- 122.00 KB
- 2021-05-21 发布
- 1、本文档由用户上传，淘文库整理发布，可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方，所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议，请立即联系网站客服。
- 3、本文档由用户上传，本站不保证质量和数量令人满意，可能有诸多瑕疵，付费之前，请仔细阅读内容确认后进行付费下载。
- 网站客服QQ：403074932
www.ks5u.com
第九讲 概要写作
意思的正确表达依赖于句子的准确性、得体性。准确性即是正确性和规范性；得体性指的是语言符合说话者的身份，概要写作尤其需要注意人称的选择。除此之外，得体性还体现在语言的简洁性和措辞的严谨性上，在词的选择上要注意正式和非正式、抽象和具体的差异、褒贬的不同与语气的强弱的差别。
1．语言的简洁性
概要写作中的句子应该直截了当、言简意赅，避免冗长。使句子简洁的方法有许多，常见的有：
(1)避免结构重复。下面的句子中，括号内的为同义重复，应删除。
He likes English very much and me (like English very much), too.
Without air, the night time would be very cold and the days (would be) very hot on the moon.
删除下列句子中重复的部分。
1．Reading makes a full man，conference makes a ready man，and writing makes an exact man.
→____________________________________________________
答案：Reading makes a full man，conference a ready man，and writing an exact man.
2．Tom has been accepted into college and Jack has been accepted into college as well.
→____________________________________________________
答案：Tom has been accepted into college and Jack has，as well.
3．To my surprise，I was surprised to find no one there when I got there.
→____________________________________________________
答案：I was surprised to find no one there when I got there.
(2)用短语代替从句。
例如：Do you know the man who is speaking at the meeting?
→Do you know the man speaking at the meeting?
句式转换。
4．He attended the party though he was badly ill.
→He attended the party ________________________．
答案：in spite of his illness
5．Look out for cars while you are crossing the street.
→Look out for cars while ______________________．
答案：crossing the street
(3)用单词代替短语。
如下面这些短语均可用括号中的词代替：
from time to time(often)，It is clear that...(Clearly...)，draw a conclusion(conclude)，of great importance(important)
(4)避免使用同义重复。
如下面这些句子，画线部分重复，应删掉。
He is blind in both eyes．
In my opinion，I think your plan is reasonable.
画出下列句子重复的部分。
6．The desk is round in shape and red in colour.
答案：in shape in colour
7．I shall accompany my mother by going with her to the market.
答案：by going with her
(5)变换句式。
试对比改写前后的句子。
He did not come to school because of his illness.
→Illness prevented him from coming to school.
变换句式。
8．Take this medicine，and you will get well.
→________________________ will make you well.
答案：This medicine
9．It seems that he is ill.
→He ________________________．
答案：seems (to be) ill
2．语言的准确性
正确措辞是写好文章的基础。句子的得体性离不开正确的用词。在用词方面应注意：
(1)具体明确。
词语选择是遣词造句的基础。写作时应特别注意词的运用。具体词与抽象词不可混用。为了意思表达的准确性，一般应以具体词为佳，会引起歧义的句子尽量不用。如：
At the age of five，my mother began to teach me to learn English.
修正：When I was five years old，my mother began to teach me to learn English.(改介词短语为状语从句)
或：At the age of five，I began to learn English from my mother.(改主句主语)
分析：这个句子很容易让人产生误解。“五岁”到底指的是谁呢？修改后，主语明确，意思明了。
分词短语、不定式短语用作状语时，它们的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。有些情况下，用介词短语作状语时也要考虑这种逻辑关系。如：
After waiting for an hour or so，the bus arrived at last.
修正：After we had been waiting for an hour or so, the bus arrived at last.(改为状语从句)
将下列句子修改正确恰当。
10．Without your help，my English hasn't been improved so rapidly.
→Without your help，_____________________ in English.(改主句主语)
答案：I couldn't have made such rapid progress
11．John told his classmate that he had passed the exam.
→John said to his classmate，“__________________________．”
答案：I (You)have passed the exam
(2)注意同义词的区别。
即使同一物体的不同名称含义也会有别。所以没有完全一样的同义词，用词不同，词义就会发生变化，甚至会造成错误用词。
如：little、small、tiny。a little boy与a small boy含义有别，前者含有“可爱”之意，而后者却含有身材“瘦小”之意，a small but great man可表达一个身材瘦小的伟人，但a little but great man就不能成立。
I am working hard and I wish that I could go to college.(劣)
修正：I am working hard and I hope that I can go to college.(优)
分析：原句用的是虚拟语气，在表达上显得不够得体。作者本想表达自己美好的愿望，而虚拟语气表达的是难以实现的愿望。
概要写作禁止学生直接引用原文的句子，解决该问题的最好办法就是变通表达。所谓变通表达，就是用灵活的不同于原文的句式表达出相同或相似的意思。请品味下面的例子，体会其中的巧妙。
(1)湖东有两个城镇。
Two towns lie to the east of the lake.
→Two towns lie east of the lake.
→East of the lake are/lie two towns.
→There are two towns(to the)east of the lake.
(2)我建议你多喝水，好好地休息。
I suggest/propose/advise that you should drink plenty of water and have a good rest.
→My suggestion/proposal/advice is that you should drink lots of water and take a good rest.
→I suggest your drinking much water and having a good rest.
→I advise you to drink a lot of water and rest well.
(3)这是我们应当记住的教训。
This is the lesson we should remember.
→This is the lesson we should never forget.
→We must keep the lesson in mind forever.
→This is a lesson.We must remember it.
→It is the lesson for us to remember.
(4)自从改革开放以来，人民的生活大大地改善了。
Life of the people has much improved since the reform and the opening to the outside world.
→The people's life has been greatly improved since the reform and the opening to the outside world.
→The people's life has been made much better since the reform
and the opening to the outside world.
→The people's life has shown enormous improvement since the reform and the opening to the outside world.
(5)苏格兰在北面，其首都是爱丁堡。
In the north is Scotland，and its capital is Edinburgh.
→In the north is Scotland with Edinburgh as its capital.
→In the north is Scotland，whose capital is Edinburgh.
→In the north is Scotland，the capital of which is Edinburgh.
(6)北京是一座著名的、有着许多名胜古迹的现代化城市。
Beijing is a famous modern city which/that has many places of historical interest.
→Beijing is a wellknown modern city where/in which there are a lot of places of historical interest.
→Beijing is a worldfamous modern city with lots of places of historical interest.
根据汉语完成下列句子。
1．他提出的问题值得讨论。
The problem he raised was worth________．
→He raised a question，________was worth discussing.
→The problem he raised was worthy of________．
→The problem he raised was worthy to___________________．
答案：discussing which discussion be discussed
2．昨晚那幢楼房突然起火了。
The building suddenly__________________last night.
→Suddenly the building was____________last night.
→A fire________________suddenly in the building last night.
→All of a sudden a fire________in the building last night.
答案：caught fire on fire broke out started/arose
3．大雪使我无法上学。
The heavy snow kept me________________to school.
→The heavy snow________________________going to school.
答案：from going stopped/prevented me from
4．我们认为他是个好人。
We consider him________a good man.
→We________him________a good man.
→We________________him________a good man.
答案：as treat/have/regard as look on(upon)/think of as
5．我宁愿待在家里也不去看电影。
I prefer to stay at home________________go to see the film.
→I prefer________at home to________to see the film.
→I________________stay at home than________to see the film.
答案：rather than staying going would rather go
1．议论文类模板
议论类文章通常会包含作者的论点、论据和结论，因此写此类文章的概要，主要是找出关键信息(the key words)、主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句或建议(conclusion or suggestion sentences)。在关键信息和主题句提炼文章的中心思想(the main point)。
概要模板一：This paper expresses views on.../The writer considers...(论点)＋论据(＋结论)。
概要模板二：中心思想(the main point)＋支撑句(supporting
sentences)＋结论句或建议(conclusion or suggestion sentences)。
2．说明文类模板
(1)描写某事物的性质功用类，这类文章一般是针对某样事物的特点或功用，以及给人们带来的好处为着眼点进行说明。因此我们可以采用“对象＋性质功用＋利好”模板：
(In the passage)the writer introduces...(对象)to us，especially its...(性质或功用)，from which we know...(对象带来的利好)．
(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施类，这类文章会对某个引起大家关注的问题进行阐述，分析问题的情况与带来的影响，并也尝试着提出问题的解决方法和意见。因此我们可以采用“问题＋解决方法”模板：
The passage tells us...(问题)，(特点或影响)．..，including...(方法1)，...(方法2)and...(方法3)．
(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果类，这类文章会将现象先表述出来，以引起读者的共鸣，再分析产生这种现象的原因，并强调现象所带来的各种结果。因此我们可以采用“现象＋原因＋结果”模板：
(The author/writer said/talks about)．..(现象)of...，because/but...(原因/本质1)，and...(原因/本质2)．As a result(结果)．..
(2019·浙江卷)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman，author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids，says，“We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.”By giving kids a lot of praise，parents think they're building their children's confidence，when，in fact，it may be just the
opposite.Too much praise can backfire and，when given in a way that's insincere，make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still，don't go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and，as a result，may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise？Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome，you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，”says Donahue，author of Parenting Without Fear：Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he's out there every day and playing hard，you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard，cook dinner，or finish a book report.But whatever it is，praise should be given on a casebycase basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
[写作提示]
1．本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了如何有效表扬孩子的问题。文章结构清楚，论点明确。
2．文章第一段指出过度的表扬不利于孩子的成长。第二段认为不表扬孩子也不好。第三段指出表扬的核心：要关注过程而非结果。最后一段指出，我们要表扬孩子的努力，不必太过关注结果。
3．针对此类文章最好在概要中加入主旨句，先对文章的总体内容给予介绍。
[参考范文]
How to praise our kids is really a sensitive problem.(主旨)Experts believe that too much praise or praising the kids in a wrong way may have opposite effects on children.(要点1)On the other hand，no praise also does harm to kids' development.(要点2)To gain the best result，our praise should focus on the process rather than the end product.(要点3)Therefore，what we should praise is our kids' proper effort，regardless of the result.(要点4)
微信/支付宝扫码支付下载