【英语】2020届英语二轮复习600分冲刺优练：专题1阅读理解考点2　推理判断题学案 18页

第一编　专题一　考点2‎ ‎[层级一　真题题组]‎ A ‎(2019·天津卷，C)‎ How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.‎ With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.When a predator (掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction (灭绝) of one of them.And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover.The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.‎ Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.‎ And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top－down control by top predators to be true.In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.‎ Scientists have built an early－warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key，scientists say，because once ecosystems pass their tipping point (临界点)，it is remarkably difficult for them to return.‎ 文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：食物网。本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了科学家通过建立一个数学模型找到了管理食物网的几个主要原则。‎ ‎1．What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？_B__‎ A．The living habits of species in food webs.‎ B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.‎ C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.‎ D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.‎ 解析：细节理解题。第二段第一句“With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.”中的principles与选项B中的rules相对应，故选B。‎ ‎2．A strong link is found between two species when a predator _C__.‎ A．has a wide food choice B．can easily find new prey C．sticks to one prey species D．can quickly move to another place 解析：细节理解题。注意本题中涉及的是a strong link。根据第二段第三句“When a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey，the two species are strongly linked...”可知，当掠食动物总是吃掉大量的单一猎物时，这两种动物是紧密联系在一起的，故选C。‎ ‎3．What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？_D__‎ A．The prey species they directly attack will die out.‎ B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.‎ C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.‎ D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.‎ 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems以及其后举的例子可知，位于食物网顶端的掠食动物对其他物种的数量有着惊人的控制，即使是无直接联系的物种，故答案为D “其他物种的数量会发生意想不到的变化”。‎ ‎4．What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？_A__‎ A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.‎ B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.‎ C．Species of commercial value dominate other species.‎ D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.‎ 解析：段落大意题。第四段的第一句“And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top－down control by top predators to be true.(未经计划的人类活动证明了顶端掠食动物自上而下控制的观点是正确的)”是这一段的主题句，下面的例子是为了证明它的，根据本段最后一句“这些行为已经大大影响了生态平衡”可知，人为的不受控制的行为会扰乱生态平衡，故答案为A。‎ ‎5．How does an early－warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？_D__‎ A．By getting illegal practices under control.‎ B．By stopping us from killing large predators.‎ C．By bringing the broken－down ecosystems back to normal.‎ D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.‎ 解析：推理判断题。由题干中的an early－warning system 定位到文章的最后一段。根据最后一段中的prevention is key可知，预防系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统被破坏。‎ B ‎(2018·天津卷，B)‎ When I was 17，I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay，once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death.On a sunny Saturday，Sally and I drove over to the museum.She asked，“Do you have the address？”“No，but I'll recognize it，there was a picture in the magazine.”‎ ‎“Oh，stop.There it is！”‎ The museum was free.We entered，excited.A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.‎ ‎“May I help you？” a man asked.“No，” I said.“We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in？Sally had gone upstairs.The people in the hall seemed very nosy (爱窥探的)，keeping their eyes on me with curiosity.What was their problem？I saw some nice sculptures in one room.Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me.“Where do you think you are？” he asked.I turned sharply.“The McNay Art Museum！” He smiled，shaking his head.“Sorry，the McNay is on New Braunfels Street.” “What's this place？” I asked，still confused.“Well，it's our home.”My heart jolted (震颤)．I raced to the staircase and called out，“Sally！Come down immediately！”‎ ‎“There's some really good stuff (艺术作品) up there.” She stepped down，looking confused.I pushed her toward the front door，waving at the family，saying，“Sorry，please forgive us，you have a really nice place.” Outside，when I told Sally what happened，she covered her mouth，laughing.She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.‎ The real McNay was splendid，but we felt nervous the whole time we were there.Van Gogh，Picasso.This time，we stayed together，in case anything else unusual happened.‎ Thirty years later，a woman approached me in a public place.“Excuse me，did you ever enter a residence，long ago，thinking it was the McNay Museum？”‎ ‎“Yes.But how do you know？We never told anyone.”‎ ‎“That was my home.I was a teenager sitting in the hall.Before you came over，I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in.I never felt lucky before.You thought it was a museum.My feelings about my home changed after that.I've always wanted to thank you.”‎ 文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。如果你误把一户人家当成博物馆且四处参观，会是怎样一种奇特的经历呢？让我们读一下文章，看一看作者的亲身体验吧。‎ ‎6．What do we know about Marian McNay？_A__‎ A．She was a painter.‎ B．She was a community leader.‎ C．She was a museum director.‎ D．She was a journalist.‎ 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的watercolorist(水彩画家)以及下文“去博物馆看画”知，Marian McNay是一位painter (画家)，故答案为A。a community leader“社区领导”；a museum director“博物馆主管”；a journalist“记者”。‎ ‎7．Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house？_D__‎ A．She disliked people who were nosy.‎ B．She felt nervous when talking to strangers.‎ C．She knew more about art than the man.‎ D．She mistook him for a tour guide.‎ 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Tour guides got on my nerves.(导游令我烦扰)”知，“我”把那个人误认为是导游了，故答案为D。A项“她不喜欢爱窥探的人”，曲解文意；B项“与陌生人交谈时她感到紧张”，无中生有；C项“她比那个人更懂艺术”，无中生有。‎ ‎8．How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall？_A__‎ A．Puzzled.　　　　　 B．Concerned.‎ C．Frightened. D．Delighted.‎ 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“我”被那些人盯着时的疑惑“What was their problem？”及后文中的still confused可知，“我”感到很困惑(puzzled)，故答案为A。‎ ‎9．Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words？_D__‎ A．The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.‎ B．She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.‎ C．The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.‎ D．The event happening in the house was more significant.‎ 解析：推理判断题。下文提到30年后“我”偶遇那户人家的一个孩子，她说“我”把她家误认为博物馆使她看到了它的美丽，由此可知，本文作者不是重点描述McNay博物馆，而是描述这次突发事件带来的影响，故答案为D “房子里发生的事更重要”。‎ ‎10．What could we learn from the last paragraph？_C__‎ A．People should have good taste to enjoy life.‎ B．People should spend more time with their family.‎ C．People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.‎ D．People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.‎ 解析：推理判断题。从最后一段中那个女士的话“在你进来之前，我从未意识到我住的是个美丽的地方，我以前从未感到过幸运”可推知，人们往往会忽视自己周围事物的美。‎ C ‎(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，B)‎ Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater's 75－year history.This time, however, the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end.‎ The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary－eyed audience wanting to say good－bye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.‎ Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete.He added that the theater's location(位置) was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town，”he said.“ Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”‎ Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.‎ The theater audience said good－bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time.After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie.The theater will be missed.‎ 文章大意：本文讲述的是拥有75年历史的广场剧院在放映完最后一部电影后即将关闭以及市民对它的不舍之情。‎ ‎11．In what way was yesterday's cleanup at the Plaza special？_B__‎ A．It made room for new equipment.‎ B．It signaled the closedown of the theater.‎ C．It was done with the help of the audience.‎ D．It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段的最后一句“As one group of workers carried out the ‎ rubbish，another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end”可推断出，工人们清理垃圾和清除座位及其他剧院设备是在为剧院的关闭做准备。故选B。‎ ‎12．Why was The Last Picture Show put on？_D__‎ A．It was an all－time classic.‎ B．It was about the history of the town.‎ C．The audience requested it.‎ D．The theater owner found it suitable.‎ 解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate”可知，剧院的老板亲自选定了The Last Picture Show这部电影，因为他认为这部电影很适合。原文中的“appropriate”和D选项的“suitable”都表示“合适的”。故选D。‎ ‎13．What will probably happen to the building？_C__‎ A．It will be repaired.‎ B．It will be turned into a museum.‎ C．It will be knocked down.‎ D．It will be sold to the city government.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。第四段最后一句说剧院被卖给了当地的开发公司，该公司计划在剧院所在地建综合购物大楼，因此可推断出剧院将被推倒拆除。故选C。‎ ‎14．What can we infer about the audience？_B__‎ A．They are disappointed with Bradford.‎ B．They are sad to part with the old theater.‎ C．They are supportive of the city officials.‎ D．They are eager to have a shopping center.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句“Though the movie is 30 years old，most of the 250 seats were filled with teary－eyed audience wanting to say good－bye to the old building”可知，观众含泪观看最后一部电影，想向剧院告别；再结合最后一段最后一句“The theater will be missed”可以推断出观众对剧院恋恋不舍，与剧院告别让他们感到很悲伤。故选B。‎ D ‎(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，C)‎ Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun，according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.‎ While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers，some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children's lives，and indicates how parents might help ‎ encourage more reading.‎ According to the report's key findings，“the proportion(比例)who say they‘hardly ever’read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13－year－olds and 9 percent of 17－year－olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”‎ The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children，ages 2—8，remain largely the same.But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined，from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.‎ When it comes to technology and reading，the report does little to counsel(建议)parents looking for data about the effect of e－readers and tablets on reading.It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading，mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.‎ The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently，compared to infrequent readers，have more books in the home，more books purchased for them，parents who read more often，and parents who set aside time for them to read.‎ As the end of school approaches，and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近)ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.‎ 文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。一份调查报告显示，尽管阅读在很多孩子的生活中仍然是很重要的一部分，但是进行趣味性阅读的青少年人数在减少。要想改变这种状况，父母应该在阅读方面起示范作用，成为重要的引导者。‎ ‎15．What is the Common Sense Media report probably about？_A__‎ A．Children's reading habits.‎ B．Quality of children's books.‎ C．Children's after－class activities.‎ D．Parent－child relationships.‎ 解析：推理判断题。关于题干提到的这份报告，第二、三段说孩子们的趣味性阅读减少了，几乎不进行趣味性阅读的人数增加了，第五、六段提到电子书的阅读以及父母的榜样作用，从这些信息推断，这份报告研究的内容是孩子们的阅读习惯，因此选A。‎ ‎16．Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”？_B__‎ A．In Paragraph 2.　　　　 B．In Paragraph 3.‎ C．In Paragraph 4. D．In Paragraph 5.‎ 解析：推理判断题。第三段说几乎不进行趣味性阅读的孩子的人数比例上升了，因此这一段说的是孩子们趣味性阅读的情况减少了。这与题干中的“‎ 孩子们趣味性阅读的情况减少了”相吻合。‎ ‎17．Why do many parents limit electronic reading？_C__‎ A．E－books are of poor quality.‎ B．It could be a waste of time.‎ C．It may harm children's health.‎ D．E－readers are expensive.‎ 解析：推理判断题。第五段提到科技产品与阅读的关系，说这份报告几乎没有建议父母去了解电子读物和平板电脑对阅读的影响，但是提到许多父母因为注意到孩子看屏幕的时间在不断增加，就对电子书的阅读进行限制。从这些信息看，父母这样做的原因是从孩子的身心健康方面去考虑的，因此选C。‎ ‎18．How should parents encourage their children to read more？_A__‎ A．Act as role models for them.‎ B．Ask them to write book reports.‎ C．Set up reading groups for them.‎ D．Talk with their reading class teachers.‎ 解析：推理判断题。关于父母怎样鼓励孩子多读书，第六段说，在阅读方面父母能给孩子树立榜样，成为重要的引导者，并且指出，读书多的孩子，他们的父母经常阅读，还给孩子留出读书的时间。由此推断选A“成为他们的榜样”。‎ E ‎(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，D)‎ We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new，but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style.That's bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.‎ To figure out how much power these devices are using，Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.Devices were grouped by generation.Desktop computers，basic mobile phones，and box－set TVs defined 1992.Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And MP3 players，smart phones，and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002，before tablets and e－readers showed up in 2007.‎ As we accumulated more devices，however，we didn't throw out our old ones.“The living－room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room，and suddenly one day，you have a TV in every room of the house，”said one researcher.The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007.We're not just keeping these old devices—we ‎ continue to use them.According to the analysis of Babbitt's team，old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.‎ So what's the solution (解决方案)？The team's data only went up to 2007，but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function，such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing.They found that more on－demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.‎ 文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，过时的旧设备比新设备要消耗更多的能源，因此从环保的角度来看，我们应及时更新设备。‎ ‎19．What does the author think of new devices？_A__‎ A．They are environment－friendly.‎ B．They are no better than the old.‎ C．They cost more to use at home.‎ D．They go out of style quickly.‎ 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“...these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知，这些过时的设备比那些做同样事情的新设备消耗更多的能源，也就是说新的设备更环保。B、C两项颠倒是非，新设备更环保，所以显然比旧设备好，而且新设备消耗更少的能源，花费就更少。D项无中生有，文中没有提到新设备很快就过时。‎ ‎20．Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research？_D__‎ A．To reduce the cost of minerals.‎ B．To test the life cycle of a product.‎ C．To update consumers on new technology.‎ D．To find out electricity consumption of the devices.‎ 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To figure out how much power these devices are using...”可知，Babbitt和她的同事们进行这项研究的目的是弄清这些设备的用电量。A、B两项曲解文意，第二段中的tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device是说开展这项研究所使用的方法是追踪每个产品从矿产开采到人们停止使用整个周期内的环境成本，而不是说研究目的是“降低矿产成本”和“检测产品的生命周期”。C项无中生有，文中没有提到“向消费者提供新技术的最新信息”。‎ ‎21．Which of the following uses the least energy？_B__‎ A．The box－set TV. B．The tablet.‎ C．The LCD TV. D．The desktop computer.‎ 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“They found that more on－demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.”可知，在平板电脑上观看更多的点播娱乐节目，而不是看电视和台式电脑，看平板电脑可以将能耗降低44%，由此可知，平板电脑消耗最少的能源。‎ ‎22．What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices？_A__‎ A．Stop using them. B．Take them apart.‎ C．Upgrade them. D．Recycle them.‎ 解析：推理判断题。文章通过科学家的研究表明，过时的旧电子设备会消耗更多的能源，由此推知，文章建议人们停止使用旧电子设备。B、C两项无中生有，文中没有提到把旧电子设备拆开，也没有提到将旧电子设备升级。D项曲解文意，回收利用电子设备是人们的常规做法，并不是文章建议的做法。‎ ‎[层级二　模拟题组]‎ ‎1‎ ‎(2019·洛阳市二模)‎ I decided to ski to the North Pole. It was after I saw an advertisement in a newspaper looking for people to join a team to ski 350 miles to the North Pole. Back in 1996, there had never been a woman from the UK who had accomplished this challenge.I wondered what it would be like to survive in temperatures cold enough to freeze your flesh in seconds, so I sent off for the application form.‎ The application form full of pictures of male explorers arrived. The words “Are you man enough for the ultimate(极限的)challenge？” made me and even more determined to get on the team.‎ Over 500 individuals applied for a place in the team, and the selection process included physical and psychological tests designed to pick the best group.In one test，there was a huge rope ladder we had to climb，and I froze at the top because I have a fear of heights. I thought my hopes were fading as most other applicants sailed past, leaving me behind. But two others helped me over, and later I found out that the organizers were not looking for amazing individuals, but great team players, and this moment had shown them who would take care of others in the team.‎ I had revealed (显示) my weakness, and in a place like the Arctic，you have to be yourself，as there is nowhere to hide.These personalities of asking for help and showing weakness are necessary for women to master.‎ I realized that by being myself，I could succeed. I was selected for the team. I realized that I could achieve more than I ever imagined—more importantly, by sharing my story with others，I could inspire them to take a step into the new world and reveal more of their abilities.‎ 文章大意：本文主要讲述了作者申请加入去北极的滑雪队，并成功加入的故事。‎ ‎1．How did the author react on seeing the advertisement？_B__‎ A．She got cross. B．She was determined.‎ C．She got frightened. D．She was uninterested.‎ 解析：考查细节理解。根据对第一段的整体理解，尤其是第一、二句“I decided to ski to the North Pole.It was after I saw an advertisement in a newspaper looking for people to join a team to ski 350 miles to the North Pole”可知，作者看到这个广告后就下定决心要滑雪去北极。‎ ‎2．What did organizers view as the most important in the selection of new hands？_C__‎ A．Personal quality. B．Individual ability.‎ C．Spirit of teamwork. D．Courage to challenge.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段的最后一句“But two others helped me over，and later I found out that the organizers were not looking for amazing individuals，but great team players，and this moment had shown them who would take care of others in the team”可推知，团队组织者挑选新队员时认为最重要的一点就是队员们要有团队合作精神。‎ ‎3．What does the author think of women's showing weakness？__A__‎ A．Beneficial. B．Shameful.‎ C．Merciful. D．Disturbing.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据第四段的内容，尤其是第二句“These personalities of asking for help and showing weakness are necessary for women to master”可推知，女性展示软弱是有用的。‎ ‎4．What's the intention of the author in writing this passage？_D__‎ A．To inspire us to prepare for our future goal.‎ B．To advise women how to turn to others.‎ C．To make suggestions to her team members.‎ D．To encourage people to explore the unknown.‎ 解析：考查写作意图。根据最后一段最后一句“I realized that I could achieve more than I ever imagined—more importantly，by sharing my story with others，I could inspire them to take a step into the new world and reveal more of their abilities”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励人们去探索未知的世界。‎ ‎2‎ ‎(2019·合肥市二模)‎ Trees, some of the tallest in the world, towered above Hannah Griffiths and her colleagues each morning as they walked deep into the rainforest in the Maliau Basin in Borneo, where they had set up a set of experiments to look at the ecological effects of small creatures: termites (白蚁)．‎ Termites get a_bum_rap. They make headlines for chewing up billions of dollars of property each year in the U. S. And they are responsible for something like two percent of global carbon emissions, simply as a result of their huge populations and preference for chewing through carbon ‎－rich materials. A whole industry is aiming at killing them.‎ But they play a key role in many natural ecosystems.Scientists have known for years that in tropical(热带的) forests，termites chew up fallen leaves and dead wood, keeping the fallen material under control and letting nutrients from the dead material back into the system to be used by other plants, insects, and animals. But they didn't know exactly how important the insects were in keeping the forest healthy and functional，so they removed termites from a particular spot in the forest and saw how it responded.‎ As luck would have it, Hannah Griffiths and her colleagues started their experiment when the forest was hit by an extreme drought. During the non－drought years, they saw there wasn't much difference between the normal plots and the ones where they'd removed the termites. But during the drought, the effects were marked. What they found was unexpected: in the termite－rich areas, the soil stayed slightly wet, more tree seedlings sprouted (抽芽), and the system was full of activity despite the long，hard dry spell.‎ For Griffiths, it was only because they happened to study the drought that they could pick out the real importance of termites to the system, she points out. “And that rings alarm bells in my head，” she says, “because it makes me think, well, what else don't we know? If we start damaging biological communities，we don't know what that will do.”‎ 文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。白蚁因每年在美国吞噬数十亿美元的房产而登上新闻头条，它们的碳排放量约占全球的2%。人们想要杀死它们。但是科学家做试验表明，白蚁对自然生态系统的作用是不可估量的。‎ ‎5．Which of the following best explains“a bum rap” underlined in Paragraph 2？_A__‎ A．Unfair blame. B．Wide popularity.‎ C．Public attention. D．Special preference.‎ 解析：考查词义猜测。根据第二段第二句和第三段第一句“But they play a key role in many natural ecosystems”可知，白蚁因每年在美国吞噬数十亿美元的财产而登上新闻头条，人们想杀死它们，但它们在许多自然生态系统中发挥关键的作用，由此可推知，画线词所在句表示白蚁受到了不公平的责备。‎ ‎6．What have scientists learned about termites？_B__‎ A．They do serious harm to tropical rainforests.‎ B．They contribute a lot to the ecosystem they live in.‎ C．They act as food for other plants，insects and animals.‎ D．They speed up the loss of nutrition in the rainforest.‎ 解析：考查细节理解。根据对第三段的整体理解，尤其是第二句中的“termites chew up fallen leaves and dead wood, keeping the fallen material under control and letting nutrients from the dead material back into the system to be used by other plants, insects, and animals”‎ 可知，白蚁会啃食落叶和枯木，并让枯木中的营养物质重新进入生态系统，供其他植物、昆虫和动物使用。由此可知，科学家们已经知道白蚁对它们居住的生态系统贡献很大。‎ ‎7．What can we infer from the finding of Griffiths' experiment？_A__‎ A．Termites help rainforests survive climate change.‎ B．Termites prefer drought years to non－drought ones.‎ C．Termites benefit more from the forest during the drought.‎ D．Termites enjoy eating tree seedlings during the drought.‎ 解析：根据推理判断。根据第四段最后一句“What they found was...hard dry spell”可知，在白蚁密集的地区，土壤保持湿润，更多的树苗抽芽，生态系统在漫长干旱的时期充满活力。由此可推知，白蚁帮助雨林渡过气候变化。‎ ‎8．What does Griffiths tell us in the last paragraph？_C__.‎ A．Termites are now in danger of extinction.‎ B．Termites damage biological communities.‎ C．We should think twice before damaging a species.‎ D．We should study the drought to improve the system.‎ 解析：根据文章的最一段，尤其是“If we start damaging biological communities，we don't know what that will do”可知，如果我们开始破坏生物群落，我们不知道会发生什么，由此可推知，Griffiths在最后一段告诉我们在破坏一个物种之前，我们应该三思而后行。‎ ‎3‎ ‎(2019·河南省五校联考)‎ The Great Smoky Mountains always looked dull black and yellowish to Lauren Van Lew even when they were bursting with their famous fall colors. The 20－year－old Van Lew has been colorblind his whole life. Some colors have just been left in the imagination. He loves painting, but his wife Molly has to help him pick and mix colors.‎ Last week Van Lew visited the scenic mountaintop again.For the first time he saw yellows, oranges and reds. Through a special viewfinder, though. “Red is the biggest difference，” said Van Lew. “It's the most beautiful thing I've ever seen in my life.That red, it's just lovely, It's unbelievable.”‎ A color－blind viewfinder which lets people enjoy colors that they may have never seen before was fixed on the top of the Ober Gatlinburg resort (旅游胜地) last Wednesday. It is one of three in the state. The technology isn't new. It consists of eyeglasses that let color－blind people see colors. But this is the first time it's been used in a viewfinder. It helps people with red－green color blindness. How clearly the viewfinders show new colors can vary from person to person among the 13 million or so people with color blindness in the country.‎ State tourism officials invited people to try it out last Thursday at Ober Gatlinburg. They ‎ brought them up by ski lift，but left the details somewhat vague. They wanted to keep the element of surprise. A camera crew filmed their reactions for marketing material. Their first look drew tears, smiles and astonished faces with wonder and awe. “My heart just started beating fast，” said Todd Heil, who generally saw a lot of green.“I felt like crying，man.Too many people around.”‎ For Van Lew，it can be a little discouraging to know what he's been missing，but the possibility of tapping into a long－unseen world of lively colors is uplifting.‎ 文章大意：本文介绍了Ober Gatlinburg最近安装了色盲取景器，使色盲者能看到五彩世界。‎ ‎9．Why does the author mention Van Lew's wife？_C__‎ A．To tell us he has a happy marriage life.‎ B．To stress the importance of colors in painting.‎ C．To show the inconvenience his condition caused.‎ D．To let us know how optimistic he is towards life.‎ 解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“The 20－year－old Van Lew has been color－blind his whole life”可知Van lew是色盲，紧接着本段最后一句就提到“He loves painting，but his wife Molly has to help him pick and mix colors”，目的是表明色盲这种疾病给他带来了不便，故C项正确。‎ ‎10．What can we know about the Great Smoky Mountains？_B__‎ A．It is dull black and yellowish all year round.‎ B．It is where the Ober Gatlinburg resort lies.‎ C．It is equipped with three color－blind viewfinders.‎ D．It is the first place in the state to use a viewfinder.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段的内容可知，Van Lew再次上了山顶，这次他看到了各种颜色；第三段告诉我们在Ober Gatlinburg旅游胜地安装了色盲取景器。由此可推断Ober Gatlinburg旅游胜地在Great Smoky Mountains，故B项正确。‎ ‎11．Why did the state tourism officials give few details？_D__‎ A．Because they tried to make a film.‎ B．Because they had to way to describe them.‎ C．Because the fantastic beauty was beyond words.‎ D．Because they wanted a great effect of advertisement.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“They wanted to keep the element of surprise.A camera crew filmed their reactions for marketing material”可知州旅游部门的官员们之所以模糊处理细节是为了达到好的广告宣传效果，故D项正确。‎ ‎12．How does Van Lew find his seeing the real world of colors？_A__‎ A．Bittersweet. B．Thrilling.‎ C．Regrettable. D．Calming.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“For Van Lew，it can be a little discouraging to know what he's been missing，but the possibility of tapping into a long－unseen world of lively colors is uplifting”可知，Van Lew既为之前所错过的感到沮丧，又为能看到以前没看到的感到开心，故bittersweet“甜中有苦的，既有欢乐又有悲伤的”正确。‎ ‎4‎ ‎(2019·唐山市高三质检)‎ The alarm sounds. Students swing their backpack over their shoulder, board the school bus, make their way to their homeroom and the bell rings—school is back. But for more homes in America, school looks more like students waking up，making their way to the dining room or home office, setting up laptops and learning in the comfort of home.‎ Virtual (虚拟的) schooling, described as “a public school that offers only instruction in which students and teachers are separated by time and/or place，and interaction occurs via computers and/or telecommunications(电信) technologies”，has increased over the past decade.According to the National Education Policy Center, enrollments (注册人数) in virtual schools increased by 17,000 between the 2015－2016 school year and the 2016－2017 school year to 295,518.‎ For Arizona Virtual Academy，a full－time online public K－12 school，they use K12 Inc.curriculums.K12 Inc.serves students in all 50 states and more than 100 countries with digital learning platforms and technology, providing online education.“We always are improving our platforms and the technology that we use to make sure that we're keeping up with the changing trends, not only with education but also with technology，” Dr. Kelly Van Sande said. Another piece of new technology they've rolled out is a new app where parents can find virtual schools available in their area.‎ Carrie Faulkner chose to enroll two of her children in Arizona Virtual Academy. She says they've done schooling online in Chicago, in California, at restaurants and on her cousin's floor in Kansas. “it doesn't matter whether he (her son) is on the couch, in his bed or at the kitchen table, he can do schooling wherever he wants to，” Faulkner said. “I wish they had it for me back when I was in school. That would have been awesome.”‎ 文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了近年来越来越受欢迎的虚拟教育。‎ ‎13．What's the purpose of the first paragraph？_B__‎ A．To give an example of virtual schooling.‎ B．To introduce the topic“virtual schooling”．‎ C．To describe vividly students' going to school.‎ D．To compare real schooling with virtual schooling.‎ 解析：考查写作意图。第一段对传统的学生上学的情景和日益受欢迎的虚拟学校的学生上学的情景进行对比，第二段至文末都在讲虚拟教育，故首段的作用是引出本文的话题——虚拟教育。故选B。‎ ‎14．How many students attended virtual schools during the 2015－2016 school year？_C__‎ A．17,000. B．147,759.‎ C．278,518. D．295,518.‎ 解析：考查数字计算。根据题干中的信息定位答案在第二段末句，由该句可知，虚拟学校的注册学生人数在2015—2016学年和2016—2017学年间增加了17 000,2016—2017学年注册人数增加到295 518，故答案为295 518－17 000＝278 518。‎ ‎15．What can we infer about Arizona Virtual Academy？_D__‎ A．They provide both online and offline education.‎ B．They're intended for students in the United States.‎ C．Their new app lets people find schools nationwide.‎ D．Their platforms and technology are very advanced.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据题干中的Arizona Virtual Academy定位答案在第三段。根据本段中Dr.Kelly Van Sande的话可知，该虚拟学校一直在改进他们的平台和技术，以确保能够跟上不断变化的趋势，不仅仅是跟上教育的变化趋势，还要跟上技术的变化趋势。由此可推断，该校的平台和技术很先进。故选D。‎ ‎16．What is Carrie Faulkner's attitude to virtual schooling?‎ ‎_A__‎ A．Favorable. B．Doubtful.‎ C．Indifferent. D．Disapproving.‎ 解析：考查观点态度。根据题干中的Carrie Faulkner定位答案在最后一段。Carrie Faulkner选择让她的两个孩子上虚拟学校，并且根据她说的“我真希望在我上学的时候也有虚拟教育，那就太棒了”也可推断，Carrie Faulkner对于虚拟教育持肯定、支持的态度。‎ ‎5‎ ‎(2019·长沙四校模拟)‎ A tiny Alaska village has experienced a boom in tourism in recent years as polar bears spend more time on land than on Arctic sea ice.‎ More than 2,000 people visited the northern Alaska village of Kaktovik in 2018 to see polar bears in the wild. The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat (栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more bears are remaining on land to ‎ look for food.‎ Polar bears have always been a common sight on sea ice near Kaktovik, but villagers started noticing a change in the mid－1990s. More bears seemed to stay on land, and researchers began taking note of more female bears making homes in the snow on land instead of on the ice to raise their babies. U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists began hearing reports of the increasing number of polar bears in the area in the early 2000s. As more attention was given to the plight (困境) of polar bears about a decade ago, more tourists started heading to Kaktovik.‎ The village had fewer than 50 visitors annually before 2011，said Jennifer Reed, of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.“Today we're talking about hundreds and hundreds of visitors，many from around the world each year，” Reed said. Most tourists visit in the fall, when bears are forced toward land because sea ice is farthest away from the shore. Bruce Inglangasak, a local hunter who sometimes offers wildlife－viewing tours, said he's been offering polar bear tours since 2004.Most of his clients(客户) are from China and Europe, as well as from the lower 48 U．S. states. Many tourists stay several days in the village, which has two small hotels. The villagers have benefited a lot from that. In turn, they provide more effective protection for polar bears with financial support from tourism development.‎ 文章大意：本文是说明文。气候变暖导致海水融化，北极熊登陆，为阿拉斯加的一个小村庄带来了巨大的人气，促进了当地旅游业发展，当地人又用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供积极的保护。‎ ‎17．What causes more polar bears to stay on land in Kaktovik？_B__‎ A．Food shortage.‎ B．Climate change.‎ C．Habitats' movement to shore.‎ D．Their preference for land.‎ 解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat (栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more bears are remaining on land to look for food”可知，全球变暖加速了海水融化，破坏了北极熊原来的栖息地，故越来越多的北极熊待在陆地上以寻找食物，故选B。‎ ‎18．How did common people feel about more sight of bears on land？_C__‎ A．Excited. B．Puzzled.‎ C．Concerned. D．Shocked.‎ 解析：考查观点态度。根据第三段的内容可知，随着越来越多的北极熊出现在陆地上，研究人员、生物学家等也越来越多地关注北极熊所处的这一困境，随后，更多游客前往Kaktovik。由此可推知，大众对更多北极熊登陆现象表示关注。故选C项。‎ ‎19．What can be inferred from the last paragraph？_A__‎ A．Hotels in Kaktovik are in demand in autumn.‎ B．Kaktovik has about 50 visitors annually.‎ C．Inglangasak makes a living as a tour guide.‎ D．Tourism affects the balance of nature.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Most tourists visit in the fall”“Many tourists stay several days in the village，which has two small hotels”可知，大多数游客会选择在秋季去Kaktovik游览，而且很多游客会在这个小村庄待上几天，而这个小村庄只有两个小旅馆，故可推知在秋季，Kaktovik的旅馆很抢手。‎ ‎20．Which saying can describe the text？_D__‎ A．The fittest can survive.‎ B．After a storm comes a calm.‎ C．There is always opportunity in crisis.‎ D．Every coin has two sides.‎ 解析：考查推理判断。通读文章可知，因为全球气候变暖，北极熊被迫登陆来寻找食物以生存下去，这本来是北极熊的困境，然而北极熊登陆却为一个小村庄带来了旅游业的发展，这对小村庄来说是一个机遇，同时，村民又利用旅游业收入为北极熊提供更多保护。因此D项“事物都有两面性”符合语境。‎