【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课二 11页

‎ 细节理解题增分点(二)——概括细节理解题 ‎[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages.He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors.This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素)．‎ Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.‎ ‎...‎ ‎30．What made Wang’s architectural design a success?‎ A．The mixture of different shapes.‎ B．The balance of East and West.‎ C．The use of popular techniques.‎ D．The harmony of old and new.‎ ‎[解析]　选D　根据选段第一段第三句“This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素)．”和选段第二段第二句中的“Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture”可知，传统与现代元素的和谐共存是王澍建筑设计成功的秘诀，故选D。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　A项错在shapes，不是形状的混合，是现代和传统中国元素的混合；B项错在East and West，是modern architecture和a good knowledge of traditions的平衡；C项错在popular，根据选文第一段第二句可知应是traditional。‎ ‎[增分技巧]　概括细节理解题要求通过思维分析将原文中比较分散或复杂的信息进行归纳概括，即要“综合事实定答案”。容易做错的原因是没有全面分析所涉及的相关信息，只是单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能做出符合题干条件的选择。‎ ‎(1)通过关键词定区间。就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速把题干中的关键词标记出来，然后根据关键词回到原文当中定位相关的段落、语句。‎ ‎(2)通过概括定选项。概括细节理解题可能涉及文章某一段或几段，甚至贯穿全文的各个位置，需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节。然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。‎ ‎(3)兼用排除法解题。在遇到模棱两可、难以做出选择的答案时，也可采用排除法，将“‎ 无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。‎ 训练目标(一) ‎ 对点练——攻克失分短板 A(2018·北京高考阅读C节选)‎ PlasticEating ‎Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills (垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.‎ Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste (糊状物) and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.‎ ‎...‎ ‎43．What can we learn about the worms in the study?‎ A．They take plastics as their everyday food.‎ B．They are newly evolved creatures.‎ C．They can consume plastics.‎ D．They wind up in landfills.‎ 解析：选C　根据第一段中的“a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms”以及第二段中的“Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene ...and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.”概括可知大蜡螟幼虫能吃塑料，故选C。‎ B(2018·浙江高考阅读B节选)‎ Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.‎ Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.‎ ‎...‎ ‎24．What has Steven Stein been hired to do?‎ A．Help increase grocery sales.‎ B．Recycle the waste material.‎ C．Stop things falling off trucks.‎ D．Argue for the use of plastic bags.‎ 解析：选D　根据第一段中的“is defending an industry”和第二段中的“are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume”概括可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了说明他们的产品并不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有害。故选D。‎ C(2017·北京高考阅读A节选)‎ ‎...‎ Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before.Still, she hesitated.She didn’t think she knew it well enough.But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death，” says Taylor.‎ Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device (器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them: Paris’s heartbeat returned.‎ ‎...‎ Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.‎ ‎...‎ ‎57．Why does Paris say she was lucky?‎ A．She made a worthy friend.‎ B．She recovered from shock.‎ C．She received immediate CPR.‎ D．She came back on the softball team.‎ 解析：选C　根据选文第一段中的“But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR.”以及选文第二段“‎ 在队友和学校护士的帮助下Paris的心跳恢复了(Paris’s heartbeat returned.)”以及选文第三段中的“For a sudden heart failure，the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly”概括可知，Paris说她很幸运是因为她得到了及时的心肺复苏(CPR)救助。‎ D(2017·江苏高考阅读B节选)‎ ‎...‎ This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers — a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.‎ To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.‎ It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls.In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.‎ ‎...‎ ‎59．What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?‎ A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.‎ B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.‎ C．The data collected from Queensland’s locals.‎ D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.‎ 解析：选A　根据选文第一段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers”，选文第二段的最后一句及选文第三段的第二句概括可知，Kleindorfer的发现是基于母鸟与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，故选A。‎ 训练目标(二) ‎ 综合练——提高解题速度 ‎(加黑的题目为细节理解题，加★的为概括细节理解题)‎ A Whether you just love sport or you’re a professional, you can gain experience through one of our internships (实习)．Handson experience and varied technical and practical knowledge, plus understanding of different cultures and how to work within them will be an ‎ outstanding entry on your resume (简历)!‎ We hope you find something below that suits you, but if you don’t, please contact us and we can probably arrange it for you! So give us a call at ＋44(0) 1903 502595 or email us at info@travellersworldwide.com.‎ AUSTRALIA：‎ Sports Internship in a Mainstream High School in ‎Perth Intern in the Sports Department, working with the Head of Department and the PE teachers.You’ll combine coaching with sports administration, lesson planning, monitoring students’ performance and assisting the PE teachers in all aspects of their work.‎ MALAYSIA：‎ Scuba Diving and Dive Resort Management Internship on ‎Pulau‎ Tiga ‎Island Assist in running a dive centre on the island of Pulau Tiga.You’ll experience running a water sports centre and if you stay for 3 months, you can do a total of 60 dives as a condition for the Dive Master Course.‎ You’ll assist the Dive Master in managing the dive centre, guiding and assisting new learners, handling customers’ enquiries and reporting to the Dive Instructor.‎ SOUTH AFRICA：‎ Sports Work Experience Internship at a Sports‎ ‎School in Knysna It’s a wellregarded sports school on the famous Garden Route.You’ll learn all aspects of the daily running and management of a sports school set up to help less advantaged children.Sports include archery, bowls, cricket, cycling, football, golf, hockey and tennis.Also, you should help organize sports festivals and develop sport in the poor communities.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了三个海外实习岗位，不论你是职业运动员还是体育爱好者，都可以申请。‎ ‎1．Who is the text written for?‎ A．Students who need a parttime job.‎ B．Students who enjoy doing sports in free time.‎ C．Students who want to have an internship abroad.‎ D．Students who want to help children in other countries.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“internships (实习)”以及“plus understanding of different cultures and how to work within them will be an ...”可知，本文的目标读者是那些寻求海外实习机会的学生。‎ ‎2．Where can you find the most suitable internship if you are interested in scuba diving?‎ A．In Australia.　　　　　 B．In South Africa.‎ C．On Garden Route. D．On Pulau‎ Tiga ‎Island.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。从第二则广告项目可知，这个实习机会是在马来西亚迪加岛的一个潜水中心，所以适合对潜水有兴趣的人。‎ ‎3．What do we know about the sports school in Knysna?‎ A．It serves as a famous scenic spot.‎ B．It aims at training the best athletes.‎ C．It is intended for less advantaged children.‎ D．It often holds sports festivals in poor communities.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“You’ll learn all aspects of the daily running and management of a sports school set up to help less advantaged children.”可知，这所学校是为那些条件比较差的孩子们建的。‎ ‎★4.Which aspect do the three jobs mentioned in the text share?‎ A．Administration.‎ B．Teaching classes.‎ C．Guiding new learners.‎ D．Handling customers’ enquiries.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段的“You’ll combine coaching with sports administration，”第五段的“You’ll assist the Dive Master in managing the dive centre”以及最后一段的“You’ll learn all aspects of the daily running and management of a sports school set up to help less advantaged children.”概括可知，这三个实习项目都涉及管理工作。‎ B ‎(2018·昆明调研)National Treasure has Chinese audiences fired up. But don’t confuse it with the Hollywood action film of the same name, in which the hidden history of the United States going back around 250 years is discovered. In the Chinese show, producers are lucky — China has a much longer history, and their plan to introduce relics is welcomed by the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City, and eight key provincelevel museums.‎ Yu Lei, director of the show, explained how items are chosen, “Our standard is not to choose the most precious items. We want the ones with most attractive stories. If people are bored, there is something wrong with our methods.” “These cultural relics are like aged people. They have so much to tell us，” she said.‎ In each 100minute period, three key exhibits from a museum are introduced by entertainment stars, called the “national treasure guardians”， through short stage dramas, telling the history of the legends behind the items. Some lesserknown stories on how the ‎ items were unearthed are featured in the show. In the periods, experts speak about the relics and ordinary people are also invited on stage to share their stories linked to such relics. Knowledge, entertainment, taste and an accessible approach have been put together in one show. When people see cultural relics in this lively way, they feel history.‎ The aim of the show is not to create a hit program but to attract more people to museums. More seasons of National Treasure are planned, and some treasures from the show are to be featured in a touring exhibition soon after the first season ends. A show like this fuels people’s pride in their country.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国的一档大型电视节目《国家宝藏》，包括节目的制作目的、取材、构成、讲解员等相关情况。‎ ‎★5.We can learn that National Treasure is a(n) .‎ A．historical program aimed at creating a hot topic B．Hollywood action film telling the whole American history C．Chinese show introducing relics through short dramas D．exhibition welcomed by nine provincelevel museums 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In the Chinese show ... their plan to introduce relics”可知，这是中国的一档节目，介绍的是文物；根据第三段第一句中的“through short stage dramas”可知，这档节目通过舞台短剧的形式来介绍文物，所以选C。‎ ‎6．What Yu Lei said shows that they .‎ A．like cultural relics whose stories can be told by aged people B．choose some valuable items with most attractive stories behind C．think something is wrong with their methods of choosing relics D．don’t like the most precious items because they’re not attractive 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Our standard is not to choose the most precious items. We want the ones with most attractive stories.”可知，他们选择的标准是背后有非常吸引人的故事的文物，所以选B。‎ ‎7．Who may be invited to introduce the exhibits?‎ A．Film experts.　　　 B．Ordinary people.‎ C．Museum guides. D．Entertainment stars.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中的“In each 100minute period, three key exhibits from a museum are introduced by entertainment stars”可知，在时长为100分钟的每一期节目里，娱乐明星将介绍一个博物馆里的三件展品，故选D。‎ ‎8．In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text?‎ A．Science. B．Health.‎ C．Economy. D．Culture.‎ 解析：选D　文章出处题。文章讲述的是中国的一档与文物有关的电视节目，最有可能出现在报纸的文化部分，跟科学、健康以及经济没有关系或关系不大，所以选D。‎ C The sun was setting and the farm would close soon.I dressed our three daughters quickly as my husband started the car.Cutting down our own Christmas tree had been a family tradition.As our family grew, so did our excitement for going out to find the perfect tree.As we walked through the rows of trees, my youngest daughter Kimberly shouted excitedly, “There it is, the perfect tree！” The other two agreed.My husband and I looked at each other confusedly.Its branches were misshapen (畸形的) and the trunk could be seen through the spots where there were no pine needles (松叶)．‎ We tried to persuade our daughters into changing their minds, but in vain.We had to tie the tree to the roof of our car and headed home.As we reached our house.Heather jumped out first.Suddenly she shouted, “The tree isn’t there！” We thought she was kidding.However, it wasn’t there.‎ The girls were so disappointed.“We’ll get another tree tomorrow，” I said, secretly hoping the new tree would be prettier.But the girls gave us the look that no parent can resist.We had no choice but to go back and find that tree.‎ About five minutes into our drive, we saw our tree on the side of the road.As we got closer, it was apparent that it had been run over by a truck.As we lifted the tree, we saw that a big part of the tree was ripped (撕裂) off, but we took our little broken tree home anyway.‎ That night, as we decorated our tree, something magical happened.By the time we were done, I had to admit it didn’t look sad after all.“This is the best tree we have ever had.It’s perfect！” my second daughter Samantha said excitedly.My husband and I couldn’t agree more!‎ Even now we always talk about that little broken tree and the very special Christmas almost twentyfive years ago.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了大约25年前的圣诞节作者一家人装扮圣诞树的故事。尽管时间流逝，但作者一家人仍忘不了那件事。‎ ‎9．Why did the couple feel confused at first?‎ A．Their daughters argued fiercely about trees.‎ B．Their daughters found the perfect tree quickly.‎ C．Their daughters surprisingly chose an ugly tree.‎ D．Their daughters didn’t want to look for other trees.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段的“Its branches were misshapen (畸形的) and the trunk could be seen through the spots where there were no pine needles (松叶)．”可知，孩子们挑选的树不好看，作者和丈夫对此感到十分困惑。‎ ‎★10.Who was the first to find the tree missing?‎ A．The eldest daughter.‎ B．The second daughter.‎ C．The author’s husband.‎ D．The youngest daughter.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一段的“I dressed our three daughters”和“my youngest daughter Kimberly”，第二段的“As we reached our house, Heather jumped out first ...’The tree isn’t there！’”以及倒数第二段的“my second daughter Samantha said excitedly”概括可知，作者的大女儿希瑟首先发现车顶上的树不见了。‎ ‎11．How did the author feel when hearing the tree was missing?‎ A．Worried. B．Astonished.‎ C．Pleased. D．Disappointed.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第三段的“secretly hoping the new tree would be prettier”可知，看到那棵树不见了，作者暗自窃喜，她希望新砍的树会好看些。‎ ‎12．Why did the author think the Christmas tree was perfect?‎ A．It got run over by a truck.‎ B．It came from the daughters.‎ C．It was the most beautiful tree.‎ D．It brought a wonderful memory.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据最后两段的内容可知，他们把那棵丑陋的树装扮得很漂亮，一家人其乐融融，这给他们留下了美好的回忆，故正确答案为D。‎ D A new “smart bin” will spell the end of environmentconscious families spending hours sorting tins, plastic boxes, bottles and cardboard for recycling.The invention is being trialed in Poland and is set to go on sale in the UK within a few years.‎ The bin, designed by the startup company Bin.E, recognizes different types of waste via a system positioned inside the bin which uses sensors (传感器), image recognition and artificial intelligence.Once waste is placed inside, the camera and sensors identify its type and place it in one of the smaller bins.Then it presses the waste hard so it occupies less space.‎ It’s thought that the bin could be supplied by department stores such as John Lewis.“We’ve recently seen a jump in specialist bins sales, with a 25% increase in the last few months alone.We’ve noticed our customers are becoming more and more sustainability ‎ (可持续性) focused, choosing recycling bins that make it far easier to recycle different types of waste，” says Matt Thomas, a worker at John Lewis.‎ Bin.E’s official release (发布) on the market will take place soon.And the office bin will be sold at ￡430 while corporate (团体的) customers will need to pay extra ￡107 for an accompanying smartphone app, which hooks them up with collection services.‎ A spokesman at Bin.E says, “The home version of the bin will be cheaper.After the office version, we plan to create an outdoor version and later the home version.We decided to go for the outdoor version for public areas first because it’s more difficult to organize an effective waste sorting system outside than in our homes.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一家刚成立的公司Bin.E设计了一款新型“智能垃圾桶”，它可以自动把垃圾进行分类。‎ ‎★13.What makes the smart bin special?‎ A．It saves space in the room.‎ B．It holds more rubbish in it.‎ C．It sorts rubbish automatically.‎ D．It can connect with a phone app.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段的第一句和第二段的内容可知，这款“智能垃圾桶”能够自动给垃圾分类，减少人们进行垃圾分类的麻烦。‎ ‎14．What is the second paragraph mainly about?‎ A．How to use the bin.‎ B．How the bin works.‎ C．How the bin was invented.‎ D．How the bin deals with the waste.‎ 解析：选B　段落大意题。根据第二段的内容可知，本段告诉我们这款“智能垃圾桶”的工作原理。‎ ‎15．What probably makes specialist bins sell well according to Matt Thomas?‎ A．Their looks are attractive.‎ B．Artificial intelligence is used.‎ C．They are sold at a proper price.‎ D．People are environmentconscious.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段中Matt Thomas所说可知，他认为顾客们越来越注重可持续发展，具有环保意识，更多人倾向于选择分类回收垃圾桶。‎ ‎16．Which version will be first available on the market?‎ A．The office version. B．The outdoor version.‎ C．The home version. D．The standard version.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据最后一段的“After the office version, we plan to create an outdoor version and later the home version.”可知，这家公司会先推出办公室用的智能垃圾桶。‎