【英语】2020届高考英语二轮专题复习冲刺文档（学案训练）：语法提分部分1-八大句子成分 7页

一、语法部分►‎ ‎1.八大句子成分 一 主语——动作或状态的执行者 主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是谁或什么，除倒装句外，一般位于句子的开头。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。‎ ‎①The Student Table Tennis Team of our school is looking for new members right now.‎ 我们学校乒乓球队正在招收新队员。(名词短语作主语)‎ ‎②To start with, what I intend to stress is that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching Building at 10 am next Friday.‎ 首先，我想强调的是下星期五上午10点在教学楼第8教室我们将开始下堂课。(从句作主语)‎ ‎③Forming a good habit in our daily life is of great benefit to us.‎ 日常生活中养成好习惯对我们非常有益。(动名词短语作主语)‎ 即时练1　 ‎①不同的人喜欢不同的季节；我最喜欢的季节是春季。(名词短语作主语)‎ ‎______________ like different seasons; ______________ is spring.‎ ‎②与别人友好相处是你应该学会的第二件事。(不定式短语作主语)‎ ‎______________________ is the second thing you should learn.‎ ‎③我打算告诉你的是关于我们学校向你们班赠书之事。(从句作主语)‎ ‎______________________ is about our school's donation of books to your class.‎ 答案：①Different people; my favourite season　②To get along well with others　③What I am going to tell you 二 谓语——主语的行为或状态 英语中动词一共分为三大类：实义动词、连系动词和助动词，实义动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。实义动词可以单独作谓语，其他种类的动词都不能单独作谓语，连系动词需要和表语构成谓语；助动词及情态动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。‎ ‎①The earthquake happened in 2016.‎ 地震发生在2016年。(实义动词作谓语)‎ ‎②The cake smells good.‎ 蛋糕闻起来很好。(“连系动词＋表语”作谓语)‎ ‎③I have already filled in the application form.‎ 我已经填好了申请表。(“助动词＋实义动词”作谓语)‎ 即时练2　 ‎①半小时后，我设法找到了正确答案。(实义动词作谓语)‎ Half an hour later, I ________ to find the correct answer.‎ ‎②他早上七点起床时，脑海里突然有了个大计划。(动词或动词短语作谓语)‎ When he ____________ at 7：00 am, a big plan ____________ him.‎ ‎③手表在我们日常生活中是必要的，但它的功能太简单呆板了。(系表结构作谓语)‎ The watch ____________ in our daily life, but its function __________________.‎ ‎④对于组织课堂活动，我们可能有不同的观点。(“情态动词＋实义动词”作谓语)‎ We __________ different opinions in organizing class activities.‎ 答案：①managed　②got up; occurred to　③is necessary; is too simple and dull　④may have 三 宾语——动作的承受者 宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词的后面。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等。‎ ‎①If you are interested in the Chinese folk art, please email me.‎ 如果你对中国民间艺术感兴趣，请给我发邮件。(名词短语作宾语；代词作宾语)‎ ‎②I plan to go for an outing, and I would like to invite you to participate.‎ 我计划去郊游，我想邀请你参加。(不定式作宾语)‎ ‎③I think all our classmates have learned a lot from our communication and the various activities.‎ 我认为我们所有的同班同学从交流和各种各样的活动中学到了很多东西。(从句作宾语)‎ ‎④What he says suggests that he cares little about others' pain or trouble, even if they're his friends.‎ 他说的话表明他很少关心他人的痛苦或困难，即使他们是他的朋友。(从句作宾语)‎ 即时练3　 ‎①我已经写了申请书和个人简历。(名词短语作宾语)‎ I've already written ________________________.‎ ‎②他突然想在启程之前再看看这座城市的美景。(动名词短语作宾语)‎ Suddenly he thought of ____________________ before setting out.‎ ‎③我们的成功取决于我们彼此合作的良好程度。(从句作宾语)‎ Our success depends on _____________________.‎ 答案：①the application letter and personal resume ‎②seeing the beautiful views of the city again ‎③how well we can cooperate with one another 四 表语——主语的特征 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等，位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。可以用作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语或从句等。‎ ‎①His theory sounds reasonable.‎ 他的理论听起来是合理的。(形容词作表语)‎ ‎②All the people are in high spirits.‎ 所有的人都情绪高涨。(介词短语作表语)‎ 即时练4　 ‎①这次展览的主题是环境保护。(名词作表语)‎ The theme of the show is __________________.‎ ‎②那时，我成了全班的焦点，充满了自豪和自信。(形容词短语作表语)‎ At that moment, I became the focus of the whole class and was ______________________.‎ ‎③几分钟过去了，但是整个班级一片寂静。(介词短语作表语)‎ Several minutes passed but the whole class was ________________________.‎ 答案：①environmental protection　②full of great pride and confidence　③in complete silence 五 定语——名词的修饰语 定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语或从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词或从句等。‎ Any student who is interested is welcome to participate.‎ 欢迎任何感兴趣的同学参加。(who引导的从句作定语)‎ 即时练5　 ‎①我们可能有各种各样应对此类情形的方法。(不定式短语作定语)‎ We may have various ways __________________.‎ ‎②‎ 据报道，同学们提供的所有书籍都在几天前送给了乡下的孩子们。(过去分词短语作定语)‎ All the books ____________________ are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.‎ ‎③李华多么后悔把宝贵的时间浪费在玩电脑游戏上！(从句作定语)‎ How Li Hua regretted the valuable time ________________________！‎ ‎④你认识那位住在隔壁的妇女吗？(从句作定语)‎ Do you know the woman ________________？‎ 答案：①to deal with such a situation　②offered by the students　③(that) he had spent on the computer games ‎④who lives next door 六 状语——动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语 状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词、独立主格结构或从句等。‎ ‎①Visiting this exhibition, we will not only enjoy the folk art works, but also learn a lot.‎ 参观展览时，我们不仅能欣赏民间艺术作品，而且能学习很多知识。(分词作状语)‎ ‎②After every game we will select the best players.‎ 每次比赛之后我们将选出最佳选手。(介词短语作状语)‎ ‎③If you join, you may send your information to intlpssppt@gmschool.com.‎ 要是你参加，请把信息发送到邮箱intlpssppt@gmschool.com。(从句作状语)‎ 即时练6　 ‎①旅行了一周后，他回到了家，感到很累但很高兴。(介词短语和形容词作状语)‎ ‎__________________， he returned home, __________________.‎ ‎②为了解决这个问题，我和同学们进行了讨论，想出了一个建议并汇报给了校长。(不定式短语作状语)‎ ‎________________， my classmates and I discussed it and came up with a suggestion and later reported it to the headmaster.‎ 答案：①After a week's trip; tired but very happy　②To solve this problem 七 补足语——对主语或宾语的补充说明 补足语是一种补充主语或宾语意义的句子成分。补充主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语；补充宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：形容词、名词、不定式、分词或介词短语等。‎ Summer makes me full of energy and I feel I have the strength to do the most difficult things in my life.‎ 夏天使我精力充沛，我感到我有力量去做我一生中最难做的事。(形容词短语作宾补)‎ 即时练7　 ‎①科普书能帮助我们学生对科学和自然更感兴趣。(不定式短语作宾补)‎ Popular science books can help us students __________________________.‎ ‎②为了学好英语，我们应该找机会尽可能多地听别人说英语。(过去分词作宾补)‎ To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ____________ as much as possible.‎ ‎③我希望变化没有给你带来太多的麻烦。(名词作宾补)‎ I hope the change will not cause you ____________.‎ 答案：①(to) become more interested in science and nature　②spoken　③too much trouble 八 同位语——同等重要的修饰语 对句子中的名词或代词的进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词或从句等。‎ ‎①There is no doubt that I will improve its reputation through my efforts.‎ 毫无疑问，通过我的努力我会提高它的声誉。(从句作同位语)‎ ‎②Personally, I prefer the tour along the Yangtze, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization.‎ 就我个人而言，我更喜欢“长江之行”，长江是中国最长的河流、中华文明母亲河之一。(名词短语作同位语)‎ 即时练8　 ‎①他们三个想一起步行周游世界。(数词作同位语)‎ They __________ want to travel around the world together on foot.‎ ‎②我们打算去当地一家敬老院过即将到来的重阳节，该节日显示了我们对老年人的尊重。(名词作同位语)‎ We are going to go to the local nursing home for the coming Double Ninth Festival, ________________ for us to show our respect for the elderly.‎ ‎③我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。(从句作同位语)‎ I hold the opinion __________________________.‎ 答案：①three　②a holiday　③that we should go and help them (to) overcome the current difficulty ‎[过关练]‎ Ⅰ.分析句子成分 ‎1. .‎ ‎①________ ②________ ③________ ④________‎ ‎⑤________‎ 答案：①状语　②主语　③谓语　④宾语　⑤状语 ‎2. ‎ .‎ ‎①________ ②________ ③________ ④________‎ 答案：①状语　②主语　③谓语　④宾语 ‎3. ‎ .‎ ‎①________ ②________ ③________ ④________‎ ‎⑤________‎ 答案：①主语　②谓语　③宾语　④宾补　⑤状语 ‎4. .‎ ‎①________ ②________ ③________‎ 答案：①主语　②定语　③谓语(系动词＋表语)‎ ‎5. .‎ ‎①________ ②________ ③________ ④________‎ 答案：①状语　②主语　③谓语　④主补 ‎6. .‎ ‎①________ ②________ ③________‎ 答案：①主语　②谓语　③同位语 Ⅱ.按要求完成下面短文 Dear Mr Headmaster，‎ I'm Li Yue, __1__ (高三一班的学生，用名词作同位语). I am writing to draw ‎ your attention to improper behaviour, __2__ [其中最常见的是随意乱涂(scribble)和乱丢垃圾(litter)，用定语从句]. It makes our school __3__ (脏乱不堪，用形容词作宾补) and does harm to the image of our shool. I always feel ashamed __4__ (每当我看到这点时，用状语从句). It is not appropriate __5__ (对学生来说随意乱涂和乱丢垃圾，用不定式的复合结构作真正主语). I wonder __6__ (是否学校能够放置更多的垃圾箱，用宾语从句) and set up special rules against such behaviour. At the same time, students __7__ (应该被鼓励，用被动语态作谓语) to develop good habits and better behave themselves. I believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become __8__ (一个更令人愉快的地方，用名词短语作表语) in the near future. Thank you for your consideration.‎ Yours faithfully，‎ Li Yue ‎1．____________________　2.____________________‎ ‎3．____________________　4.____________________‎ ‎5．____________________　6.____________________‎ ‎7．____________________　8.____________________‎ 答案：1.a student from Class 1, Senior 3　2.of which scribbling and littering are the most common　3.dirty and unpleasant　4.whenever I see this　5.for a student to scribble and litter　6.if/whether the school could place more dustbins　7.should be encouraged　8.a more enjoyable place