2020届一轮复习人教版必修四Unit4学案设计（37页word版） 37页

‎2020届一轮复习人教版必修四Unit4学案设计 话题素材——语言与文化 好词 ‎1.communicatevi. 交际；交流 2.misunderstandvi. 误解；误会 ‎3.complicated adj. 复杂的 4.gesturen. 手势 ‎5.sensitiveadj. 敏感的 6.convey vt. 表达；传递 ‎7.facial_expression 面部表情 ‎8.express one's feelings 表达某人的感情 ‎9.tell the difference of 说出……的区别 ‎10.arouse_one's_dislike 引起某人的反感 第 77 页 共 77 页 ‎11.put sb. at ease 让某人放轻松 ‎12.body_language 肢体语言 ‎13.keep a distance of 保持……的距离 ‎14.shake_hands_with_sb. 与某人握手 ‎15.get sth. across to sb. 使某人理解某事 佳句 ‎1.It_goes_without_saying_that a smile can help us get_through difficult situations and find friends in a world full of strangers.‎ 毫无疑问，微笑能够帮助我们渡过难关，并帮助我们在一个充满陌生 人的世界里找到朋友。‎ ‎2.To_avoid_such_conflicts,_we should be kind to one another and “do_as_Romans_do”．‎ 为了避免这样的冲突，我们应彼此善待对方，并做到“入乡随俗”。‎ ‎3.Having_a_good_command_of_different_body_languages is of great use for us to communicate with foreigners more conveniently.‎ 掌握不同的肢体语言有助于我们更方便地与外国人交流。‎ ‎[精美语篇]‎ As we have more communication with foreigners, we should pay more attention to the differences in our body language.‎ As we see from the table, many differences exist between Chinese and American body language. For example, there are more touching gestures in China than in America. Women or girls in China often walk hand－in－hand, which is very rare in America. Also, Americans think it rude to put out one's tongue, while the Chinese often use this gesture when they are embarrassed. Furthermore, Chinese people will pat children on the head if they like them, while the Americans do so to offer encouragement or comfort.‎ In a word, only by fully understanding all the differences in body language can we expect to achieve proper communication.‎ 高频单词 ‎1．represent (vt.) 代表；象征→representative (adj.) 有代表性的 (n.) 代表；典型 ‎2．adult (n.) 成人；成年人 (adj.) 成人的；成熟的 ‎3．function (n.) 作用；功能；职能 (vi.) 起作用；运转 ‎4．ease (n.) 安逸；舒适 (vt.) 减轻(痛苦、忧虑)‎ ‎5．false (adj.) 错误的；假的 ‎6．rank (n.) 等级；军衔 ‎7．dash (vi.) 猛冲；突进 ‎8．approach (vt.&vi.) 接近；靠近；走近 (n.) 接近；方法；途径 ‎9．association (n.) 社团；联系；联想→associate (vt.) 把……联系起来 ‎10．curious (adj.) 好奇的→curiously (adv.) 好奇地→curiosity (n.) 好奇；好奇心 ‎11．defend (vt.) 保护；保卫→defence (n.) 防御；保卫→defensive(adj.)防御性的 ‎12．major (adj.) 主要的→majority (n.) 大多数；大部分 ‎13．misunderstand (vt.) 误解；误会→misunderstanding (n.) 误解；误会→misunderstood (过去式 ‎/过去分词)‎ ‎14．spoken (adj.) 口语的→unspoken (反义词) (adj.)未说出口的；非口语的 ‎15．truly (adv.) 真实地；真诚地；真正地→true (adj.) 真实的→truth (n.) 事实；真理 ‎16．statement (n.) 陈述；说明→state (vt.) 声明；陈述→state (n.) 状态；州；国家 ‎17．simply (adv.) 简单地；只→simple (adj.) 简单的；朴素的→simplify (vt.) 简化 ‎18．anger (n.) 怒气；怒火→angry (adj.) 生气的→angrily (adv.) 愤怒地；生气地 ‎19．greet(vi.&vt.) 迎接；问候→greeting (n.) 迎接；问候；招呼 ‎20．subjective (adj.) 主观的→subject (n.) 学科；主观事物→objective (反义词) (adj.) 客观的 ‎21．facial (adj.) 面部的→face (n.) 脸；面部 重点短语 ‎1．defend..._against 防御；保卫……以免受……‎ ‎2．be_likely_to 很可能……；有希望……‎ ‎3．in_general 总的来说；通常 ‎4．at_ease 舒适；快活；自由自在 ‎5．lose_face 丢脸 ‎6．turn_one's_back_to 背对 ‎7．in_defence 防御；保卫 ‎8．on_the_contrary 相反 ‎9．be_nervous_about 对……感到紧张 ‎10．in_most_cases 在大多数情况下 热点句型 ‎1．特殊疑问词＋插入语＋疑问句剩余部分？‎ What Do_you_think (你认为) is the purpose of language? (教材 P25)‎ ‎2．动词不定式作后置定语 The_first_person_to_arrive (第一个到达的人) was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. (教材 P26)‎ ‎3．not all...表示部分否定 Not_all_cultures_greet_each_other_the_same_way (各种文化背景下的人互致问候的方式不尽相同),‎ nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. (教材 P26)‎ ‎4.(sb./sth.) be likely to do sth.(某人或某物)可能做某事 However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are_more_likely_to_touch (很可能接触) them. (教材 P26)‎ 巩固训练 在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎1．I saw several young people enter the waiting area ________ (look) around curiously.‎ 答案：looking ‎2．These actions are not good or bad, ________ are simply ways ________ which cultures have developed.‎ 答案：but; in ‎3．When Darlene Coulon from France came ________ (dash) through the door, she recognized Tony Garcia's smiling face.‎ 答案：dashing ‎4．Yesterday, another student and I, ________ (represent) our university's student association went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students.‎ 答案：representing ‎5．She stepped back ________ (appear) surprised and put up her hands, as if ________ defence.‎ 答案：appearing; in ‎6．I stood for a minute ________ (watch) them and then went to greet them.‎ 答案：watching ‎7．Body language is one of ________ most powerful means of communication, often even more powerful than ________ (speak) language.‎ 答案：the; spoken ‎8．________ (nod) the head up and down ________ (use) for agreement almost worldwide.‎ 答案：Nodding; is used ‎9．In almost every culture ________ is not good to stand too close to someone of a ________ (high) rank.‎ 答案：it; higher ‎10．Standing at a little distance with open hands will show ________ I am willing to listen.‎ 答案：that ‎1 represent vt.代表；象征；表现；描写；描绘；声称 Yesterday, another student and I，representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students.(P26)‎ 昨天，我和另一个学生代表我们大学的学生会，到首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。‎ 归纳拓展 represent sb. as/to be... 宣称某人为……‎ represent sth. to sb. 向某人说明某事；向某人传达某事 represent oneself as/to be... 自称是……‎ representative adj. 典型的；有代表性的 n.代表 语境助记 ‎①[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]You might represent_each_letter with a number, for example. Let's number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26.‎ 你可以使用数字来代表每个字母，例如，让我们把字母表中的字母按顺序从 1 排到 26。‎ ‎②He was picked out from the whole class to_represent_them to the other school.‎ 他被挑选出来作为全班同学的代表，到另一所学校去。‎ ‎③He represented_himself_as/to_be an officer.‎ 他自称是一名军官。‎ ‎④The chairman represented the importance of the bill to the audience.‎ 主席向听众说明法案的重要性。‎ ‎⑤The association is sending representatives to the conference.‎ 该协会将派代表出席大会。‎ 易混辨析 represent 用来表示“代表某人/某个团体/政府等”、“某种标志代表……”、“某 物(书、雕塑等)表现的是……”和“把某人/物描绘成……”‎ on behalf of 只能用作状语，表示“代表/代替某人”‎ stand for 往往用来表示“(字母、数字、符号等)代表/象征……”‎ ‎⑥选词填空(represent/on behalf of/stand for)‎ a．He accepted the invitation on_behalf_of the whole class.‎ b．The letter A can stand_for several sounds in English.‎ c．He was chosen to represent our school at the meeting.‎ ‎2 curious adj.好奇的 Julie was curious to find out more, so after talking with her parents that evening, she booked a flight to South America.(P28)‎ 朱莉想了解更多，所以那晚与父母交谈之后订了去南美的航班。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)be curious about 对……感到好奇 Be curious to_do sth. 渴望做某事 ‎(2)curiosityn. 好奇心 out_of curiosity 出于好奇 meet/satisfy one's curiosity 满足某人的好奇心 with curiosity＝curiously 好奇地 语境助记 ‎①[2016·北京高考]In high school, I became curious_about the computer, and built my first website.‎ 在高中时，我对电脑感到好奇，并且建立了我的第一个网站。‎ ‎②I'm curious to_know what has happened to him.‎ 我想知道他发生了什么事。‎ ‎③The little boy, out_of_curiosity,_took the radio set apart.‎ 这个小男孩出于好奇把收音机给拆了。‎ ‎④It is good to be_curious_about the world around you because I think curiosity is the best teacher.‎ 对你周围的世界感到好奇是件好事，因为我认为好奇心是最好的老师。‎ ‎3 approach vt.& vi.接近；靠近；走近 n．接近；方法；途径 Tony approached Julia，touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek！(P26)‎ 托尼走近朱莉娅，摸了摸她的肩，并亲了一下她的脸颊！‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)at the approach of 在……快要来临的时候 an approach to (doing) sth. 做某事的方法 ‎(2)approach sth./sb. 接近，靠近某物/某人 with...approaching 随着……的临近 名师点睛 ‎(1)approach 表示“接近；靠近”时，为不可数名词；表示“处理、对待……的方法、途径”时，为可 数名词，其后常与 to 搭配。‎ ‎(2)表示“(做)事情的方法”的搭配有：‎ the approach to (doing) sth.‎ the way to do/of (doing) sth.‎ the means of (doing) sth.‎ the method of (doing) sth.‎ ‎(3)注意以下不同的介词搭配：with this method/in this way/by this means。‎ 语境助记 ① ‎[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]Approaching the vehicle, they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.‎ 他们靠近那辆车，看见一个妇女正努力从破损的窗户向外爬。‎ ‎②The time for graduation is_approaching.‎ 毕业的日子即将来临。‎ ‎③They took a more reasonable approach_to_teaching_their_children,_conveying to them how success at school could improve their lives.‎ 他们采取一种更合理的方法教育他们的孩子，向他们传达在学校成功是如何改善他们的生活的。‎ ‎④Many kinds of birds fly south at_the_approach_of winter.‎ 冬季来临之时，许多种鸟往南方飞。‎ ‎4 defend vt.保护；保卫 defence n．防御；保卫 She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence. ( P26)‎ 她后退了几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是在自卫。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)defend sb./sth. from/against sb./sth. 保护某人/某物免受某人/某物的伤害 defend oneself against sth. 为自己辩护 ‎(2)in defence(of...) 为了保卫(……)‎ in sb.'s/sth.'s defence 为某人/某物辩护；在某人/某物的保护下 语境助记 ‎①[2016·四川高考]They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.‎ 他们帮助身体对抗某种感染。‎ ‎②Their duty is to defend_the_country_against its enemies.‎ 他们的职责是保卫国家不受敌人的侵袭。‎ ‎③It is said that the murderer has employed a famous lawyer to_defend_himself.‎ 据说那个杀人犯聘请了一位著名的律师为他辩护。‎ ‎④All the people, men and women, young and old, were fighting against the flood in_defence_of their own homes.‎ 所有的人，无论男女老幼，都与洪水作斗争，保卫自己的家园。‎ 易混辨析 defend 着重指用武力抵御攻击和侵犯 protect 指采取一定措施，使用某些器具以保护人或物免遭损害，使用范 围广泛 guard 强调通过看守警戒，以确保安全 ‎⑤用 defend, protect, guard 的正确形式填空 a．The sergeant told Swift to guard the entrance to the building.‎ b．We must protect the children from harm.‎ c．We shall defend our country, whatever cost may be.‎ 过关演练 单句语法填空 在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎1．The customers relieved their ________ (angry) by smashing the display window.‎ 答案：anger 考查名词。anger“怒气；怒火”。‎ ‎2．One's ________ (face) expression may tell you some of his/her inner feelings.‎ 答案：facial 考查形容词。facial expression“面部表情”。‎ ‎3．At the class meeting, the students discussed some different approaches ________ the study ofEnglish.‎ 答案：to 考查 approach 的用法。approach 后接介词 to 表示“……的方法”。‎ ‎4．On seeing his mother, the boy looked at her ________ (curious), as if she were a complete stranger.‎ 答案：curiously 考查词形转换。修饰动词短语，应用副词形式。‎ ‎5．________ (misunderstand) by others when you do nothing wrong at all is quite a bad experience.‎ 答案：Being misunderstood 考查动名词短语的被动语态作主语。misunderstand 与逻辑主语之间为被动关系，且空格处作主语，故填 Being misunderstood。‎ ‎6．Tom's not ________ (greet) his friend when they met on the street ‎ made him very upset.‎ 答案：greeting 考查动名词的复合结构。分析句子结构可知，该空格应填动名词作主语。‎ ‎7．My sister is in Shandong University, ________ (major) in English literature.‎ 答案：majoring 考查现在分词作状语。major 与 my sister 之间为主动关系，故应用现在分词。‎ ‎8．It is my dearest hope that one day she will find the happiness she ________ (true) deserves.‎ 答案：truly 考查词性转换。修饰动词 deserve 应用副词，故填 truly。‎ ‎9．The exhibition was organized by the school in ________ (associate) with local artists.‎ 答案：association 考查名词。in association with... “与……联合”。‎ ‎10．The Chinese mainland has 157 billionaires in 2015, ________ (rank) second in the number of billionaires worldwide.‎ 答案：ranking 考查现在分词作状语。rank second“排名第二”。‎ ‎1 be likely to 很可能……；有希望……‎ However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them.(P26)‎ 不过，来自像西班牙、意大利或南美等国家的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且很可能(用身体)‎ 接触对方。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)sb./sth. be likely to_do sth. 某人/某物可能做某事 It is likely to do sth. 做某事是可能的。‎ It is likely that... 做……是可能的。(主语从句)‎ Not likely! 不可能！‎ ‎(2)unlikely adj. 不太可能的 语境助记 ① ‎[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you'll be less likely to_bring your work home.‎ 如果你在办公室之外发现了你喜欢做的事情，你就不大可能把工作带回家。‎ ‎②[2016·天津高考]People with start-up fatigue are most likely to_delay tasks.‎ 在开始阶段有疲惫感的人们很有可能会推迟任务。‎ ‎③You are likely to_suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.‎ ‎＝It_is_likely that you could suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.‎ 如果你继续吸烟，很有可能会健康状况不佳。‎ ‎④It's pretty unlikely that they'll turn up now—it's nearly ten o'clock.‎ 他们现在不大可能来了——都快 10 点了。‎ 易混辨析 likely 指从外表、迹象上进行判断有可能 发生。既可以用人也可以用物作主语 It is likely that...或 sb./sth. is likelyto...‎ possible 指客观上有可能，但往往含有希望 很小的意味。不能用人作主语 It is possible (for sb.) to do sth.或 It is possible that...‎ probable probable 的可能性比 possible 大，‎ 表示“很可能，十有八九”。也不能 以人作主语 It's probable that...不能用 It's probable for sb. to do 这一结构 ‎2 in general 总的来说；通常 In general，though，studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads！(P26)‎ 但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能够帮助我们避免交往中的困难！‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)general knowledge 常识 as a general rule 一般而言；通常 ‎(2)generally adv. 一般地；通常地 generally speaking 通常来说；总的来说(在句中作插入语)‎ ‎(3)on the whole 总的来说＝in a word＝in short＝in brief＝all in all＝in general 语境助记 ‎①[2016·四川高考]In_general,_they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.‎ 总的来说，她们会比男性多活六、七年。‎ ‎②Generally speaking, parents care more about their children's health than about their own.‎ 一般来说，父母关心孩子的健康胜过关心自己的健康。‎ ‎③As a general rule, the more expensive the computer is, the better it is.‎ 一般来说，电脑越贵越好。‎ ‎3 lose face 丢脸；失面子 There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone“loses face” and smiles to hide it.(P30)‎ 还有不愉快的微笑，比如说当某人“丢脸”时，他们用微笑来掩盖。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)save one's face 挽回面子 make a face 做个鬼脸 ‎(2)be faced with 面对 ‎(3)face_to_face 面对面 in (the) face of 面对(问题、困难、危险等)‎ 语境助记 ‎①You'd better make great efforts to achieve it, otherwise you will lose_face.‎ 你最好全力以赴去实现它，否则你会颜面尽失的。‎ ‎②I've never met her face_to_face. We've only talked on the phone.‎ 我从来没有和她见过面。我们只在电话中交谈过。‎ ‎③[2016·天津高考]We should not lose heart in_face_of_difficulties. If we work hard, we will find a way out.‎ 在面对困难之时，我们不应该泄气，如果我们继续努力，我们就会找到出路。‎ ‎④Rather than admit failure, Frank made_a_face in order to save_his_face.‎ 弗兰克为了保全面子，没有承认失败，而是做了个鬼脸。‎ ‎⑤Faced_with_difficulties,_we never give up but try our best to find a way out.‎ 面对困难时，我们从不放弃而是努力寻找出路。‎ ‎4 at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在 The most universal facial expression is, of course, the smile—its function is to show happiness and put people at ease.(P30)‎ 微笑当然是最通用的面部表情，它的作用是表达快乐和安人心境。‎ 归纳拓展 ‎(1)with ease 轻易地；毫不费力地 feel/look at ease 感到/看上去心情放松 put sb. at ease 使某人放松 take one's ease 休息；轻松一下 ‎(2)ease sb. of sth.减轻某人的(痛苦、负担等)‎ 语境助记 ‎①He didn't feel completely at_ease in the strange surroundings.‎ 他在陌生的环境中感到不那么自在。‎ ‎②When you feel nervous, you'd better listen to some light music to_put_yourself_at_ease.‎ 当你感到紧张时，你最好听些轻音乐使自己放松下来。‎ ‎③He passed the exam with_ease.‎ 他轻而易举地通过了考试。‎ ‎④The medicine eased_him_of the pain.‎ 这药减轻了他的疼痛。‎ 过关演练 选词填空 in general； be likely to； turn one's back to； be curious about； at ease； lose face； function as；defend against； as well as； as if ‎1．In order not to ________， he spent the whole night preparing for the speech of the next day.‎ 答案：lose face ‎2．________the things that we don't know, we often explore to satisfy our curiosity.‎ 答案：Curious about ‎3．I didn't see his face clearly because he ________ me.‎ 答案：turned his back to ‎4．At the conference, political leaders from many countries promised to work together ________ the world ________ terrorism and other threats.‎ 答案：to defend; against ‎5．The library ________ a temporary hospital now to cope with people injured in the earthquake.‎ 答案：is functioning as ‎6．When the door was opened suddenly, the boy covered his head with his hands ________ in defence.‎ 答案：as if ‎7．Look, dark clouds are gathering in the sky; it ________ rain later on.‎ 答案：is likely to ‎8．________ her work has been good, but this essay is dreadful.‎ 答案：In general ‎9．The pencil-box on the desk ________ the bookmarks belongs to my little sister.‎ 答案：as well as ‎10．With our work finished, we felt more ________ than three days ago.‎ 答案：at ease The first person to_arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.(P26)‎ 第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱丽娅·史密斯。‎ 归纳拓展 to arrive 是不定式作后置定语。‎ ‎(1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级，next, only, last 等限定时，常用不定式作后置 定语。‎ ‎(2)动词不定式作定语常用来修饰抽象名词，常见的有：ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety,‎ answer, attempt, way 等。‎ ‎(3)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、‎ 工具，不定式后面须加相应的介词。‎ 语境助记 ‎①[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to_win the Nobel Peace Prize.‎ 在 1931 年，亚当斯成为美国第一位获得诺贝尔和平奖的女士。‎ ‎②Zhang Mengxue was the first Chinese athlete to_win the gold medal in the 31th Olympic Games.‎ 张梦雪是在第 31 届奥运会上第一位获得金牌的中国运动员。‎ ‎③[2016·北京高考]This affects their nervous systems and ability to_produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death.‎ 这影响了它们的神经系统和繁殖能力，还会导致肾衰竭和死亡。‎ ‎④The ability to_express an idea is as important as the idea itself.‎ 表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。‎ ‎⑤Mr Li bought a comfortable flat to_live_in.‎ 李先生买了一套舒适的公寓住。‎ 过关演练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎1．Do you have the ability ________ (read) and write in English?‎ 答案：to read 考查不定式作定语，修饰抽象名词的用法。句意：你具备用英语读、写的能力吗？‎ ‎2．With so many destinations ________ (choose) from, you are bound to have a good time in your vacation.‎ 答案：to choose 考查 with 的复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)。句意：有这么多的目的地可以选择，你在假期一定会玩得很开心。‎ ‎3．There is no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts ________ (contact) you failed.‎ 答案：to contact 考查不定式作定语修饰抽象名词的用法。句意：那个遥远的村庄没有任何标识，我试图联系你的所有努力都失败了。‎ ‎4．Bill wasn't happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and ________ was I.‎ 答案：neither/nor 考查“neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”结构，表示与上文所提到的情况相同，用于上文是否定意义的情况。‎ ‎5．There's a note pinned to the door ________ (say) when the shop will open again.‎ 答案：saying 考查现在分词作定语。句意：门上用大头针钉着一份通知，告诉人们商店何时再开门。a note 与 say 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式作定语。‎ Ⅱ.完成句子 ‎1．[2016·四川高考]In fact, women are less ________________ high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks.‎ 事实上，妇女们得高血压或死于心脏病的可能性不大。‎ 答案：likely to have ‎2．______________________________， for it is quite hard for some of them.‎ 并不是所有人都愿意做这样的工作，因为它对于有些人来说太难了。‎ 答案：Not all people are willing to do such work ‎3．Wang Yaping has become __________________________ in space.‎ 王亚平已成为第二个在太空工作的中国女宇航员。‎ 答案：the second Chinese astronaut to work 动词-ing 形式作定语和状语 动词的-ing 形式作定语 ‎1. 表示名词的属性、作用或用途。‎ There is a swimming pool in our school.‎ ‎2. 表示所修饰的名词的动作或状态，相当于一个定语从句。‎ The boy studying in the classroom is our monitor.‎ ‎(＝The boy who is studying in the classroom is our monitor.)‎ ‎3. 当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语作定语，则放在该名词后。‎ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.‎ They lived in a house facing south.‎ 动词的-ing 形式作状语 动词的-ing 形式在句中作状语，修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、‎ 结果、让步或伴随情况等。‎ Turning around, I saw a car driving up.‎ Not knowing his telephone number, I couldn't get in touch with him.‎ Working hard, you'll make great progress.‎ The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.‎ He came running back to tell me the news.‎ 过关演练 单句语法填空 用括号内单词的正确形式填空。‎ ‎1．[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]It improved her ________ (live) conditions.‎ 答案：living 考查现在分词作定语。living conditions“生活条件”。‎ ‎2．When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground,‎ ‎________ (wonder) whether to stay or leave.‎ 答案：wondering 考查现在分词作伴随状语。句意：当那位职员看到了一张善良、满是皱纹又带着歉意的微笑的脸时，她呆呆地站在那里，考虑着是走还是留。she 与 wonder 之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。‎ ‎3．________ (work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.‎ 答案：Having worked 考查分词的完成式作状语。主语 Steve 与 work 之间为主动关系，且 work先于主句谓语动词发生。‎ ‎4．Today there are more airplanes ________ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies.‎ 答案：carrying 考查现在分词作定语。句意：和过去相比，现在空中的飞机更多了，载客量也更大了。airplanes 与 carry 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。‎ ‎5．Last night, there were millions of people ________ (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.‎ 答案：watching 考查现在分词作定语。句意：昨天晚上，有数百万人在电视上观看开幕式的实况报道。people 与 watch 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式作定语。‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解(建议用时 16′)‎ A ‎[2017·湖南岳阳阶段考试]Very mobile ears help many animals direct their attention to the rustle of a possible attackerW1. Researchers say these mobile ears have become a useful communication tool. Their studies of animal behaviour build up a picture of how communication and social skills developed. “We're interested in how they communicate，” said lead researcher Jennifer Wathan. “And being sensitive to what another individual is thinking is a fundamentalW2 skill from which other more complex skills develop.” Ms Wathan and her colleague Prof Karen McComb set up a behavioural experiment where individual horses had to use visual clues from another horse in order to choose where to feed. They led each horse to a point where it had to select one of two buckets. On a wall behind this Decision-making spot was a life-sized photograph of a horse's head facing either to left or right. In some of the trialsW3， the horses' ears or eyes were covered.‎ If the ears and eyes of the horse in the picture were visibleW4， the horses being tested would choose the bucket towards which its gaze and its ears were directed. If the horse in the picture had either its eyes or its ‎ ears covered, the horse being tested would just choose a feed bucket at random. Like many mammals that are hunted by predators (捕食者), horses can rotate (旋转) their ears through halmost 180 degrees—but Ms Wathan said that in our “humancentric” view of the world, we had overlookedW5 the importance of these very mobile ears in animal communication. “It seems there's something in the visual clues—from both the eyes and the ears—that are really important，” she told BBC News. “Horses have quite rich social lives and relationships with other horses, so they're a good species to look at this in.” And the more we look at communication across different species, the more we can consider what might have promoted the evolution of sophisticated communication and social skills.‎ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，通过研究动物的交流方式，研究人员们发现耳朵也是动物的一种交流工具。‎ ‎1．Why does a horse rotate its ears?‎ A．To tell each other where they can go for the buckets.‎ B．To be curious about what the other horse is thinking.‎ C．To warn the other horse when an attacker is coming closer.‎ D．To express its hope to build up social relations with others.‎ 答案：C 细节理解题。根据文章首句可知，马儿转动耳朵的目的是警告另外的马儿，有攻击者正在靠近。‎ ‎2．Why did the researchers use the life-sized photograph of a horse in the ‎ experiment?‎ A．To help develop horses' complex skills.‎ B．To lead other horses to feed themselves.‎ C．To make the horses in the experiment excited.‎ D．To provide clues for the horses in the experiment.‎ 答案：D 推理判断题。由第 3、4 段可知，利用马的图片是为其他的马提供信息交流线索的。‎ ‎3．Why are ears and eyes important to horses?‎ A．They can find the feeding buckets more easily with ears and eyes.‎ B．With ears and eyes they can escape from dangers more easily.‎ C．With ears and eyes they can communicate with other horses.‎ D．Horses have quite rich social lives with ears and eyes.‎ 答案：C 细节理解题。由末段前两句可知，马是一种善于交际的动物，马耳朵和眼睛是马保持高度警觉并有效沟通的工具。‎ ‎4．What can be the best title of the passage?‎ A．Rotary Ears Serve as Communication Tools B．Horses Have More Social Skills than Other Species C．Experiments with Horses' Ears D．Fundamental Skills of Horses 答案：A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了能旋转的马耳朵是马的一种交流工具的研究结果，因此选 A 项。‎ W重点单词 ‎1．attacker n. 攻击者；袭击者；进攻者 ‎2．fundamental adj. 基本的 ‎3．trial n. 试验 ‎4．visible adj. 看得见的；可见的 ‎5．overlook vt. 忽略；未注意到；远眺 P重点短语 ‎1．build up 创建；开发；增强；加强 ‎2．at random 随意地；任意地 B Everyone “talks” with their hands at least sometimes. Some people's handtalking or gesturing matchesW1 their messages well. Other people like to make overly large gestures that can be confusing. And still others don't use their hands much at all. No matter which camp you fall into, it's important to pay attention to your hand gestures while you are communicating. And also remember that hand gestures can have cultural meanings. A few years ago, I was a speaker at a conference in Lisbon, Portugal. It was my first time in Portugal, and I became instantly fond of the special custard pastries(油酥点心) that Lisbon and Portugal are known for. One morning I went into a bakery and ordered two of the pastries. I did so by holding up two fingers, similar to the “victory” or “peace” gesture in the United States. The person behind the counter proceeded to put three pastries in a box. I later learned that the gesture ‎ for two would have been to raise my thumb and index finger. Even though my thumb wasn't showing, the person behind the counter thought I was signaling for three. I was lucky that I didn't get into more trouble than an extra pastry. Many hand gestures are not universal. Before speaking in a country that you are not familiarwithP2， do some research to find out which gestures in your presentationW5 might be misunderstood, not understood at all, or rude.‎ 篇章导读：本文作者通过叙述自己在葡萄牙的经历，向读者说明，在不同的文化中相同的手势表 示的含义不同，因而每当到了一个不熟悉的国家时，有必要弄清手势表达的意义，以免被误解。‎ ‎5．Why did the author go to Lisbon, Portugal?‎ A．To taste custard pastries.‎ B．To take a holiday.‎ C．To attend a meeting.‎ D．To learn Portuguese culture.‎ 答案：C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句可知，作者到葡萄牙的首都里斯本是为了去参加会议。‎ ‎6．Which was the gesture the author made in the bakery?‎ 答案：B 细节理解题。根据第二段第四句可知，作者在面包店里所做的手势是伸出两根指头(holding up two fingers)，类似表示胜利或和平的手势。故选 B。‎ ‎7．What do we know from the author's experience?‎ A．One should be careful when ordering food in Portugal.‎ B．Hand gestures may have different meanings in different cultures.‎ C．The person behind the counter understood the author's gesture.‎ D．The person behind the counter cheated the author.‎ 答案：B 推理判断题。作者通过自己在葡萄牙的面包店买点心的经历告诉我们，同一手势在不同的文化中表示的含义不同。‎ W重点单词 ‎1．match vt. 与……匹配 2.conference n. 会议 ‎3．counter n. 柜台 4.universal adj. 广泛适用的 ‎5．presentation n. 展示；出示 P重点短语 ‎1．proceed to 继续下去；进入……‎ ‎2．be familiar with 对……熟悉 Ⅱ.七选五(建议用时 7′)‎ 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。‎ ‎[2017·株洲检测]Here's what you need to know about the various growth on your head.‎ Brush 100 times a day for healthier hair. Myth(传言)．‎ This is now known to risk damaging your hair. Brushing pulls out hair that isn't ready to fall out.__1__. So brush gently for styling only.‎ Being stressed can make your hair fall out. Fact. Severe stress can have a negative impact on your hair. All hair follicles(头发毛囊) normally undergo periodic “rest” periods. __2__， and make the hair fall out in the three months following the stressful event. Normally hair growth restores naturally, but it's important to deal with stress and seek medical advice to rule out underlying illness.‎ Hair can turn white with fright. ‎ Myth. You can't lose pigment(色素) in your hair because hair is dead when it leaves the head. __3__，however. In rare cases this can attack only pigmented hairs, leaving gray and white hair behind.‎ ‎__4__. Fact.‎ When it's cold, Blood is transmitted to internal organs to maintain body temperature, which Decreases blood flow to the head. In warm weather, increased circulation to the skin benefits follicle activity and increases the rate of hair growth. Cutting hair by the moon speeds its growth. Myth.‎ Some people believe that cutting hair under a waxing moon (上弦月) promotes growth. However, the universally-recognized fact is __5__ at any time.‎ A．Brushing your hair often is recommended B．A severe shock could cause hair to drop out C．hair does not grow back more strongly after it's cut D．Always being angry will cause your hair to fall down E．Sudden stress can cause them to enter this resting phase F．Hair grows faster in the summer G．It often breaks healthy hairs 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲解了几种让头发增长的方法。‎ ‎1．G 由上下文推断可知，梳头发可能会损害健康的头发，使头发脱落，所以要轻柔地梳头发。‎ 故选 G。‎ ‎2．E 根据“Severe stress can have a negative impact on your hair.”可知，压力对头发有不利影响；以及后文提到压力会使头发脱落，故此处说明压力会使头发进入休眠期，符合语境。故选 E。‎ ‎3．B 由“Hair can turn white with fright”以及下文可知，惊吓会让头发变白属于传言，但是头发在离开头后色素不会丢失，所以此处应该和“惊吓”有关。故选 B。‎ ‎4．F 根据“In warm weather, increased circulation to the skin benefits follicle activity and increases therate of hair growth.”可知，在温暖的天气中，增加了对皮肤有益的卵泡活性的循环，所以增加了头发的增长速度。故选 F。‎ ‎5．C 前文提到有些人认为在上弦月下剪头发可以促进头发增长，由 However 可知，此处表示转 折，说明头发在剪过之后不会像之前那么粗硬，符合语境。故选 C。‎ Ⅲ.语法填空(建议用时 8′)‎ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎[2017·邯郸摸底考试]Why send a greeting card when you can send a potato? That's the reason behind one e-commerce site, which mails actual __1__ (potato) with personalized messages from their customers for $8 to $10. PotatoParcel.com offers customers the chance __2__ (make) a friend laugh or lighten the mood. The company __3__ (usual) offers their product in two sizes. For example, a “medium” potato, __4__can fit 100 characters, is first picked by the senders. And then the company writes their note directly on the potato skin __5__ a special pen. After that the potato __6__ (mail) to the receiver in a “tiny envelope” from the company in Texas. There's no cash __7__ (include) inside—it is just __8__ actual potato with black writing. Past potato receivers have shared pictures of __9__ own experiences with others on social media.“The __10__ (good) thing I've received in the mail！” wrote one young woman, who got a potato from her boyfriend.‎ ‎1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________‎ ‎5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________‎ ‎9．________ 10.________‎ 篇章导读：本文讲述的是一种新型的问候方式，在土豆上留言，并通过电子途径发给收件人。‎ ‎1．potatoes 考查名词。根据空格前为形容词，后为介词可知，此处 填名词复数形式(注意变化规则)。‎ ‎2．to make 考查非谓语动词。the chance to do sth.“做某事的机会”，此处为不定式作定语。‎ ‎3．usually 考查词性转换。修饰动词应用副词。‎ ‎4．which 考查非限制性定语从句。从句中缺少主语且指物，故用关系代词 which。‎ ‎5．with 考查介词。此处后面为名词，且无提示词，通常为介词，结合语义可知填 with，表示凭借某种工具，意为“用……”。‎ ‎6．is mailed 考查动词的时态和语态。mail 与 potato 之间为被动关系，且全文用一般现在时，故填 is mailed。‎ ‎7．included 考查非谓语动词。include 与 cash 之间为被动关系，且位于名词之后，故填 included。‎ ‎8．an 考查冠词。空格前为系动词，空格后为“形容词＋名词”，故此处为冠词，表示泛指，且actual 的始发音为元音。故填 an。‎ ‎9．their 考查代词。of one's own 意为“某人自己的”，结合句子主语，可知填 their。‎ ‎10．best 考查形容词的最高级。空前为 the，结合句意可知，此处表示收到的“最好的”东西。‎ Ⅳ.书面表达(建议用时 20′)‎ ‎[2017·皖南八校联考一]假设你是 Abby，是学校英文报社“知心学长”栏目主编。一位叫 Sophia 的学妹来信反映自己有“拖延”的坏习惯。‎ 即使她有很多如做作业、弹琴等重要的事要做，也总是不由自 主地把时间花在看电视、玩手机等琐事上，为此她非常苦恼。请用英文给她回信，提一些建议。内容包括：1.拖延的本质；‎ ‎2.改正的建议。‎ 注意：1.词数 100 左右；‎ ‎2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；‎ ‎3.文章的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。‎ 参考词汇：procrastination n．拖延，耽搁 Dear Sophia，‎ I am glad to hear from you.‎ In a word, don't spoil yourself. Although you have a long way to go, the first step is very essential.‎ Good luck!‎ Yours，‎ Abby ‎[标准范文]‎ Dear_Sophia，‎ I_am_glad_to_hear_from_you. To be honest, I sometimes have the same experience as you. But you have to know that procrastination is the thief of time. The following advice may help you overcome it soon.‎ The most effective means to solve the problem is that you can make a “to do” list. For example, you can write “Finish homework before Saturday ‎ night” on your plan. If you manage to finish it, you can reward yourself. Otherwise, punish yourself. What's more, you can find a person to remind you to finish work at any time. Then you can arrange your most important work at efficient times, like 8－10 o'clock. Different people base different efficient times. But it doesn't matter what time it is. Just don't waste time, following the schedule strictly. Last but not the least, do it now, just from now.‎ In_a_word,_don't_spoil_yourself._Although_you_have_a_long_way_to_go,_the_first_step_is_very_es sential._ Good_luck!‎