河北专版2020中考英语复习方案第二篇语法专题突破专题14构词法课件冀教版 19页

专题 （十四） 构词法 第二篇　语法专题突破 考点一　派生法 　　英语构词法中在词根前面或后面加词缀 , 从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀 , 加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。 前缀 含义 例词 un- 不 happy → unhappy( 不高兴的 ) friendly → unfriendly( 不友好的 ) usual → unusual( 不寻常的 ) able → unable( 不能的 ) popular → unpopular( 不流行的 ) in- 不 active → inactive( 不积极的 ) correct → incorrect( 不正确的 ) expensive → inexpensive( 不贵的 ) 1. 前缀 (1) 表否定意义的前缀 前缀 含义 例词 im- 不 polite → impolite( 不礼貌的 ) patient → impatient( 没有耐心的 ) possible → impossible( 不可能的 ) dis- 不 like → dislike( 不喜欢 ) appear → disappear( 消失 ) agree → disagree( 不同意 ) non- 不 ; 非 smoker → non-smoker( 非吸烟者 ) human → non-human( 非人类的 ) native → non-native( 非母语的 ; 非 本地 的 ) 前缀 含义 例词 mis- 　错误 ; 　失误 understand → misunderstand( 误解 ) lead → mislead( 误导 ) behavior → misbehavior( 行为不端 ) re- 　又 ; 再 ; 　重新 view → review( 复习 ) 　 write → rewrite( 重写 ) inter- 相互 ; 交 互在一起 net → Internet( 互联网 ) national → international( 国际的 ) connect → interconnect( 相互关联 ) （ 2 ）其他 前缀 含义 例词 tele- 远 phone → telephone( 电话 ) 　 vision → television( 电视 ) en- 使可能 rich → enrich( 使丰富 ) 　 able → enable( 使能够 ) a- 使处于…… 情况 live → alive( 活着的 ) wake → awake( 醒着的 ) sleep → asleep( 睡着的 ) 形式 后缀 例词 形容词→ 副词 +-ly wide → widely 　 quiet → quietly 　 sad → sadly 　 slow → slowly 　以“辅音字母 +y ”结尾的形容词 , 变 y 为 i, 再加 -ly happy → happily angry → angrily 　以“辅音字母 +le ”结尾的形容词 , 去掉 e, 再加 -y simple → simply 　 terrible → terribly 　少数以 e 结尾的形容词 , 要去掉 e, 再加 -ly true → truly 2. 后缀 形式 后缀 例词 名 词→ 形容 词 +-y rain → rainy 　 health → healthy wealth → wealthy 　 luck → lucky +-ly week → weekly 　 love → lovely 　 friend → friendly +-ous danger → dangerous +-ful care → careful 　 use → useful help → helpful +-less use → useless 　 help → helpless 　 care → careless +-ern west → western 　 south → southern +-en gold → golden 　 wood → wooden 形式 后缀 例词 名 词→ 形容 词 +-al nation → national 其他 China → Chinese France → French America → American Canada → Canadian Asia → Asian centre → central 动 词→ 形容 词 +-ed disappoint → disappointed interest → interested +-ing follow → following 　 interest → interesting +-tive act → active 　 create → creative +-able enjoy → enjoyable comfort → comfortable suit → suitable 形式 后缀 例词 形容 词→ 名 词 +-ness ill → illness 　 sad → sadness 　 kind → kindness +-y difficult → difficulty +-ity able → ability 　 possible → possibility +-ce( 以 t 结尾的形容词去 t, 再加 -ce) important → importance 　 silent → silence different → difference 动 词→ 名 词 +-er teach → teacher 　 win → winner work → worker +-or act → actor 　 visit → visitor 　 direct → director +-ion invite → invitation 　 decide → decision 形式 后缀 例词 动 词→ 名 词 +-ment develop → development 　 move → movement +-ing fish → fishing 　 read → reading 　 hear → hearing +-ist art → artist 　 piano → pianist 　 tour → tourist 　 science → scientist 其他 serve( v. ) → service( n . ) courage( n . ) → encourage( v. ) hot( adj. ) → heat( n . ) safe( adj . ) → safety( n. ) high( adj. ) → height( n. ) → highly( adv . ) 考点二　 合成法 英语中由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词 , 这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下 :  (1) 合成名词　 classroom( 名词 + 名词 ) blackboard( 形容词 + 名词 ) (2) 合成形容词 worldwide( 名词 + 形容词 ) good-looking( 形容词 + 现在分词 ) (3) 合成动词　 overcome( 副词 + 动词 ) (4) 合成数词　 fifty-four( 数词 + 数词 ) (5) 合成代词　 everybody, somebody, anything( 代词 + 名词 ) (6) 合成副词 downstairs( 副词 + 名词 ) whole-heartedly( 形容词 + 副词 ) (7) 合成介词 inside( 介词 + 名词 ) 　 within( 介词 + 介词 ) 　 into( 介词 + 介词 ) 考点三 　 转化法 英语中把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性 , 这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式有 : 名词→动词 , 形容词→动词 , 动词→名词。 (1) 名词→动词 show( n. 展览 ; 展示 ) → show( v. 表演 ; 展出 ) water( n. 水 ) → water( v. 浇水 ) speed( n. 速度 ) → speed( v. 加速 ) (2) 形容词→动词 slow( adj. 慢的 ) → slow( v. 放慢 ) (3) 动词→名词 walk( v. 散步 ; 走 ) → walk( n. 散步 ) look( v. 看 ) → look( n. 看 ) talk( v. 谈话 ) → talk( n. 谈话 ) rest( v. 休息 ) → rest( n. 休息 ) break( v. 打破 ) → break( n. 休息 ) 对接中考专练 用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Emily's mother didn't allow her to watch her favourite programme Running Man and it made her 　　 　　 (happy).  2. I'm glad to hear that my favourite 　　 　　 (sing) has come to our city.  3. Are your parents in 　　　 　 (agree) that you can deal with it by yourself?  4. This dress is 　　　 　 (expensive). It will not cost you much.  5. It's 　　　 　 (possible) to separate Diaoyu Islands from China. unhappy singer agreement inexpensive impossible 对接中考专练 6. I bought the computer 　　 　　 (simple) because it was cheap.   7. The Bruce family had to give up camping in the Purple Mountain on such a 　　　　 (fog) day.  8. If you do 　　　 　 (care) in the test, you won't get high marks.  9. We shall never make such an important 　　　 　 (decide) without much thought.    10. Not all 　　 　　 (wealth) people have to wear expensive clothes and not all clever people have to wear glasses.  simply foggy carelessly decision wealthy 对接中考专练 11. For your 　　　　 (safe), smoking is not allowed during the whole flight.   12. Blue is a 　　 　　 (peace) colour. People often feel quiet in blue rooms. 13. As a guide, I must pay attention to all the 　　 　　 (tour) safety during their trip. 14. Easton LaChappelle, a 19-year-old 　　　 　 (invent), built an arm by developing most of the parts through a 3-D printer.   15. Stephen Hawking is widely considered as one of the greatest _____________(science) in the world.   safety peaceful tourists' inventor scientists 对接中考专练 16. I didn't sleep well and stayed 　　　　 (wake) until the early morning. 17. Have you ever heard of the famous saying “ 　 　　　 (silent) is golden ” ? 18. — What is the 　　 　　 (high) of that mountain?  — About 3,300 metres tall. 19. In some cities in the 　　　　 (north) part of China, the air pollution is very serious.    20. In some cities in the 　　 　　 (north) part of China, the air pollution is very serious.  awake Silence height northern surprising