了一个特别的视频来表达我们对学校的感激之情。‎ In_order_to_leave_some_impressive_memories_for_all_of_us_before_graduation,_our class made a special video to express our appreciation of our school.‎ ‎3．stress vt.强调；施压于；使紧张n.压力；重音；强调 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)stress the importance of　 强调……的重要性 under stress 在压力之下 under the stress of 在……压力下；为……所迫 lay/put/place stress on 强调；把重点放在……上 ‎(2)stressful adj. 压力大的；紧张的 stressed adj. 焦虑不安的；心力交瘁的 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎①When under stress, even a most gentle person can be badtempered and get angry easily.‎ ‎②Nowadays more and more middle school students are getting stressed (stress) in their studies.‎ ‎③Most doctors and nurses live under stressful (stress) conditions.‎ ‎④He laid particular stress on the need for discipline.‎ ‎[用准]　stressful“压力大的”，通常修饰事物；stressed“焦虑不安的”通常修饰人。‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎⑤为了给每个人强调这些历史遗址的重要性和价值，政府已经加强规定去保护它们。‎ To_stress_the_importance_and_value_of_these_historic_sites_to_everyone,_the government has strengthened regulations to protect them.‎ ‎4．condition n．状况；条件；环境 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)living/housing/working conditions 生活/住房/工作条件 under the conditions of ... 在……条件下 ‎(2)be in good/bad/poor condition 处于良好的/糟糕的状态 be in/out of condition 健康/健康欠佳 ‎(3)on condition (that) ... 在……条件下；倘若 on no condition 决不 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①He undertook to improve the working conditions (condition) and the workers were expecting it.‎ ‎②I don't care about the price, so long as the car is in good condition.‎ ‎③I'll let you use my bike on condition that you can return it tomorrow.‎ 补全句子 ‎④On no condition can_we_give_up_our_dreams;_only if we stick to our dreams will we be able to get over all kinds of challenges.‎ 我们决不能放弃梦想，只有我们坚持自己的梦想，才能够克服各种挑战。‎ ‎[用准]　(1)on no condition放于句首时，句子需部分倒装。(2)condition表示“(工作、生活或住房等)条件”时，通常要用复数形式；而表示“状况”时，则为不可数名词。‎ ‎[写美]　翻译句子 ‎⑤我写信是想告诉你，我们学校周围的生活条件发生了巨大的变化。‎ I'm_writing_to_tell_you_that_great_changes_in_living_conditions_have_taken_place_around_our_school.‎ ‎[词汇过关综合训练]　‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．Despite the variety of injuries, several principles (原则) of first aid can apply to all emergencies.‎ ‎2．Answering this question successfully shows you really think about it.It also shows you are a serious candidate for the position (职位)．‎ ‎3．He stressed (强调) that students should live up to certain standards of behaviour.‎ ‎4．It is very important to teach the children how to deal with others' kindness (善良) and rudeness.‎ ‎5．The wild flowers looked like a soft (柔软的) orange blanket covering the desert.‎ ‎6．Edison kept trying out some new ideas until he invented (发明) what he wanted.‎ ‎7．Most air pollution is caused by the burning of fuels (燃料) like coal, gas and oil.‎ ‎8．If you want to succeed, I think that setting a goal for yourself is of great importance (重要)．‎ ‎9．Such people as have made great contributions (贡献) to the world should be greatly respected.‎ ‎10．We're trying to make our newspaper become more and more influential (有影响的) in our country.‎ Ⅱ.单句语法填空 ‎1．In some countries, what is called “equality (equal)” does not really mean equal rights for all people.‎ ‎2．He is under a lot of stress right now because he has been addicted to drugs.‎ ‎3．They were in the middle of an argument (argue) but broke off when someone came into the room.‎ ‎4．What public figures should offer to their fans is honesty (honest) and happiness.‎ ‎5．Nobody knows why Jack resigned from office, for he did a good job in the company.‎ ‎6．The word “tuhao” caught the attention of the dictionary's editing team in UK after a BBC's recent program on influential (influence) Chinese words.‎ ‎7．Learning to read and write opens the door to a better job and better living conditions (condition)．‎ ‎8．Some inventions (invent) are well received, but in terms of function, they aren't very successful.‎ Ⅲ.单句改错 ‎1．People under the stress tend to express their full range of potential.去掉the ‎2．I don't think Bob is equal to be a manager, for he has little knowledge about management.be→being ‎3．Her room is very tidy and everything is in the order.去掉the ‎4．He made another discovery, which I think is great importance to science.is后加of ‎5．You may buy whatever you like in condition that there is money on you.in→on Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子 ‎1．我的闹钟坏了，今天早上3点把我叫醒了。(order)‎ My clock was out_of_order and woke me up at 3 this morning.‎ ‎2．其次，要积极向上和开心，因为你的心理健康和身体健康同等重要。(equal)‎ For another, be positive and cheerful, for your mental health is_equal_to_your_physical_health.‎ ‎3．人们被建议把重点放在平衡饮食和适当的锻炼上。(stress)‎ People are advised to lay/put/place_particular_stress_on the balanced diet and proper exercise.‎ ‎4．尽管已是八十高龄，这位老人依然身体健康。(condition)‎ Though in his eighties, the old man is still in_good_condition.‎ ‎5．这些改革为经济的稳定作出了重大贡献。(contribution)‎ These reforms made_a_major_contribution_to the stability of the economy.‎ ‎(一)课前自主学习 ‎1．agree_with　　　　　　　　　　 同意；与……相符；适合(某人)‎ ‎2．be_at_war_with [串记1] 与……交战 ‎3．bring_up 养育；抚养 ‎4．become/be_interested_in 对……感兴趣 ‎5．a_sense_of_responsibility [串记2] 责任感 ‎6．be_proud_of 为……自豪 ‎7．in_conclusion 总之 ‎8．for_the_first_time 第一次 ‎[同根短语串记]‎ 串记1.“at＋n.”短语荟萃 ‎①at war处于交战状态　　　 ②at peace处于和平状态 ‎③at hand在手边 ④at work在工作 ‎⑤at rest在休息 ⑥at table在吃饭 ‎⑦at risk处境危险；遭受危险 ⑧at sea在航海；茫然 ‎⑨at length最后；终于 ⑩at school在上学 串记2.sense相关短语精选 ‎①a sense of responsibility 责任感 ‎②in a sense 从某种意义上来说 ‎③in no sense/way 决不 ‎④make sense 讲得通；有意义 ‎⑤make sense of 理解；弄懂 ‎⑥a sense of direction/humor 方向感/幽默感 ‎1．in society　　　　　　　　　　　在社会中 ‎2．follow one's advice 遵循某人意见 ‎3．be similar to 与……相似 ‎4．in the second half of the eighteenth century ‎ 在18世纪后半叶 ‎5．a farming society 农业社会 ‎6．Industrial Revolution 工业革命 ‎7．thousands of people 成千上万的人 ‎8．in a poor and crowded conditions 在艰苦、拥挤的环境中 ‎1．Treat others in the_way you want to be treated.‎ 己所不欲，勿施于人。‎ ‎2．Mencius believed that the_reason_why man is different from animals is_that man is good.‎ 孟子认为人区别于动物的原因就在于人性本善。‎ ‎3．However, we do_know that in 1092 AD he invented the first real clock.然而，我们的确知道在公元1092年，他发明了第一个真正的钟表。‎ ‎[学考对接·活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　完形中的短语(补全句子)‎ ‎1．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ完形填空)“More interesting, there are hundreds of Canadians who are_interested_in (对……感兴趣) changing their name to Elizabeth Gallagher.” Axani said.‎ ‎2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ完形填空) One morning, I had to book an immediate flight home for a family emergency.I ran into Rani's office for_the_first_time (第一次)．‎ 高考采撷(二)　写作中的短语和句式(补全句子)‎ ‎1．(2012·浙江高考书面表达)在“英语读书周”中，我的一个同学向我们推荐了一句话：“你的未来取决于很多事情，但主要取决于你。”我完全同意这种观点。‎ In the English Reading Week, one of my classmates recommended a quote to us, which goes like this: “Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you.” I can't agree_more_with this view.‎ ‎2．(2010·福建高考书面表达)总之，世界各地的人们应该意识到缺水的真实情况，保护现有的水资源，科学地探索潜在的水资源。‎ In_conclusion,_people around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage, protect the present water resources and explore potential ones scientifically.‎ ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)我的确相信你会玩得很开心的。(do强调谓语)‎ I do_have the confidence that you will have a great time.‎ ‎4．(2011·陕西高考书面表达)学校里的一些全优学生在社会上没有像他们预期的那样成功，原因是来自他们父母的压力让他们几乎没有时间做其他的事情。(the reason why ...is that ...)‎ The_reason_why some allA students in school have turned out not to be as successful in society as they were expected is_that the pressure from their parents allows them almost no time for other activities.‎ ‎(二)课堂重点释疑 ‎[短语集释]‎ bring up养育；抚养；教育；提出；呕吐 ‎[辨清]　写出下列句中bring up的含义 ‎①Born into a family with three brothers, David was brought up to value the sense of sharing.教育 ‎②He brought up a practical plan in the meeting, which brought down the cost of production.提出 ‎③He was drunk and brought up what he had eaten at midnight.呕吐 ‎④Brought up in a big city, he found it quite difficult to fit in the countryside.抚养；养育 ‎[记牢]‎ bring about　　　　 引起；导致(事故、变化等)‎ bring back 使某物恢复；使回忆起某事 bring down 使……降低；使……倒下 bring in 引入；赚得；挣得 bring out 使显现出；取出；阐明；出版 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎⑤The reason why the goods are sold at such low prices is that the manufacturers are willing to bring down prices in return for big volume of purchases.‎ ‎⑥Sharing with friends helped me bring back my confidence and fit in with others.‎ ‎⑦(2017·江苏高考)Working with the medical team in Africa has brought out the best in her as a doctor.‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎⑧我们受教育的方式，以及我们的文化背景，将会极大地影响我们对表达愤怒的感受。‎ The_way_we_are_brought_up,_and_our_cultural_background,_will very much influence how we feel about expressing anger.‎ ‎[句式集释]‎ ‎1．the way(that/in which)引导的定语从句 ‎[教材原句]　Treat others in the_way you want to be treated.‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)I think you hurt his pride by laughing at the_way_(that/in_which) he speaks English.‎ 我觉得你嘲笑他说英语的方式伤害了他的自尊心。‎ ‎(2)The_way_that/which came up at the meeting was unpractical.在会议上提出的方法不切实际。‎ ‎(3)Is this the way you can imagine to_reduce/of_reducing_air_pollution?‎ 这是你能想到的减少空气污染的方法吗？‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 ‎(1)way表示“方式；方法”时，其后常接in which或that引导的定语从句，也可以将关系词in which或that省略掉，此时关系词在从句中作状语。‎ ‎(2)way后接定语从句时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语则用关系代词that/which，作宾语时还可以省略，作主语时不可省略。‎ ‎(3)way表示“方式；方法”时，其后还可接不定式或of doing sth.形式。‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)Yet in modern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs such as cleaning streets because this is the way society is organized.(要点句)‎ ‎(2)School activities are usually considered a good way to make new friends and develop new interests.(要点句)‎ ‎2．The reason why ...is that ...‎ ‎[教材原句]　Mencius believed that the_reason_why man is different from animals is_that man is good.‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)The reason why_he_has_had_such_a_success_is_that he never gives up.‎ 他之所以能取得如此大的成功是因为他从不放弃。‎ ‎(2)The reason (that/which)_he_explained_at_the_meeting was that he didn't catch the first bus.‎ 他在会议上解释的理由是他没有赶上第一辆公共汽车。‎ ‎(3)Why don't you believe the_reason_that_my_car_was_held_up in the traffic jam?‎ 你为什么不相信我的车被堵在路上的原因呢？‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 ‎(1)the reason why ...is that ...，表示“……的原因是……”， 其中why引导定语从句，that引导表语从句。‎ ‎(2)the reason that/which ...，表示“……的原因”， that/which引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语或宾语。‎ ‎(3)the reason that ...，表示“……的原因”， that后接同位语从句，解释其内容。‎ 注意事项 reason用作先行词时，首先判断定语从句中缺少什么成分，如果缺少状语，则要用关系副词why或for which引导定语从句， why有时可省略；如果缺少主语或宾语，则要用关系代词that/which引导定语从句， that/which在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)The reason why we choose this movie is that it represents ‎ the development of our beloved school, which is not only interesting but also meaningful.(开头句)‎ ‎(2)(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)That's why more and more people are interested in Tang Dynasty.(要点句)‎ ‎[词块、句式过关综合训练]　‎ Ⅰ.选词填空 agree with， be similar to， be at war with， bring up， become interested in， be proud of， in conclusion， for the first time ‎1．Brought_up in a happy and wealthy family, Robert learned how to observe good manners at home.‎ ‎2．As your friend, I know how hard you have been studying Chinese and I am_proud_of your achievement.‎ ‎3．In_conclusion,_as adults, we have more responsibilities on our shoulders and should take more into consideration when making decisions.‎ ‎4．The two sides did not agree on the subject for_the_first_time,_so today they will sit down once more to have a discussion.‎ ‎5．Some of our friends can be_similar_to us, and some of them can have many distinctions in some ways.‎ ‎6．With the help of our teacher, we began to become_interested_in English.‎ ‎7．You look well.The air and the sea foods in Sanya must agree_with you, I suppose.‎ ‎8．How long do you think the two countries will be_at_war_with each other?‎ Ⅱ.根据提示补全句子/句型转换 ‎1．他没得到这个工作的原因是他的英语不好。(the reason why ...is that ...)‎ The_reason_why_he_didn't_get_the_job_was_that his English was not very good.‎ ‎2．你日常生活中发生的事情会改变你看待世界和世间的人的方式。(the way)‎ Something that happens in your daily life will change the_way_you_look_at_the_world and the people in it.‎ ‎3．我现在很少锻炼，但我上初中时的确喜欢踢足球。(do强调谓语)‎ I don't take much exercise now, but I did_like_playing_football_when_I_was_in junior_school.‎ ‎4．(2016·北京高考书面表达)我们为自己感到非常骄傲，相信我们可以为一个更美好的世界做更多的事情。(be proud of)‎ We are_very_proud_of_ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.‎ ‎5．To conclude, I would like to thank everybody who helped me.‎ ‎→In_conclusion,_I would like to thank everybody who helped me.(conclusion)‎ Ⅲ.分步写作 假定你是李华，目前在伦敦的孔子学院(Confucius Institute)做志愿者。你的英国朋友Henry对孔子特别感兴趣，请你写一封邮件邀请他参观孔子学院。要点如下：‎ ‎1．简述孔子及中国文化在世界上的影响；‎ ‎2．告知参观时间：11月6日(本周六)上午8点；‎ ‎3．介绍活动内容：汉语班、剪纸、书法。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 参考词汇：剪纸papercutting　书法calligraphy 第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点 本文为应用文中的电子邮件，人称为第一人称，时态用一般现在时。文章应分三个层次：开头应点明写信的缘由，为介绍孔子学院做铺垫，避免直接介绍孔子学院带来的生硬突兀。主体部分可根据题目所给的3个要点表达。要点1对于孔子的介绍，可以从孔子的地位及其对中国文化的影响来介绍，中国文化在世界上的影响体现在“孔子学院在国外许多国家被建立”；要点2发出邀请和要点3介绍活动考生容易把握，可依据题目提示进行说明。结尾应表达希望或请求。‎ 开头语：我很高兴得知你对孔子和中国文化很感兴趣。(be keen on)‎ I_am_glad_to_know_that_you_are_keen_on_Confucius_and_Chinese_culture.‎ 要点1－①：孔子的思想对中国文化产生了重要的影响。孔子被认为是世界上最伟大的古代教育家之一。(have an impact on)‎ Confucius's_ideas_have_a_great_impact_on_Chinese_culture.Confucius_is_considered_one_of_the_greatest_ancient_educators_in_the_world.‎ 要点1－②：孔子学院在国外许多国家被建立。‎ The_Confucius_Institutes_are_set_up_in_many_foreign_countries.‎ 要点2：我想邀请你在11月6日星期六上午8：00去参观孔子学院。‎ I'd_like_to_invite_you_to_visit_the_Confucius_Institute_at_8：00_am_on_Saturday,_November_6.‎ 要点3－①：我们可以上一些中文课程。(attend)‎ We_can_attend_some_Chinese_classes.‎ 要点3－②：我们可以参加一些活动，如剪纸和中国书法。‎ We_can_take_part_in_some_activities,_such_as_papercutting_and_Chinese_calligraphy.‎ 结尾语：我真诚地希望你能接受这个邀请。期待你的回复。‎ I_sincerely_hope_that_you_will_accept_this_invitation.Looking_forward_to_your_reply.‎ 第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼 为了使内容更充实，我们需要对要点进行适度的拓展。例如，要点1－①在“介绍孔子及其影响”时，可以用whose引导的非限制性定语从句来进行升级；要点1－②可以添加时间状语从句“随着越来越多的外国人想要学习中国文化”；在发出邀请前可以补充衔接句“我是一名在伦敦孔子学院工作的志愿者”，以使行文连贯、表达流畅；要点3－①“介绍活动内容”时，可以添加时间状语“在我们参观期间”。‎ 升级要点1－①：孔子的思想对中国文化产生了重要的影响。孔子被认为是世界上最伟大的古代教育家之一。(用whose引导定语从句)‎ Confucius,_whose_ideas_have_a_great_impact_on_Chinese_culture,_is_considered_one_of_the_greatest_ancient_educators_in_the_world.‎ 拓展要点1－②：随着越来越多的外国人想要学习中国文化，孔子学院在国外许多国家被建立。(as引导时间状语从句)‎ As_an_increasing_number_of_foreigners_want_to_learn_Chinese_culture,_the_Confucius_Institutes_are_set_up_in_many_foreign_countries.‎ 补充衔接句：因为我是一名在伦敦孔子学院工作的志愿者。(since)‎ Since_I_am_a_volunteer_working_in_the_Confucius_Institute_in_London.‎ 拓展要点3－①：在我们参观期间，我们可以参加一些中文课程。(during)‎ During_our_visit,_we_can_attend_some_Chinese_classes.‎ 第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡 本文可采用“三段式”结构组织全文。开头句和要点1组成第一段，开门见山地点明写信的缘由，并介绍孔子和中国文化；要点2发出邀请和要点3介绍活动组成第二段，“我是一名在伦敦孔子学院工作的志愿者”应该放在“发出邀请”前，并添加连接词also使文章衔接紧密，过渡自然。第三段为结尾语表达希望和请求。‎ Dear_Henry，‎ I_am_glad_to_know_that_you_are_keen_on_Confucius_and_Chinese_culture.Confucius,_whose_ideas_have_a_great_impact_on_Chinese_culture,_is_considered_one_of_the_greatest_ancient_educators_in_the_world.As_an_increasing_number_of_foreigners_want_to_learn_Chinese_culture,_the_Confucius_Institutes_are_set_up_in_many_foreign_countries.‎ Since_I_am_a_volunteer_working_in_the_Confucius_Institute_in_London,_I'd_like_to_invite_you_to_visit_it_at_8：00_am_on_Saturday,_November_6.During_our_visit,_we_can_attend_some_Chinese_classes.We_can_also_take_part_in_some_activities_such_as_papercutting_and_Chinese_calligraphy.‎ I_sincerely_hope_that_you_will_accept_this_invitation.Looking_forward_to_your_reply.‎ Yours_truly，‎ Li_Hua 理清文体结构之(十七)　议论文之总分总结构——观点→论证→结论 ‎“总分总”类议论文一般包括提出问题、分析问题和解决问题三大部分，在内容的展开上常表现为“总分总”模式，即：首尾部分为“总”，中间分析问题部分为“分”，中间部分为议论文的难点和重点，其呈现形式可以是分论点并列，也可以是递进式的延伸。不过，不管怎样“分”，都应在“总”的统摄之下，并且为“总”服务。这种结构层次清晰，了解了论点是什么，如何论证的，结论是什么，便掌握了文章大意，题目也会迎刃而解。‎ ‎[高考典例]　2018·全国卷Ⅲ·D篇 ‎[读文解题技法]‎ 总 总 ‎[1]Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.‎ ‎[2]I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．‎ ‎[3]For weeks, I’ve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected ‎1.提出观点(第1段)‎ 本文以反例引领提出观点：live more with less。(可解32题)‎ ‎2.事例论证1(第2段)‎ 假期前鼓励孩子捐赠用不着的物品或卖掉东西把钱放于“学校基金”。(可解33题)‎ ‎3.事例论证2(第3段)‎ 事例论证1为某一次行为，接着作者以问题的形式论证了如何让孩子能够“make it a habit”。(可解34题)‎ ‎4.得出结论(第4段)‎ 在事例1和事例2论证的基础上，顺理成章地得出结论：简单的物品也能激发快乐。(可解35题)‎ ‎ that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball — simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.‎ ‎[4]We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.‎ ‎[依行文结构，比对定答案]‎ ‎32.What do the words “” in paragraph 1 probably mean？‎ A.The more， the better. ‎ B.Enough is enough.‎ C.More money， more worries. ‎ D.Earn more and spend more. ‎ ‎33.What made Georgia ？‎ A.Saving up for her holiday.‎ B.Raising money for a poor girl.‎ C.Adding the money to her fund.‎ D.Giving the money to a sick mother.‎ ‎34.Why did the author ？‎ A.To try out an idea. ‎ B.To show a parent’s love.‎ C.To train his attention. ‎ D.To help him start a hobby.‎ ‎35.What can be a suitable for the text？‎ A.Take It or Leave It ‎ B.A Lesson from Kids C.Live More with Less ‎ D.The Pleasure of Giving ‎ ‎[答案]　32.A　33.C　34.A　35.C