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河北专版2020中考英语复习方案第二篇语法专题突破专题14构词法课件冀教版

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专题 (十四) 构词法 第二篇 语法专题突破 考点一 派生法   英语构词法中在词根前面或后面加词缀 , 从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀 , 加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。 前缀 含义 例词 un- 不 happy → unhappy( 不高兴的 ) friendly → unfriendly( 不友好的 ) usual → unusual( 不寻常的 ) able → unable( 不能的 ) popular → unpopular( 不流行的 ) in- 不 active → inactive( 不积极的 ) correct → incorrect( 不正确的 ) expensive → inexpensive( 不贵的 ) 1. 前缀 (1) 表否定意义的前缀 前缀 含义 例词 im- 不 polite → impolite( 不礼貌的 ) patient → impatient( 没有耐心的 ) possible → impossible( 不可能的 ) dis- 不 like → dislike( 不喜欢 ) appear → disappear( 消失 ) agree → disagree( 不同意 ) non- 不 ; 非 smoker → non-smoker( 非吸烟者 ) human → non-human( 非人类的 ) native → non-native( 非母语的 ; 非 本地 的 ) 前缀 含义 例词 mis-  错误 ;  失误 understand → misunderstand( 误解 ) lead → mislead( 误导 ) behavior → misbehavior( 行为不端 ) re-  又 ; 再 ;  重新 view → review( 复习 )   write → rewrite( 重写 ) inter- 相互 ; 交 互在一起 net → Internet( 互联网 ) national → international( 国际的 ) connect → interconnect( 相互关联 ) ( 2 )其他 前缀 含义 例词 tele- 远 phone → telephone( 电话 )   vision → television( 电视 ) en- 使可能 rich → enrich( 使丰富 )   able → enable( 使能够 ) a- 使处于…… 情况 live → alive( 活着的 ) wake → awake( 醒着的 ) sleep → asleep( 睡着的 ) 形式 后缀 例词 形容词→ 副词 +-ly wide → widely   quiet → quietly   sad → sadly   slow → slowly  以“辅音字母 +y ”结尾的形容词 , 变 y 为 i, 再加 -ly happy → happily angry → angrily  以“辅音字母 +le ”结尾的形容词 , 去掉 e, 再加 -y simple → simply   terrible → terribly  少数以 e 结尾的形容词 , 要去掉 e, 再加 -ly true → truly 2. 后缀 形式 后缀 例词 名 词→ 形容 词 +-y rain → rainy   health → healthy wealth → wealthy   luck → lucky +-ly week → weekly   love → lovely   friend → friendly +-ous danger → dangerous +-ful care → careful   use → useful help → helpful +-less use → useless   help → helpless   care → careless +-ern west → western   south → southern +-en gold → golden   wood → wooden 形式 后缀 例词 名 词→ 形容 词 +-al nation → national 其他 China → Chinese France → French America → American Canada → Canadian Asia → Asian centre → central 动 词→ 形容 词 +-ed disappoint → disappointed interest → interested +-ing follow → following   interest → interesting +-tive act → active   create → creative +-able enjoy → enjoyable comfort → comfortable suit → suitable 形式 后缀 例词 形容 词→ 名 词 +-ness ill → illness   sad → sadness   kind → kindness +-y difficult → difficulty +-ity able → ability   possible → possibility +-ce( 以 t 结尾的形容词去 t, 再加 -ce) important → importance   silent → silence different → difference 动 词→ 名 词 +-er teach → teacher   win → winner work → worker +-or act → actor   visit → visitor   direct → director +-ion invite → invitation   decide → decision 形式 后缀 例词 动 词→ 名 词 +-ment develop → development   move → movement +-ing fish → fishing   read → reading   hear → hearing +-ist art → artist   piano → pianist   tour → tourist   science → scientist 其他 serve( v. ) → service( n . ) courage( n . ) → encourage( v. ) hot( adj. ) → heat( n . ) safe( adj . ) → safety( n. ) high( adj. ) → height( n. ) → highly( adv . ) 考点二  合成法 英语中由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词 , 这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下 :  (1) 合成名词  classroom( 名词 + 名词 ) blackboard( 形容词 + 名词 ) (2) 合成形容词 worldwide( 名词 + 形容词 ) good-looking( 形容词 + 现在分词 ) (3) 合成动词  overcome( 副词 + 动词 ) (4) 合成数词  fifty-four( 数词 + 数词 ) (5) 合成代词  everybody, somebody, anything( 代词 + 名词 ) (6) 合成副词 downstairs( 副词 + 名词 ) whole-heartedly( 形容词 + 副词 ) (7) 合成介词 inside( 介词 + 名词 )   within( 介词 + 介词 )   into( 介词 + 介词 ) 考点三   转化法 英语中把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性 , 这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式有 : 名词→动词 , 形容词→动词 , 动词→名词。 (1) 名词→动词 show( n. 展览 ; 展示 ) → show( v. 表演 ; 展出 ) water( n. 水 ) → water( v. 浇水 ) speed( n. 速度 ) → speed( v. 加速 ) (2) 形容词→动词 slow( adj. 慢的 ) → slow( v. 放慢 ) (3) 动词→名词 walk( v. 散步 ; 走 ) → walk( n. 散步 ) look( v. 看 ) → look( n. 看 ) talk( v. 谈话 ) → talk( n. 谈话 ) rest( v. 休息 ) → rest( n. 休息 ) break( v. 打破 ) → break( n. 休息 ) 对接中考专练 用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Emily's mother didn't allow her to watch her favourite programme Running Man and it made her       (happy).  2. I'm glad to hear that my favourite       (sing) has come to our city.  3. Are your parents in       (agree) that you can deal with it by yourself?  4. This dress is       (expensive). It will not cost you much.  5. It's       (possible) to separate Diaoyu Islands from China. unhappy singer agreement inexpensive impossible 对接中考专练 6. I bought the computer       (simple) because it was cheap.   7. The Bruce family had to give up camping in the Purple Mountain on such a      (fog) day.  8. If you do       (care) in the test, you won't get high marks.  9. We shall never make such an important       (decide) without much thought.    10. Not all       (wealth) people have to wear expensive clothes and not all clever people have to wear glasses.  simply foggy carelessly decision wealthy 对接中考专练 11. For your      (safe), smoking is not allowed during the whole flight.   12. Blue is a       (peace) colour. People often feel quiet in blue rooms. 13. As a guide, I must pay attention to all the       (tour) safety during their trip. 14. Easton LaChappelle, a 19-year-old       (invent), built an arm by developing most of the parts through a 3-D printer.   15. Stephen Hawking is widely considered as one of the greatest _____________(science) in the world.   safety peaceful tourists' inventor scientists 对接中考专练 16. I didn't sleep well and stayed      (wake) until the early morning. 17. Have you ever heard of the famous saying “       (silent) is golden ” ? 18. — What is the       (high) of that mountain?  — About 3,300 metres tall. 19. In some cities in the      (north) part of China, the air pollution is very serious.    20. In some cities in the       (north) part of China, the air pollution is very serious.  awake Silence height northern surprising