【英语】2020届二轮复习情态动词与虚拟语气经典精讲练学案（上） 15页

‎2020届二轮复习 情态动词与虚拟语气经典精讲练学案（上）‎ 开篇语 开心自测 ‎ 开心自测讲解 题一：‎ Maybe if I _______ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.‎ A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying 题二：‎ I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.‎ A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come 题三：‎ We _____ John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.‎ A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 题四：‎ ‎—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.‎ ‎—I____ it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.‎ A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended ‎ 主要考点梳理 情态动词 情态动词的语法特征 ‎1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生；‎ ‎2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式；‎ ‎3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s；‎ ‎4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式、分词等形式。‎ 比较can 和be able to can和could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),‎ 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。‎ They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。‎ 只用be able to a. 位于助动词后。‎ b. 情态动词后。‎ c. 表示过去某时刻动作。‎ d. 用于句首表示条件。‎ e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。‎ He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.‎ ‎= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.‎ 注意：could不表示时态。‎ 提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。‎ ‎　　—— Could I have the television on?‎ ‎　　—— Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.‎ 在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。‎ He couldn’t be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。‎ 比较may和might 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；‎ may 放在句首，表示祝愿。‎ May God bless you!‎ He might be at home.‎ 注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。‎ 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为“不妨”。‎ 题一：‎ If that is the case, we may as well try.‎ Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.‎ A. must　 B. may　 C. can　 D. will 比较have to和must 两词都是“必须”的意思，have to表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。‎ My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.　‎ 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)‎ He said that they must work hard. ‎ 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)‎ 在否定结构中： don’t have to表示“不必”‎ mustn’t表示“禁止”，‎ You don’t have to tell him about it.　你不一定要把此事告诉他。‎ You mustn’t tell him about it.　 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。‎ must表示推测 must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。‎ must表示对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。‎ You have worked hard all day. You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。‎ ‎（对现在情况的推测判断）‎ He must be working in his office. ‎ 他一定在办公室工作呢。‎ 比较：‎ He must be staying there. 他现在肯定待在那里。‎ He must stay there. 他必须待在那。‎ must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。‎ I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.　‎ 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。‎ must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。‎ ‎——Why didn’t you answer my phone call?‎ ‎——Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn’t hear it.‎ 否定推测用 can’t。‎ If Tom didn’t leave here until five o’clock, he can’t be home yet.　‎ 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。‎ 表示推测的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：‎ 情态动词+动词原形。‎ 表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。‎ I don’t know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.‎ 情态动词+动词现在进行时。‎ 表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。‎ At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.‎ 这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。‎ 情态动词+动词完成时。‎ We would have finished this work by the end of next December.‎ 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。‎ The road is wet. It must have rained last night.‎ 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。‎ 情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。‎ 表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。‎ Your mother must have been looking for you.‎ 你妈妈一定一直在找你。‎ 推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can’t, couldn’t表示。‎ Mike can’t have found his car, for he came to work by bus this ‎ morning.‎ 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。‎ 注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。‎ 情态动词+ have +过去分词 may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。‎ Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.‎ Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.‎ must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有“肯定”的意思。‎ ‎—— Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.‎ ‎——She must have gone by bus.‎ ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。‎ You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.‎ He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）‎ ought to 在语气上比should 要强。‎ needn’t have done sth　本没必要做某事 I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn’t have done so. The weather was hot.‎ would like to have done sth 本打算做某事 I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.‎ should 和ought to should 和ought to 都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。‎ ‎——Ought he to go?‎ ‎——Yes. I think he ought to.‎ 表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。‎ had better表示“最好”‎ had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。‎ had better do sth ‎ had better not do sth It is pretty cold. You’d better put on my coat.‎ She’d better not play with the dog.‎ had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果。‎ You had better have come earlier.‎ would rather表示"宁愿"‎ would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…　宁愿……而不愿 还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。‎ If I have a choice, I had sooner not continued my studies at this school.‎ I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.‎ 题二：‎ ‎—Shall we go skating or stay at home?‎ ‎—Which ___ do?　‎ A. do you rather　 B. would you rather　 C. will you rather　 D. should you rather will和would 注意：‎ would like；‎ Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。‎ Would you like to go with me?‎ Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。‎ Would you like some cake?‎ 否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won’t you是一种委婉语气。‎ Won’t you sit down?‎ 情态动词的回答方式 问句　 肯定回答　 否定回答 Need you…?　Yes, I must.　 No, I needn’t Must you…?　Yes, you must. No, you don’t have to.‎ 题三：‎ ‎1. —Could I borrow your dictionary?‎ ‎ —Yes, of course, you____.‎ A. might　 B. will　 C. can　 D. should ‎2. —Shall I tell John about it?‎ ‎—No, you ___. I’ve told him already.‎ A. needn’t　 B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t ‎3. —Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.‎ ‎ —______.‎ A. I don’t　 B. I won’t　 C. I can’t　 D. I haven’t　　‎ 带to 的情态动词 带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to (=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：‎ Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?‎ She didn’t use to play tennis before she was fourteen.‎ You ought not to have told her all about it.‎ Ought he to see a heart specialist at once?‎ ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。 　　‎ 题四：‎ Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.‎ A. have told　 B. tell C. be telling D. having told 比较need和dare ‎　　这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need ‎ 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。‎ 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）‎ need + n. / to do sth 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。‎ Need you go yet?‎ Yes, I must. / No, I needn’t.‎ need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth 后面接doing也可以表示被动：‎ need doing = need to be done 虚拟语气 语气的定义和种类 语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。‎ 语气的种类：‎ ‎(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。We are not ready. 我们没准备好。‎ What a fine day it is! 多好的天气啊!‎ ‎(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。‎ Open the door, please。请打开门。‎ ‎(3)虚拟语气:‎ ‎ 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。‎ If I were you, I should study English.‎ 如果我是你，我就学英语了。‎ May you succeed! 祝您成功！‎ If条件句的虚拟 ‎ ‎ 从 句 主 句 与现在事实相反 动词的过去式 ‎（be的过去式一般用were）‎ would/should/could/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 动词过去式，‎ should + 动词原形，‎ were to + 动词原形 would/should/could/might + 动词原形 第一层次：（基础）‎ ‎1) If S + were/did, S + would/should/could/might do ‎ ‎ (对现在的虚拟)‎ ‎2) If S + had done, S + would/could/should/might have done (对过去的虚拟)‎ ‎3) If S + were/did，S + would/should/could/might do (对将来的虚拟)‎ should do ‎ were to do 第二层次：‎ 如果If 省略的话，发生倒装现象：‎ ‎1) If I were you, I would go there.‎ ‎—Were I you, I would go there.‎ ‎2) If I had walked fast, I would have caught up with Tom.‎ ‎—Had I walked fast, I would have caught up with Tom.‎ ‎3) If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there.‎ ‎—Were it to rain tomorrow, I would not go there.‎ ‎4) If it should rain, I would not go there.‎ ‎—Should it rain, I would not go there.‎ 什么时候不能倒装呢？‎ ‎1) If I worked hard now, I would get good marks.‎ ‎—Worked I hard now, I would get good marks. ‎ ‎2) If I had enough money, I would give it to the Hope Project.(the poverty-stricken areas)‎ ‎—Had I enough money, I would give it to the Hope Project.‎ 开心自测讲解 题一： C 题二：D 题三：D 题四：D 情态动词 题一：B 题二：B 题三：1.C 2.A 3.B 题四：A ‎