【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解推理判断题特点及解题例析（含有解析）学案（25页word版） 29页

‎2018届二轮复习 阅读理解推理判断题特点及解题例析 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。它要求考生在理解表面文字信息的基础上，尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，做出正确的推理和判断，从而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理的原则是据文推理，合情推理，不可妄加推理，过度推理。‎ ‎[题型特点]‎ 一、推理判断题题干常用词 一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude，purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。‎ 二、推理判断题正确选项的特征 ‎1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。‎ ‎2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。‎ 三、推理判断题干扰选项的特征 ‎1．曲解文意 ‎：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别，推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。因此，考生在阅读文章时要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础。在此基础上，考生通过分析、判断，从而做出符合逻辑的推断。‎ ‎2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。‎ ‎3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。‎ ‎4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。‎ ‎5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在特定语境中的具体含义。‎ ‎6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。‎ ‎[解题流程]‎ 要做好推理判断题，需要充分阅读理解文章、分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据。考生应该在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。‎ ‎[分类例析]‎ 细节推断题 在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。‎ ‎[常见设问方式]‎ It can be inferred from the passage that ________.‎ It can be concluded from the passage that ________.‎ The author strongly suggests that ________.‎ The writer/author implies but not directly states that ________.‎ The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________.‎ Which of the following statements does the author support？ ‎ ‎[示例]　(2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B节选)‎ Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect (感染) other students.‎ ‎26．What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?‎ A．He liked to help his teacher.‎ B．He preferred to study alone.‎ C．He was active in class.‎ D．He was imaginative.‎ ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：定信息源 由题干可知，本题的解题信息源来自文章第三段。‎ 第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选 选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位 A 他喜欢帮助老师。‎ 我意外有一个教学助手。‎ 扩缩范围 B 他更喜欢独自学习。‎ 原文未涉及 无中生有 C 他在课堂上很活跃。‎ 原文未涉及 无中生有 D 他有想象力。‎ 他格外有创造力。‎ 合理推断 写作目的题 ‎1．根据文体类别推断 文体 写作目的 故事类 to entertain readers娱乐读者，让人发笑 广告类 to persuade readers说服读者接受某种观点 科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类 to inform readers告知读者某些信息 ‎2．根据写作手法推断 作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，往往是为了引出主题。‎ ‎[常见设问方式]‎ What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? ‎ The purpose of the text is to get more people to ________.‎ The writer of the story wants to tell us that ______.‎ The writer talks about ... in order to ________.‎ The author writes the last paragraph in order to ________.‎ ‎[示例]　(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)‎ If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.‎ Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly (多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.‎ There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with applethemed fun and games.‎ Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards (果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.‎ ‎31．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To show how to grow apples.‎ B．To introduce an apple festival.‎ C．To help people select apples.‎ D．To promote apple research.‎ ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：定信息源 题目问的是文章的写作目的，而不是某个细节的写作目的，因此要综合全文信息来推断。‎ 第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选 选项 选项意思 写作目的 定位 A 为了展示如何种植苹果。‎ 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国苹果节的举办规模、活动安排、苹果种类及种植环境等。‎ 曲解文意 B 为了介绍一个苹果节。‎ 合理推断 C 为了帮助人们挑选苹果。‎ 曲解文意 D 为了促进苹果研究。‎ 曲解文意 观点态度题 全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，如doubt, appreciate, hate, against等。‎ ‎[常见设问方式]‎ What’s the writer’s attitude towards ...? ‎ What is the author’s opinion on ...? ‎ What does the author think about ...? ‎ The attitude of the author towards something is ______.‎ The writer of the passage seems to think that ______.‎ ‎[示例]　(2016·四川高考阅读C节选)‎ ‎“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin.“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”‎ ‎30．What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?‎ A．Cautious.　　　　　 　B．Doubtful.‎ C．Uninterested. D．Appreciative.‎ ‎[解题样板]‎ 第一步：定信息源 由题干中的关键词Gin和Guianese可定位于原文第三段，尤其是第一句“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.”。‎ 第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选 选项 选项意思 作者观点态度 定位 A 谨慎的。‎ 无中生有 详读第三段可知，Gin对这群土著居民有特殊的爱，他们之间有深厚的友谊。Gin认为这是一块自由的土地。由这些描述可知Gin欣赏这群土著居民的生活方式。‎ B 怀疑的。‎ 无中生有 C 无兴趣的。‎ 无中生有 D 欣赏的。‎ 合理推断 文章来源题 常考来源 文章特点 广告 语言比较简洁鲜明，有亮点 报刊 时事性比较强，分不同的版块，在阅读中采用的报刊类文章一般以政治、生活为主 杂志 往往覆盖了生活的各个层面，更加贴近幕后的一些东西 产品说明书 对某器皿、设备等作出介绍并有操作方式 药品说明 告知药品的服用时间、次数、药量等 网络 来自网络的文章文体不限，判断标准就是找文中的网络标志语，如click here, download, upload, link(链接), mouse(鼠标)等 ‎[常见设问方式]‎ This passage would most likely be found in ________.‎ The passage is probably taken out of ________.‎ Where does this text probably come from? ‎ Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from? ‎ In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? ‎ ‎[示例]　(2013·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B节选)‎ The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警觉)．Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze (凝视) starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots, is presented.Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?‎ Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they ‎ then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise (同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.‎ ‎63．Where does this text probably come from?‎ A．Science fiction.　　　 　B．Children’s literature.‎ C．An advertisement. D．A science report.‎ ‎[解题样板]‎ 选项 选项意思 推理分析 定位 A 科幻小说。‎ 本文介绍了对婴儿进行的试验，试验的经过、结果等，因此本文可能来自于一份科学报告。‎ 无中生有 B 儿童文学。‎ 无中生有 C 广告。‎ 无中生有 D 科学报告。‎ 合理推断 典题演练　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　‎ A Grandparents Answer a Call As a thirdgeneration native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms.‎ ‎ Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.‎ No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s motherinlaw, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents. com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Twothirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.‎ ‎“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”‎ Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。祖父母搬去子女身边照顾小孩是如今的一种趋势，但这是否应该成为每一个祖父母的选择呢？‎ ‎1．Why was Garza’s move a success?‎ A．It strengthened her family ties.‎ B．It improved her living conditions.‎ C．It enabled her to make more friends.‎ D．It helped her know more new places.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“... giving them a closer relationship ...”可知，Garza搬去和晚辈同住后，他们的关系更亲密了，这与A项的表述“这加强了她的家庭关系”相吻合，故选A项。‎ ‎2．What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?‎ A．17% expressed their support for it.‎ B．Few people responded sympathetically.‎ C．83% believed it had a bad influence.‎ D．The majority thought it was a trend.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，三分之二的人认为更多的家庭将效仿奥巴马的家庭，由此可知它将成为一种趋势，故选D项。‎ ‎3．What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?‎ A．They were unsure of themselves.‎ B．They were eager to raise more children.‎ C．They wanted to live away from their parents.‎ D．They had little respect for their grandparents.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句可知，在20世纪60年代，人们都有点儿狂野，急于“远走高飞”来证明自己的能力，这与C项的表述“他们想远离父母生活”相吻合，故选C项。‎ ‎4．What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?‎ A．Make decisions in the best interests of their own.‎ B．Ask their children to pay more visits to them.‎ C．Sacrifice for their struggling children.‎ D．Get to know themselves better.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Moving is not for everyone.”以及“it is wiser to say no and visit frequently”可知，作者建议老年人从自己的利益出发，做出选择，A项的表述与此相吻合。‎ B ‎ A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.‎ Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.‎ The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.‎ Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.‎ Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.‎ While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.‎ Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.‎ Milk is also sugarfree and additivefree with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。长期以来，人们认为睡觉前喝一杯热牛奶有助于睡眠，但研究表明，只有喝晚上挤的牛奶才真正有助于睡眠。这到底是什么原因呢？快来读文章吧！‎ ‎5．According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk ________.‎ A．started sleep more easily 　B．were more anxious C．were less active D．woke up later 解析：选B　细节理解题。由第四段中的信息“Those given night milk ...were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime ...”可知，老鼠喝了白天挤的牛奶会更有活力，也更焦虑，故选B项。‎ ‎6．Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?‎ A．It’s been tested on mice for ten times.‎ B．It can make people more energetic.‎ C．It exists in milk in great amount.‎ D．It’s used in sleeping drugs.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。由第六段中的信息“taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night”可知，褪黑激素被用于安眠药中，故选D项。‎ ‎7．What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A．Night Milk and Sleep B．Fat, Sugar and Health C．An Experiment on Mice D．Milk Drinking and Health 解析：‎ 选A　标题归纳题。作者在第一段就点明了文章要论述的对象——晚上挤的牛奶。在接下来的几段中，作者通过研究人员在老鼠身上做的实验论证了晚上挤出的牛奶与睡眠的关系，故选A项。‎ ‎8．How does the author support the theme of the text?‎ A．By giving examples.‎ B．By stating arguments.‎ C．By explaining statistical data.‎ D．By providing research results.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。文章的第二、三、四、五段都是讲研究人员的实验及其结果，所以作者是用研究人员的研究结果来支持论点的。故选D项。‎ C ‎ In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous (土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony (殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946. In theory, they should live by the French law. However, their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world.‎ The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazonrainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.‎ ‎“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin.“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”‎ ‎“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life，” continues Gin. “I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”‎ His blackandwhite pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional selfsupporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。在法属圭亚那地区的热带雨林深处居住着一群土著居民。他们虽然是法国公民，却按照自己的方式生活。一位摄影家的照片使这群土著居民进入公众视野，也使他们逐渐受到现代的法国生活方式的影响。‎ ‎9．Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?‎ A．They seldom follow the French law.‎ B．They often ignore the Guianese law.‎ C．They are separated from the modern world.‎ D．They are both Guianese and French citizens.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。由题干中的feel surprised定位到第一段中的信息 ‎“Surprisingly，these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs ...”，可知土著人有自己的法律和习惯，而不遵守法国法律，这让作者吃惊，故选A项。‎ ‎10．Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as ________.‎ A．a tour guide　　　　　 　B．a geographer C．a film director D．a photographer 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“show the audience a photographic record”以及第五段中的“blackandwhite pictures”可推知Gin是一名摄影师，他通过拍摄的照片让观众了解这群土著居民，故选D项。‎ ‎11．What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?‎ A．Cautious. B．Doubtful.‎ C．Uninterested. D．Appreciative.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。通读第三段可知，Gin对这群土著居民有特殊的爱，他们之间有深厚的友谊。Gin认为这是一块自由的土地。由这些描述可知Gin欣赏这群土著居民的生活方式，故选D项。‎ ‎12．What does the underlined world “it” in the last paragraph ‎ refer to?‎ A．The modern French lifestyle.‎ B．The selfsupporting hunting.‎ C．The uncivilized world.‎ D．The French Republic.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。解本题的关键是读懂最后一句话。这些当地居民不得不兼顾他们传统的自给自足的狩猎生活方式和法兰西共和国带给他们的现代的生活方式，伴随这种生活方式的不仅仅有必不可少的国家福利，还有酗酒、背叛，甚至自杀。故it指代的是现代的法国的生活方式，故选A项。‎ ‎ D When you’re looking forward to taking a holiday in Egypt, you’re certainly not short of choices. The country has so many to see that you’ll probably not want to limit yourself to just one city.‎ Hurghada — A Water Sports Paradise With 250 hotels ranking from comfortable 3star hotels up to 5star accommodation, the main attraction of staying here is the activities in and on the warm waters. It has become an international centre for water sports, allowing visitors to take part in surfing, sailing and deepsea fishing. The waters are also home to a huge variety of coral and fish, making it a dream spot for diving. If all that isn’t enough, Hurghada is home to some of the world’s finest underwater gardens.‎ Luxor — An Openair Museum of Ancient History For those with an interest in Egyptian history, Luxor is an excellent place to stay and is built upon the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. If you make this the base for your Egypt holiday, you’re basically staying in an openair museum! The modern city of Luxor has the ruins of Karnak. Across the Nile lie many more monuments, temples and tombs including the Valley of the Kings and the Queens. The Nile sailing is necessary for those with an interest in the country’s ancient history.‎ Cairo — The Capital City Finally, of course, there’s Cairo. It’s definitely a starting point for most of Egypt holidaymakers. Cairo offers an excellent mix of culture, art, cooking and sightseeing chances. With the famous pyramids, various temples and some fascinating museums, Cairo is a fantastic choice if you can come to the city.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，讲述了几个埃及好玩的城市及它们的特色。‎ ‎1．Visitors flood to Hurghada mainly because it can offer them ________.‎ A．the funniest botanic gardens B．choices of water activities C．a brief history of Egypt D．the mix of culture and art 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据Hurghada — A Water Sports Paradise中的“the main attraction of staying here is the activities in and on the warm waters”可知，这里主要吸引人的是其水里或水上的活动。故选B。‎ ‎2．Which of the following cities do most tourists visit first in Egypt?‎ A．Cairo.　　　　　　　 　B．Luxor.‎ C．Thebes. D．Hurghada.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据Cairo — The Capital City中的“It’s definitely a starting point for most of Egypt holidaymakers”可知，Cairo一定是去埃及度假的游客最先游览的地方。故选A。‎ ‎3．This passage is most probably taken from ________.‎ A．a historical document B．a science magazine C．a travel guide D．a book review 解析：选C　文章出处题。根据第一段可知，本文介绍了几个埃及好玩的城市，所以应该出现在旅游指南上。故选C。‎ ‎ E ‎ Dear Max，‎ Your mother and I don’t yet have the words to describe the hope you give us for the future. We believe all lives have equal value, and that includes the many more people who will live in future generations than live today. Our society has an obligation to invest ‎ now to improve the lives of all those coming into this world, not just those already here.‎ Our hopes for your generation focus on two ideas: advancing human potential and promoting equality.‎ Today your mother and I are committing to spend our lives doing our small part to help solve these challenges. I will continue to serve as Facebook’s CEO for many, many years to come, but these issues are too important to wait until you or we are older to begin this work. By starting at a young age, we hope to see compounding benefits throughout our lives.‎ As you begin the next generation of the Chan Zuckerberg family, we also begin the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative to join people across the world to advance human potential and promote equality for all children in the next generation. Our initial areas of focus will be personalized learning, curing disease, connecting people and building strong communities. Over short periods of five or ten years, it may not seem like we’re making much of a difference. But over the long term, seeds planted now will grow, and one day, you or your children will see what we can only imagine.‎ We will give 99% of our Facebook shares — currently about $45 billion — during our lives to advance this mission. We know this is a small contribution compared to all the resources and talents of those already working on these issues. But we want to do what we can, working alongside many others.‎ 语篇解读：‎ 本文是Facebook总裁写给自己孩子的一封信。在这封信中，他主要是告诉女儿，所有的人，不管是活在世上的还是那些未出生的，都一样重要，他要为她和她这一代人创造一个更好的世界而贡献出自己微薄的力量。‎ ‎8．From the passage we can learn that the author is Max’s ________.‎ A．mother B．father C．brother D．grandparent 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Your mother and I ...”以及第二段中的“Our hopes for your generation ...”可推知，作者应该是Max的父亲。故选B。‎ ‎9．Planted seeds referred in the 4th paragraph are to explain that ________.‎ A．it is better doing something to improve the world than waiting B．harvest can be expected after sowing C．it makes little difference to help solve the challenges D．it takes time to show their effort works 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段第三句可推知，虽然作者认为他们现在的努力在短时间内不会产生什么效果，但是从长远来看，他们努力的成果会显示出来的。因此，作者用“planted seeds”是为了解释他们的努力是需要时间才会看到成果的。故选D。‎ ‎10．The underlined word “obligation” most probably means “________”．‎ A．duty B．effort C．contribution D．ability 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据第一段内容可知，作者认为，所有的人，不管是活在世上的还是那些未出生的，都一样重要，因此社会有责任和义务去为改善所有人的生活而努力。由此可推知，“obligation”应意为“责任，义务”，与duty意思相近。故选A。‎ ‎11．Through the letter, the author mainly wants to tell Max ________.‎ A．he decides to donate 99% of the Facebook shares to help improve the world B．he will serve as the Facebook’s CEO for many years for her better living C．he is devoting himself to help realize the equality of the human D．he is contributed to helping make a better world for her and her generation 解析：选D　写作意图题。根据这封信的内容，尤其是最后三段的内容可推知，作者通过这封信主要是想告诉Max：他要为她和她这一代人创造一个更美好的世界而贡献自己的力量。故选D。‎ ‎ G ‎ The term “helicopter parents” refers to “a style of parents who are over focused on their children”．‎ Helicopter parents are always making a big push to provide children with every opportunity to succeed, from baby steps at age 1, homework at age 8, college application at age 18, employment issues at age 25 to family problems at age 30, 40 or even older. They constantly shadow the child, always directing his behavior, allowing him zero alone time.‎ Helicopter parenting can develop for a number of reasons. Worries about the economy, the job market, and the world in general can push parents toward taking more control over their child’s life in an attempt to protect them. Adults who felt unloved or ignored as children can overcompensate with their own children. When parents see other overinvolved parents, it can cause a similar response. They feel that if they don’t involve themselves in their children’s lives, they are bad parents.‎ The main problem with helicopter parenting is that it can backfire. To give an example, the house where Mary lived with roommates was broken into and things were stolen. Mary called the landlord (房东) to install an alarm system, but before she could finish the negotiations (协商), her mother rushed in and demanded action. “I felt like my mother ruined my communication with our landlord. We could have gotten it done ourselves. She was well intended but only made me feel annoyed and defeated，” says Mary.‎ Obviously, overparenting is motivated with the idea of doing good things but it does the exact opposite. In the long run parents are actually damaging their child’s basic skills to deal with matters independently. It makes the child feel lacking in confidence, less competent in dealing with the stresses of life on their own. They’re ‎ winning the battle, but actually losing the war.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，介绍了“直升机式家长”教育孩子的方法，并剖析了“直升机式家长”形成的原因，以及他们的教育方式给孩子的生活、教育所带来的负面影响。‎ ‎1．What’s the purpose of helicopter parents’ overparenting?‎ A．To do something good for their children.‎ B．To make their children not ignored.‎ C．To help their children find a good job.‎ D．To get rid of the pressure from other parents.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知，直升机式家长总是尽力地为孩子提供成功的机会。由此可推知，直升机式家长过分管教孩子的目的是为孩子做些有帮助的事。故选A。‎ ‎2．What can we learn from the passage?‎ A．Children who have helicopter parents live a hard life.‎ B．Helicopter parenting only happens to very young children.‎ C．Helicopter parents can protect their children against all problems.‎ D．Helicopter parents do their children great harm in the long run.‎ 解析：‎ 选D　细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句可知，从长远来看，直升机式家长对孩子的过度管教会对孩子造成巨大伤害。故选D。‎ ‎3．What will possibly be discussed in the paragraph that follows?‎ A．The bad effects of helicopter parenting.‎ B．How we can avoid being helicopter parents.‎ C．Different opinions about helicopter parenting.‎ D．The reasons for the development of helicopter parents.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。最后一段最后一句句意为：直升机式家长可能赢了某场战役，但实际上输了一场战争。由此可推知，下一段内容应是劝说家长不要做直升机式家长。故选B。‎ ‎4．What is the author’s attitude towards “helicopter parenting”？‎ A．Uninterested.　　　　 　B．Objective.‎ C．Positive. D．Disapproving.‎ 解析：选D　观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知，家长对孩子过度管教会对孩子的生活造成伤害，让孩子失去自信，失去处理生活压力的能力。由此可推知，作者不赞同对孩子进行直升机式管理。故选D。‎