【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题四习题讲评课四 22页

‎ 无提示词类必考点——介词和连词 技法一 ‎ 根据固定搭配选择介词 ‎1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.‎ 解析：for　此处意为“我当时正在搜寻西部低地的这三只大猩猩”。search for 意为“搜寻，寻找”。 ‎ ‎2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work.‎ 解析：from　travel to and from work为固定搭配，意为“上下班”。‎ ‎3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in the mid1980s.‎ 解析：to　此处表示“我”和大熊猫的联系可追溯到20世纪80年代中期。go back to意为“追溯到，回溯到”。‎ ‎4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.‎ 解析：on　句意：我们大多数人在上午比在一天的晚些时候更能集中精力工作。be focused on意为“集中于……”，为固定搭配。‎ ‎5．(2018·福州四校联考)Thanks classical music concerts, I’ll never fail to carry on with the act.‎ 解析：to　thanks to ...“多亏……”为固定搭配，故填to。‎ ‎6．(2018·太原阶段测评)A survey of over 74,000 people found 35 percent reported sleeping less than seven hours daily average.‎ 解析：on　on average为固定搭配，意为“平均来看，按平均值”。‎ ‎7．Do you want to keep up the latest research and discoveries in science?‎ 解析：with　句意：你想跟上科技的最新研究和发现吗？keep up with为固定搭配，意为“跟上，不落在……后面”。‎ ‎8．Antibiotic resistance is growing and we are fast running out treatment options.‎ 解析：of　固定搭配run out of意为“用完”，故填介词of。‎ ‎9．(2018·成都第二次诊断)Bear mind that some broths like the tomato, mushroom or northern style will not be on offer at every restaurant.‎ 解析：in　bear (sth.) in mind意为“记住(某事)”，为固定搭配，故用介词in。‎ ‎10．(2018·沈阳质量检测)Besides, the four innovative ways of life are most appealing youths from 20 countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.‎ 解析：to　appeal to表示“对……有吸引力”。‎ 技法二 ‎ 掌握介词的基本意义 ‎1.(2018·浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.‎ 解析：for　go to some place for dinner“去某个地方吃饭”。介词for在此表示目的。‎ ‎2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ 解析：as　此处表示“医学界将其作为一种对抗心脏病的方法”，故填as，意思是“作为……”。‎ ‎3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat their hands.‎ 解析：with　with“用(工具)……”，符合句意。‎ ‎4．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, I’d headed straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.‎ 解析：by　乘坐交通工具常用by加可数名词的单数形式，by car“开车”。‎ ‎5．I was so excited to visit the Palace‎ ‎Museum my family last summer vacation.‎ 解析：with　根据语境可知，去年暑假和家人一块儿参观故宫博物院使作者感觉很兴奋。表示“和……一起”应用介词with。‎ ‎6．(2018·武汉市武昌区调研)A boy found a cocoon (茧) of a butterfly and watched the butterfly for several hours as it struggled to force its body that little hole.‎ 解析：through　根据语境可知，蝴蝶挣扎着迫使它的身体穿过那个小洞，表示“穿过”要用介词through。‎ ‎7．For example, people from northern China are in the habit of eating dumplings the day of winter solstice (冬至)．‎ 解析：on　表示在冬至这一具体的一天，用介词on。‎ ‎8．(2018·陕西检测)There are no such insects about in Britain during the winter, as it is too cold them.‎ 解析：for　因为对它们来说，英国的冬天太冷了。此处用介词for表示“对……来说”。‎ ‎9．(2018·广西桂林百色模拟)This painting is important several reasons.First, up till that time, almost all Chinese paintings were landscapes, containing no or only a few images of people.‎ 解析：for　此处表示这幅画重要的原因。for表示“由于，因为”。‎ ‎10．(2018·广州调研)Antonie collected a drop of puddle water and put it his microscope.‎ 解析：under　句意：安东尼收集了一滴水坑的水，并把它放在他的显微镜下。根据常识可知，要把物体放到显微镜下面观察，故应用介词under“在……下面”。‎ 技法三 ‎ 分清句子成分，巧辨定语从句中抽象或具体(人与物)‎ ‎(一)寻找先行词，辨别人与物 先行词指人时常用who, whom, that；指物时常用that, which。‎ ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.‎ 解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词是a study，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。‎ ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soiltesting program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.‎ ‎ 解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，a soiltesting program是先行词，表示物，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填that/which。‎ ‎3．(2018·浙江高考)Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.‎ 解析：who/that　根据语境并分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语，先行词是Many westerners，故填who或that。‎ ‎4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.‎ 解析：who　空格处引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指人，故用who。‎ ‎5．(2017·北京高考改编)The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ 解析：that　句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题有可能是伟大发明的灵感。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，先行词为The little problems，因此用that。‎ ‎6．(2018·河南七所名校联考)The shelter， is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkok’s night market, has become an attraction itself.‎ 解析：which　先行词是The shelter，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用which。‎ ‎7．(2018·石家庄检测)I used my phone to call a taxi to meet my Chinese friend, Gu Yu， would guide me to get around Beijing.‎ 解析：who　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“my Chinese friend, Gu Yu”，指人，并且在从句中作主语，所以要用关系代词who。‎ ‎8．(2018·江西五校第一次联考)The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment.‎ 解析：that/which　that/which引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词genetic material。‎ ‎(二)判断所缺成分，选择关系词 当定语从句部分缺少主语、宾语、定语时，要想到分别采用who(指人)，that(指人或物)，which(指物)，whom(指人)，whose(指人或物)；当定语从句部分缺少时间状语、地点状语、原因状语时，要想到分别采用when, where, why。‎ ‎1．(2018·天津高考改编)Kate, sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. ‎ 解析：whose　句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了，在大学时我和她的姐姐同住一个房间。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Kate，并在从句中作sister的定语，应用关系代词 whose引导定语从句。‎ ‎2．(2018·江苏高考改编)Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.‎ 解析：where　句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词area，并在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。 ‎ ‎3．(2017·6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.‎ 解析：where　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作状语，先行词是表示地点的the garden，故填where。‎ ‎4．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, I was the first Western TV reporter ...‎ 解析：when　空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the mid1980s，空格处在定语从句中作时间状语，故应用when引导该定语从句。‎ ‎5．(2019·广东惠州模拟)Besides, he lives in harmony with others and never quarrels ‎ with anyone, from I’ve gained lots of social experience.‎ 解析：whom　此处为“from＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词anyone，故用whom。‎ ‎6．(2018·郑州市第一次质量预测)The reason he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.‎ 解析：why　空处引导定语从句，修饰The reason，并在从句中作原因状语，故用why。‎ ‎(三)识别特殊定语从句，分清限制性、非限制性定语从句 ‎1．(2018·厦门模拟)The main street is lined with small stands and shops sell almost anything you can imagine.‎ 解析：which/that　句意：主街道两旁的小货摊和商店鳞次栉比，它们出售你能想象到的几乎任何东西。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为small stands and shops，指物，且在从句中作主语，故用which或that引导该定语从句。‎ ‎2．(2018·湖北七市联考)We’ve listed some of the most famous flowers have a special significance.‎ 解析：that　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词为flowers且有形容词最高级修饰，所以空格处只能填关系代词that而不能用which。‎ ‎3．(2018·武汉市武昌区调研)Our struggles in life develop our strength, without we never get stronger, so it’s important for us to handle challenges on our own, and not to rely on others for help.‎ 解析：which　句意：生活中的奋斗能增强我们的力量，没有这些奋斗，我们就不会变得更强大……。空格处应用关系代词，放在介词without之后，引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词Our struggles，所以要用which。‎ ‎4．(2018·合肥市第一次质量检测)The city has built 12 statelevel tourist areas, of one is ‎5Aclass scenic spot and four sites are ‎4Alevel.‎ 解析：which　分析句子结构可知，空格处指代先行词12 statelevel tourist areas，且在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故填which。‎ ‎5．With the improvement of life standards, there are a growing number of people traveling each year, is a good way to enjoy life.‎ 解析：which　句意：随着生活水平的提高，每年有越来越多的人旅游，这是一种很好的享受生活的方式。此处为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故应填which。‎ ‎6．(2018·重庆第一次调研)The park offers visitors a sight of nature at majorities of people never have the chance to take a look.‎ 解析：which　分析句子结构可知，该句中的“The park offers visitors a sight of nature”是主句，“at majorities ...a look”‎ 是定语从句，空格处在定语从句中作at的宾语，代指a sight of nature，故填which。‎ 技法四 ‎ 分析句子结构——搞定名词性从句 ‎(一)缺少状语，用连接副词(where, when, why, how) 等 ‎1．(2018·北京高考改编)Without his support, we wouldn’t be we are now.‎ 解析：where　句意：没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，故应用where。‎ ‎2．(2017·北京高考改编)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing she was heading.‎ 解析：where　句意：简在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她去往哪里。此处应用where引导宾语从句。‎ ‎3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.‎ 解析：how　根据语境和空格后的形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句，表示程度。此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故答案为how。‎ ‎4．While visiting Hangzhou’s West Lake and its surrounding beautiful hills, you’ll understand it’s been a great source of inspiration for artists, poems and philosophers throughout Chinese history.‎ 解析：why　句意：当你游览杭州西湖及周围美丽的群山时，你就会懂得为什么在中国历史中那个地方一直是画家、诗人和哲学家的灵感之源。宾语从句中缺少原因状语，故填why。‎ ‎5．(2018·广西桂林百色模拟)People are able to see the Chinese technologies of the time, which helps them a great deal in understanding the Chinese lived.‎ 解析：how　句意：人们能够看到当时的中国技术，这对人们了解当时的中国人是如何生活的很有帮助。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，作understanding的宾语；结合语境可知，该处表示“如何”，故用how引导宾语从句。‎ ‎6． the new road will be put into use has not been made clear.‎ 解析：When　句意：这条新路什么时候投入使用还不清楚。空处引导主语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，故用When。‎ ‎(二)缺少主/宾/表语，用连接代词(who, which, what, whatever, whoever等)‎ ‎1．(2018·北京高考改编)This is my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best.‎ 解析：what　句意：这就是父亲教我的——总是要面对困难，并且抱最大的希望。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作taught的宾语，故应用what。‎ ‎2．(2018·天津高考改编)The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race.‎ 解析：whoever　‎ 句意：金牌将被授予在自行车比赛中获得第一名的任何人。介词to后是宾语从句，从句中动词wins前缺主语，而且金牌给的是人，故用whoever引导宾语从句。‎ ‎3．(2018·安徽名校联考)We asked 100 famous chefs from around the world their best meals were, and we got some interesting answers.‎ 解析：what　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，作及物动词asked的宾语；该引导词也作从句的表语，故用what引导该宾语从句。‎ ‎4．(2018·福州四校联考)I went to a classical music concert yesterday and I loved it. I particularly experienced in a different way is how much I appreciated the musicians.‎ 解析：What　根据语境可知，作者经历的特别的事情就是作者非常感激那些音乐家。空格处引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故填What。‎ ‎5．The problem is we can get to replace her.‎ 解析：who　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导表语从句，并且在从句中作get的宾语，故填who。‎ ‎6．(2018·福建泉州质检)The father and his son got lost in the mountain and they had to eat food they could find there.‎ 解析：whatever　句意：这位父亲和他的儿子在山里迷路了，不得不吃他们在那里能找到的任何食物。whatever food意为“任何食物”，在宾语从句中作动词find的宾语。‎ ‎7．My question is student does the best in English.‎ 解析：which　分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作定语，表示“哪一个”，故填which。‎ ‎(三)不缺任何成分，常用that引导同位语从句或表语从句 ‎1．(2016·天津高考改编)The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.‎ 解析：that　句意：经理提了个建议——我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子结构可知，suggestion后是同位语从句，从句的结构和意义均完整，故用that引导。‎ ‎2．The problem is one less hour of sleep is not equal to an extra hour of achievement.‎ 解析：that　句意：问题是少睡一小时不等同于额外的一小时的成就。分析句子结构可知，is后为表语从句，从句的结构和句意完整，故填that。‎ ‎3．The possibility the dolphins might hurt them does not crowd in on them.‎ 解析：that　分析句子结构可知，此处the dolphins might hurt them作主语The possibility的同位语，且句意完整，应用that引导同位语从句。‎ ‎(四)it作形式主语或形式宾语的名词性从句要牢记 ‎1．(2018·昆明质量检测)Kenney said, “ is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.”‎ 解析：It　‎ 分析句子结构可知，该句为包含that引导的主语从句的主从复合句，It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。‎ ‎2．Since there is only one laboratory in the school, it is important to check the students can use it.‎ 解析：when　句意：因为学校只有一个实验室，所以核查学生什么时候可以使用很重要。check后接宾语从句，且从句中缺少时间状语，因此应用when引导该从句。‎ ‎3．(2019·山东师大附中一模)His favorite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise losing weight is just his dream.‎ 解析：that　句意：他最喜欢的食物是油炸类小吃和软饮料。减肥只是他的梦想一点都不令人吃惊。It是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句中结构及句意完整，故用that引导。‎ ‎4．I hate when someone makes a mess of my learning materials on my desk.‎ 解析：it　分析句子结构可知，该句为包含when引导的宾语从句的主从复合句，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是when引导的宾语从句。‎ 技法五 ‎ 结合语境及句子结构，明晰句子之间的逻辑关系 ‎1.(2018·江苏高考改编)It had also given me a choice either to leave that page blank to keep writing the story with hope.‎ 解析：or　句意：他也给了我一个选择，或者留下那页空白，或者带着希望继续写故事。either ...or ...是固定搭配，意为“或者……或者……”。‎ ‎2．(2017·北京高考改编)If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people you figure it out.‎ 解析：until　句意：如果你不了解某些事物，你可以研究、学习，并和别人交谈，直到你弄明白。此处应用until引导时间状语从句，表示“直到……为止”。‎ ‎3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.‎ 解析：as/when　句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句子间的逻辑关系可知，此处应用as/when引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎4．(2016·北京高考改编)I really enjoy listening to music it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.‎ 解析：because　句意：我真的喜欢听音乐，因为它帮助我放松并让我忘掉一天中的其他烦恼。根据句意可知，这里用because引导原因状语从句。‎ ‎5．(2018·河南省豫北名校质量评估)The event will make Lanzhou beef noodle wellknown not only across Lanzhou, across the world through the Belt and Road Initiative.‎ 解析：but　句意：该活动将不仅使兰州牛肉拉面在兰州被熟知，也会通过“一带一路”‎ 倡议被全世界的人们熟知。此处考查的是not only ... but (also) ...结构，意为“不仅……而且……”。‎ ‎6．(2018·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)It was an extremely dark, lonely country road.Neither a single person any traffic was in sight at all.‎ 解析：nor　第二句句意：既看不到一个人，也根本看不到一辆车。neither ...nor为固定搭配，意为“既不……也不……”。‎ ‎7．(2018·辽宁葫芦岛六校协作体考试)Some animals, like people, eat both plants animals.‎ 解析：and　句意：一些动物，例如人类，既吃植物也吃动物。both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“既……也……”。‎ ‎8．Some people said that a meal while they were on vacation with their wife husband was the best of all time.‎ 解析：or　根据空格前的“wife”和空格后的“husband”可知，和妻子或者丈夫度假时吃的饭菜是他们人生中的最佳美食，空格处表示选择关系。‎ ‎9．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)This is the custom of China.They are not like us to finish it in one drink, prefer to drink by taking a small amount at a time.‎ 解析：but　空格前表示他们不像我们那样一口喝下，空格后表示他们更喜欢一次喝一小口；根据上下文可知，此处为“not ...but”结构，表示“不是……而是……”，故用转折连词but。‎ ‎10．(2018·广州调研) you were to count all the microbes on and inside your body, you would find your body has more microbes than the world has people — over 6 billion!‎ 解析：If　句意：如果你要数你身体上和身体内所有的微生物，你会发现你的身体有比世界上的人数还要多的微生物——超过60亿！根据语境可知，本空应用连词If引导条件状语从句。‎ ‎11．(2018·赣州十四县市联考)I’m a successful businessman now and I think about the troubles of the world, I think about that little girl and the remarkable lesson about life that she taught me.‎ 解析：when/whenever　此处表示“我无论何时想起世界上的困难，总是会想起那个小女孩”，故此处应用when/whenever引导状语从句，在从句中作时间状语。‎ ‎12．That restaurant is extremely popular, you may have to wait to get a seat.‎ 解析：so　句意：那家餐厅十分受欢迎，所以你可能要等座位。根据句意可知，前后两个分句之间为因果关系，前一句是因，后一句是果。故填so。‎ 技法六 ‎ 牢记固定句型结构，培养做题灵敏度 ‎1.(2018·天津高考改编)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we ‎ saw Lily in the passenger seat.‎ 解析：that　句意：直到汽车停在我们的房子前时我们才看见莉莉坐在乘客座上。分析句子结构可知，本句是强调句，强调的是“only＋when 引导的时间状语从句”。根据强调句的结构“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that＋其他部分”可知，应填that。‎ ‎2．(2017·浙江高考)Pahlsson screamed loudly that her daughter came running from the house.‎ 解析：so　so ...that ...为固定句式，意为“如此……以至于……”，故填so。‎ ‎3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive possible before lunch.‎ 解析：as　第二句句意：因此，早点儿开始，在午餐前尽可能高效地(工作)。as ...as possible意为“尽可能地”。为固定句型结构。‎ ‎4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It could be anything — gardening, cooking, music, sports — but whatever it is, (make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.‎ 解析：make　根据句子结构和句意可知，此处为祈使句，故谓语要用动词原形。‎ ‎5．(2018·山西省八校联考)Looking back, I know the greatest difficulty on our way to success is our fear.Overcome it, we will be able to achieve our goals.‎ 解析：and　此句为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构。第二句句意：克服它，我们就能够达到我们的目标。前后为顺承关系，故用and。‎ ‎6．I was driving home late at night my car lost momentum (动力) and got slower and slower.‎ 解析：when　句意：我深夜正驾驶在回家的路上，突然汽车失去动力，变得越来越慢。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导时间状语从句。be doing sth. when意为“正在做某事时突然……”。‎ ‎7．(2018·陕西咸阳二模)Researchers have found, in their experiment, that a baby’s cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain, making it impossible for us to ignore them we are parents or not.‎ 解析：whether　句意：研究者们在他们的实验中发现，婴儿啼哭能够引起头脑中独特的情感反应，使得我们不可能忽略他们，无论我们是不是父母。whether ...or ...可用来引导让步状语从句，意为“无论是……还是……”。‎ ‎8．(2018·太原二模)I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate a really old man with huge bags sat down across from me.‎ 解析：when　hardly ...when ...意为“刚……就……”，为固定用法，故用连词when引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎1．介词多义看语境 ‎(1)in表示情况、状态，意为“处在……中”；表示手段、形式、方式，意为“以，用”；表示服饰，意为“穿着，戴着”；表示范围、领域，意为“在……方面”。‎ ‎(2)with表示状态，意为“带有，具有”；表示手段、方法，意为“以，用”；表示关系，意为“和……在一起”；表示伴随，意为“随着”；表示原因，意为“因为，由于”。‎ ‎(3)by用于被动语态，表示“被，由”；表示“用，靠，凭借”；表示乘用交通工具。‎ ‎(4)for表示方向，意为“往，向”；表示对象，用途等，意为“为，给”；表示时间、距离、数量等，意为“计，达”；表示原因，意为“因为，由于”。‎ ‎(5)through表示位置，意为“穿过”；表示时间，意为“整个……”；表示手段、媒介，意为“依据，经由”。‎ ‎2．熟记介词固定搭配 ‎(1)名词与介词搭配 by accident　　　 　 偶然；无意中；意外地 by chance 碰巧；凑巧 on board 在船(或飞机、火车、公共汽车等)上 on business 因公出差 on average 平均 in charge 掌管，主管；负责 in common 共有，共同 in conclusion 最后，在结束时；总之 in particular 特别，尤其，详细地 in place 适当地，在适当的位置 in the distance 在远处 in favo(u)r of 赞成，支持 in hono(u)r of 为了纪念，对……表示敬意 in spite of 尽管，虽然 in turn 依次，转而；轮流 in vain 白费力气；枉费心机 in memory of 为纪念……‎ in return 作为报答；回报 in order 按顺序，处于良好状态 out of sight 看不见 ‎(2)动词与介词搭配 remind sb.of sth. 提醒某人某事 rob sb.of sth. 抢劫某人某物 result from 由……造成，因……而产生 call at 访问(某地)‎ call for 要求，需要 care about 关心 do harm to 伤害 fix one’s eyes on 注视 get rid of 免除，摆脱 run out of 用完 come up with 提出 take on 呈现 put forward 提出 make fun of 取笑 adapt to 适合 refer to 参考，查阅；提到 come across (偶然)遇见；碰见 pick up 捡起，用车接(某人)，接收，偶然习得 ‎(3)形容词与介词搭配 be curious about 对……感到好奇 ‎ be proud of 因……而自豪 be popular with 受到……的欢迎 be anxious about 为……忧虑 be concerned about 对……担心、忧虑 be present at 出席 be absent from 缺席 be free from 免于 ‎3．掌握几种常考的并列结构 ‎(1)表示平行或顺承关系：both ...and, not only ...but (also) ...；‎ ‎(2)表示转折或对比关系：but, yet, while；‎ ‎(3)表示选择关系：or, either ...or ..., neither ...nor；‎ ‎(4)并列连词when所在的固定句型：‎ be doing ...when ...; be about to do ...when ...; had (just) done ...when ...; be on the point of doing ...when ...。‎ During the first three years children learned the basic skills they would use in all their later learning both at home and at school.‎ 在前三年，孩子们学会了以后在家里和在学校学习中所需要用的基本技能。‎ Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.‎ 现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。‎ ‎4．掌握定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法 ‎(1)who和whom只用于指人，which和as只用于指事物，that既可用于指人也可用于指物，它在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语，但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that；‎ ‎(2)whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语；‎ ‎(3)when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。‎ The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.‎ 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。‎ Finally, after four hours, they arrived at the campsite where their parents were waiting for them.‎ 最后，在4个小时之后他们到达了营地，他们的父母正在那里等着他们。‎ ‎5．牢记that 与what 在名词性从句中的区别 that没有词义，也不作任何成分，当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时用that; what在从句中表示“……的(东西)”(有时候可以不译)，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。‎ What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.(what作宾语)‎ 芭芭拉·琼斯展现给她的“粉丝们”的是诚实和快乐。‎ ‎(2016·北京高考)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust. (that不作任何成分)‎ 雨季最愉快的事情莫过于不受灰尘的袭扰。‎ ‎6．状语从句的特殊考点要记牢 ‎(1)连词before的意义及句型：‎ It will be＋一段时间＋before ...，表示“多久以后才……”；It won’t be＋一段时间＋before ...表示“用不了多久就会……”；‎ ‎(2)连词since的意义及句型：‎ It is some time (一段时间)＋since引导的时间状语从句 ‎＝It has been some time (一段时间)＋since引导的时间状语从句。该固定句型意思是“自从……以来已经多长时间了”；‎ ‎(3)whether ...or ...“无论……还是……”，引导让步状语从句；‎ ‎(4)where引导地点状语从句。‎ John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.‎ 约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。‎ As is reported, it is over 100 years since Tsinghua‎ ‎University was founded.‎ 据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。‎ I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am seated.‎ 因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。‎ ‎1．介词容易受固定思维影响而错填 ‎①Our English teacher, whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching.‎ 分析：本题考生易受汉语意思的影响而误填under。句意：我们的英语老师已经有30年教龄了，在他的帮助下我们的英语取得了很大进步。表示“在某人的帮助下”用with sb.’s help或者with the help of sb.。故填with。‎ ‎②I hate it when she calls me at work — I’m always too busy to carry a conversation with her.‎ 分析：本题考生由于没有牢记carry的固定短语极易误填out。句意：我讨厌工作时她给我打电话，因为我总是很忙，没法和她进行谈话。carry on“进行，从事(某事)”，故填介词on。‎ ‎③Not until we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace can we smile relief.‎ 分析：本题极易误填for。句意：直到我们成功地让野生动物安宁地生活，我们才能放松地微笑。in relief“如释重负”，故填介词in。‎ ‎2．不会分辨并列句和复合句的区别 ‎(1)并列句和定语从句的区别 并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于：并列句是由and, but等并列连词连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。‎ ‎①They live in a small house, in front of stands an orange tree.‎ ‎②They live in a small house, and in front of stands an orange tree.‎ 分析：两句的区别是连词and，句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示物，故填which；句②and连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句中的 a small house，故填it。‎ ‎③The old man has three sons, none of is a doctor.‎ ‎④The old man has three sons, but none of is a doctor.‎ 分析：两句的区别是连词but，句③逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示人，故填whom；句④but连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句的three ‎ sons，故填them。‎ ‎(2)并列句和状语从句的区别 并列句是连词连接两个“互不依存的主谓结构”，两者之间是并列关系；而在状语从句中前后两个句子一个是主句，一个是从句，从句是用来修饰主句的。‎ ‎① you take the medicine, you will be all right.‎ ‎②Take this medicine, you will be all right.‎ 分析：两个题都应该填连词。句⑤空格处引导条件状语从句表示“如果”，故填If；句⑥中两个并列分句是顺承关系，故填and。‎ ‎③ money is necessary for a happy life, it can’t buy happiness.‎ ‎④Money is necessary for a happy life, it can’t buy happiness.‎ 分析：两个题都应该填连词。句⑦空格所在句子是让步关系，故填Although/Though；句⑧前后是转折关系，故填but。‎ ‎3．定语从句4大易错点 ‎(1)what不能引导定语从句 ‎(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit is driving your family crazy.‎ 分析：定语从句的先行词为前面的a habit，在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。注意：此处不能用what。‎ ‎(2)that不能引导非限制性定语从句 ‎(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the development of chopsticks.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，空格处所在句子是非限制性定语从句。定语从句修饰先行词Confucius(孔子)，且从句中缺少主语，故填who。注意：此处不能填that。‎ ‎(3)定语从句中先行词表示地点、时间或原因时，引导词不一定是where, when或why ‎(2018·兰州一中模拟)He came from a family had been rich for at least one hundred years.‎ 分析：定语从句的先行词为表示地点的family，但定语从句缺少主语，故填that/which。注意：此处不能用where。‎ ‎(4)逗号后面的引导词不一定用which ‎(2018·绵阳市模拟)The history of London goes back to its founding by the Romans, named it Londinium.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Romans指人，故填who。此处不能用which。‎ ‎4．明辨名词性从句4大易错点 ‎(1)that与what的误用 ‎①(2018·柳州市模拟)We should make full use of the time to do should be done.‎ 分析：do后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作主语。故填what。‎ ‎②(2018·开封市质检)It is cheerful the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.‎ 分析：It为形式主语，cheerful后面的句子为主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。故填that。‎ ‎ (2)which与that, which与what的误用 ‎①(2018·临汾一中等联考)It’s not easy for us to accept the fact we are going to leave our beloved school.‎ 分析：本句中the fact后为同位语从句，后面的引导词在从句中不作任何成分。故填that。‎ ‎②(2018·湖南师大附中模拟)When I went to the kitchen to get my breakfast, I was astonished at I saw.‎ 分析：在名词性从句中which和what都为连接代词，但which表示“哪一个”，而what表示“……的事情”。根据语境应填what。‎ ‎(3)if与whether的误用 ‎(2018·湖南师大附中模拟)I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention to the milk was hot or not.‎ 分析：空处引导宾语从句，表示“是否”之意。与or not连用时常用whether，if不能跟or not连用。故填whether。‎ ‎(4)that, what与连接副词的误用 ‎①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ改编)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to I live.‎ 分析：close to后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故填where。‎ ‎②(2018·银川九中模拟)I’m writing to tell you is going on in our school — a basketball match to be held next month.‎ 分析：tell you后为宾语从句，从句缺少主语，应用连接代词what引导。‎ 一、 ‎ 单句对点练——练明考点 ‎1.Many foreigners get more familiar Chinese culture through “red packets”．‎ 解析：with　考查介词。句意：许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。get ‎ familiar with为固定搭配，意为“熟悉……”。‎ ‎2．(2019·郑州第一次质量预测)But instead of focusing on my failure, I stopped to reflect on my experiences in the past few years a debater.‎ 解析：as　考查介词。句意：但我并没有把注意力集中到自己的失败上，而是停下来反思过去几年自己作为一名辩手的经历。根据句意可知此处用介词as，表示“作为”。‎ ‎3．(2018·日照联考)The Palace Museum also sold earphones that look like the necklaces worn by ancient officials, which brought about 1 billion yuan in sales in 2016 reported China Youth Daily.‎ 解析：in　考查介词。句意：故宫博物院也售卖看起来像古代官员佩戴的颈饰一样的耳机；据《中国青年报》报道，这在2016年挣了大约十亿元人民币。bring in意为“赚得，挣”。‎ ‎4．There are many good websites you can check out the latest in the science world.‎ 解析：where　考查定语从句。先行词为websites，空格处在从句中作地点状语，所以用where，相当于on which。‎ ‎5．(2018·湖北七市联考)Over time flowers have come to symbolize the most powerful human experiences: beauty, love, hope, and rebirth.Sweet flowers alone can say one fears expressing.‎ 解析：what　考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，同时结合语境“一个人害怕表达什么”，所以填what。‎ ‎6．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)This was the most valuable opinion of a Chinese person was given by a foreigner two centuries ago.‎ 解析：that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，句中的opinion of a Chinese person为先行词，该先行词被最高级the most valuable修饰，且在从句中作主语，故用that引导该定语从句。‎ ‎7．(2018·福州四校联考)I am grateful for the gifts shared by the musicians with the audience that I’ll carry this special feeling along with me.‎ 解析：so　考查副词。根据空格后的grateful可知，此处应用副词修饰形容词，又根据下文中的that可知，此处为“so ...that ...”结构，故填so。‎ ‎8．(2019·南昌一模)Fenghuang in Hunan doesn’t look like a bird, its name means “phoenix” (凤凰) in Chinese.‎ 解析：but　考查连词。前一分句意为“湖南凤凰古镇看起来不像鸟”；空后意为“它的名字在中文里的意思是’凤凰’”；根据句意可知，空格处前后之间为转折关系，故用but。‎ ‎9．(2018·济宁二模)He is the head of a threestar restaurant, is located in the center of Paris.‎ 解析：which　考查定语从句。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指代先行词a threestar restaurant，故填which。‎ ‎10．(2018·湖南长郡中学检测)In addition, a typical Chinese wedding nowadays goes like this — when a new couple is engaged, follows is a choice of the date of their marriage.‎ 解析：what　考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用what引导该主语从句。‎ 二、 ‎ 原创语篇练——练熟技法 阅读下面短文，根据本部分语法内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词。注意使用上面的技法。‎ Mr. Johnson who lived 1 the woods with his wife and children owned a farm, 2 he almost planted nothing. Luckily, he also had a cow which produced milk every day.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby 3 other food and made cheese and butter for the family with 4 was left.One day, the cow, 5 was their only means of support, was eating grass 6 it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died. 7 the cow died, Mr. Johnson had to plant herbs and vegetables to support his family, 8 he grew cotton on his farm too.Now he had a firm belief 9 his farm had much potential, and realized 10 lucky himself was.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了曾经依赖奶牛生活的约翰逊先生，在奶牛死后开始种草药、蔬菜和棉花等，让荒芜的农场变得生机勃勃。‎ ‎1．in　考查介词。live in the woods“住在树林里”。‎ ‎2．where　考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为a farm，且从句中缺少地点状语。‎ ‎3．for　考查介词。此处指到附近城镇卖或交换牛奶的目的，故填for。‎ ‎4．what　考查名词性从句。句中with为介词，介词后跟宾语从句，从句中缺少主语。‎ ‎5．which　考查非限制性定语从句。此定语从句插入到主句中间，先行词为the cow，且从句中缺少主语。‎ ‎6．when　考查固定句型结构。was/were doing sth. when ...表示“正在做某事这时突然……”。‎ ‎7．Since/Because　考查状语从句的连接词。句意：因为牛死了，约翰逊先生只好在农场上栽种草药、蔬菜和棉花来供养家庭。根据语境及逻辑关系，此处表原因。‎ ‎8．and　考查并列连词。根据句子的逻辑关系，空处前后应该为并列关系。‎ ‎9．that　考查同位语从句。句意：现在，他坚信他的农田很有潜力。belief是表示抽象意义的名词，后跟同位语从句对其解释说明。‎ ‎10．how　考查宾语从句。句意：他意识到自己是多么幸运。此处需用连接副词修饰形容词lucky，表示程度。‎ 三、 ‎ 仿真综合练——练通高考 A In August I spent two weeks working at the Sauraha day care center.I found working with the children very rewarding, as I believed I was making a 1 (differ) to the children’s lives and future. When I arrived in Kathmandu it was the start of the Chitwan Elephant Festival and I thanked the staff for changing all previous 2 (timetable), and helping me to experience the culture of the festival, 3 I enjoyed greatly.‎ ‎ 4 my stay in Chitwan I experienced elephant rides, washing elephants and I was lucky enough 5 (watch) a rare onehorned rhino (犀牛) calf and its mother, as well as 6 variety of other wild birds and animals.‎ The staff were very helpful, making sure that I was having fun and taking good care of 7 (I)．When I first arrived in Nepal and 8 (greet) by the staff, I could really sense that this was an organisation which is devoted to 9 (assist) others and that really shone through. When I was with them, they were always thinking of different ways to 10 (hopeful) help more local people and it was wonderful to see them so fond of helping others.So if you are looking for a memorable, fantastic experience to help others less fortunate than us, then I certainly recommend the project.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在尼泊尔工作时的一段愉快的经历。‎ ‎1．difference　考查名词。“我”相信“我”正影响着这些孩子的生活和未来。make a difference是固定搭配，表示“有作用，有影响”。‎ ‎2．timetables　考查名词复数。此处表示“更改之前所有的时间安排”，timetable是可数名词并结合空前的“all”可知，空处应填其复数形式。‎ ‎3．which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“the culture of the festival”，指物，且从句缺少宾语，故填which。‎ ‎4．During　考查介词。空后的stay是名词，意为“停留，逗留”，在stay等表示行为要持续一段时间的名词之前，常用during而不用in。during表示“在……期间”。‎ ‎5．to watch　考查非谓语动词。“be＋形容词＋enough＋to do sth.”是常用结构，表示“足够……做某事”，其中不定式短语作状语。‎ ‎6．a　考查冠词。此处表示“其他各种各样的野生鸟类和动物”。a variety of “各种各样的”，为固定搭配。‎ ‎7．myself　考查反身代词。that引导的从句中主语是I, “taking good care of”的宾语指的就是主语I，故此处要用I的反身代词myself。‎ ‎8．was greeted　考查动词的时态和语态。此处表示“当我第一次到达尼泊尔并受到员工欢迎的时候”，描述过去发生的事情要用一般过去时。又因为I与greet之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。 ‎ ‎9．assisting　考查非谓语动词。be devoted to doing sth.表示“致力于做某事”，其中to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。‎ ‎10．hopefully　考查副词。此处修饰动词应用副词。hopefully“怀有希望地”。‎ B ‎(2018·山东省高三下学期高考预测) The famous Peking opera artist Yuan Huiqin hosted two culture talks 1 were called “Charm (魅力) of Peking Opera” in Stockholm and St.Petersburg last year.‎ The two sessions, as programs of Chinese Culture Talk, 2 (organize) by the Bureau for External Cultural Relations of the Ministry of Culture of China, Chinese embassies and local cultural organizations. 3 (member) of Chinese embassies, famous sinologists (汉学家) and those 4 (show) an interest in Peking opera, attended the two culture talks.‎ The host, Yuan Huiqin, is a national classA artist of China National Peking Opera Company and a winner of the Plum Blossom Prize.During the talks, she 5 (patient) shared the charm of Peking opera in more than one way.‎ With the help of the local sinologists, 6 (she) talks were translated into Swedish and Russian. These words explored the concepts and artistic characteristics of 7 (tradition) Chinese operas, which got audience 8 (experience) the distinct charm of Peking opera.‎ ‎ 9 addition, young artists from the China National Peking Opera Company performed classic opera selections. During the interaction of the talks, some opera lovers performed with young artists and on 10 spot the audience tried costumes (戏装) of Peking opera with great curiosity.‎ ‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。京剧名家袁慧琴在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩和俄罗斯的圣彼得堡主持了两场京剧文化交流活动。‎ ‎1．which/that　考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是talks，空处在从句中作主语，故填which/that。‎ ‎2．were organized　考查动词的时态和语态。此处讲述的是过去的动作，应用一般过去时；主语是“The two sessions”，与organize之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。‎ ‎3．Members　考查名词复数。根据本句中的“of Chinese embassies”可知，应用member的复数形式。‎ ‎4．showing　考查非谓语动词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语，show与those之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词。‎ ‎5．patiently　考查副词。此处修饰谓语动词，故用副词。‎ ‎6．her　考查代词。此处指她的演讲被翻译成瑞典语和俄语，故使用she的形容词性物主代词。‎ ‎7．traditional　考查形容词。这里应使用形容词修饰后面的Chinese operas，表示“传统的中国戏剧”。‎ ‎8．to experience　考查非谓语动词。get sb.to do sth.表示“使某人做某事”，experience在此作动词用，表示“经历，体验”。‎ ‎9．In　考查介词。in addition意为“此外，除此之外”，相当于besides。‎ ‎10．the　考查冠词。on the spot“在现场”，是固定搭配，故填the。‎ C ‎(2018·武汉调研) The energy that so many outsiders feel when they are in China comes not just from the hurrying footsteps that can 1 (see) everywhere.It also comes from a sense that it is used for something bigger.‎ A few years ago, I interviewed Zhang Xin, a young man from a 2 (deep) poor agricultural province in central China.His parents were wheat 3 (farmer) and lived in a tiny oneroom house next to the fields.He 4 (graduate) from Tsinghua University and gotten a job as a software engineer at Huawei.His success, Zhang told me one day, had changed his family forever, 5 (keep) his families away from hard labor forever.Not his parents.Not his children.That kind of life was over.‎ Multiply that young man’s story by millions, 6 you will get a sense that this once very backward society has become 7 forwardlooking country.A smart American who lived in China for years put it this way：“China is making a great effort to become 8 it has not yet become.It is upwardly mobile, proudly so.”‎ Proudly so, because as Zhang understood, hard work today means a much 9 (good) life decades from now for 10 (he) later generations and the country.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者采访了一位出身贫苦、清华大学毕业的张先生，说明了知识能够改变命运、改变家庭。‎ ‎1．be seen　考查动词的语态。that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词footsteps，并且在从句中作主语；定语从句中主语与动词see之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；因空前为情态动词can，故填be seen。‎ ‎2．deeply　考查副词。空处修饰形容词poor，作状语，要用副词。deep作副词讲时意为“在深处，深深地”；deeply为副词，意为“非常”。由此处语境可知，应填deeply。‎ ‎3．farmers　考查名词复数。他的父母都是种植小麦的农民。根据语境可知空处应用名词；又由空前的His parents were可知，空处应用名词复数。‎ ‎4．had ‎ graduated　考查动词的时态。根据and之后的gotten可知，这里要用完成时；大学毕业的动作是在“interviewed”这个过去的动作之前发生的，所以要用过去完成时。‎ ‎5．keeping　考查非谓语动词。keep与主语His success之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故此处用现在分词短语作状语。‎ ‎6．and　考查连词。此处为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”固定句型，故空处应填and。‎ ‎7．a　考查冠词。此处泛指一个国家，要用不定冠词，且forwardlooking的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。‎ ‎8．what　考查表语从句。空处引导一个表语从句，作become的表语。空处在表语从句中作become的表语，表示“什么”，所以要用what。‎ ‎9．better　考查形容词的比较级。根据空前的much，并结合语境可知，此处要用比较级。‎ ‎10．his　考查代词。空处作定语，修饰后面的名词later generations，所以要用形容词性物主代词。‎