中考英语复习：选择型阅读课件-113张 113页

选择型阅读 　　河南中考选择型阅读理解设题角度多样,包括细节理解题、推理判断题、 词义猜测题、主旨大意题。 题型一    细节理解题 1.题型特点 这类题在阅读理解中所占比例较大。它常常针对文章中的事实和细节进行提 问,即针对(w)h-问题,如用when,where,why,how,who,which,what等进行提问,目的 在于测试学生对说明文章中心思想的支撑事实和细节的理解能力。细节理解 题型解读 题主要分为是非判断题、填空题和多项选择题。 2.细节理解题主要的设问方式 ①Which of the following is true/not true? ②Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage? ③Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. ④Which of the following best describes...? ⑤Which of the following shows/gives the right relationship/position of...? ⑥When/Where/Why/Who/What/How...? 3.细节理解题的解题技巧 所谓“事实细节”,是指在阅读理解的短文中客观存在的事实。细节理解题的 答案一般都可以在原文中找到。一般来说,应在短文中找出相关信息的位置,确 定试题测试的考点。当然,有的试题还得对原文所提供的事实进行一定的分析 比较,才能做出正确的选择。 (1)搜寻直接答案的阅读技巧 先阅读所给问题,判断其是否适合采用直接搜寻的阅读方法。如果所提问题是 文章中出现的内容(即直接性答案),就可直接搜寻答案。 (2)搜寻间接答案的阅读技巧 ①阅读文章所给问题,判断哪些题目可以依靠通读来解决。比如概括文章主题, 给无标题文章选标题,指出作者的观点、意图等的题目就需要依靠通读来解 决。 ②用较短的时间大体上浏览一下阅读材料,注意文章有可能涉及什么内容,属于 什么体裁风格以及文章安排的大体轮廓等。 ③从头到尾阅读一遍。一般来说,第一段或前几句包含作者的基本思想和下文 的发展线索,它是全文展开的基础,为下文发展搭建了理论框架。认真阅读第一 段或文章的前几句,尽量抓住其中的主要情节和论点,把握全文发展的脉络。 ④运用其他段落的开头句和结尾句。据统计,英语阐述性文章中有60%~90%的 段落的开头为主题句,表达出该段的主题思想,有时开头句主题思想不明确,结 尾句则很可能提出。从段落的开头句和结尾句中常常能很快地找到段落的主 题。 ⑤发挥结尾段的作用。多数文章的结尾段具有特殊意义。作者一般在结尾段 对前几段做总结、下结论,表达自己的观点和立场。结尾段一般与开头段(句) 相呼应,将文章的首段(句)和结尾联系起来,往往可以有效地把握全文的中心思 想。 题型二    推理判断题 1.题型特点 推理判断题主要考查学生对文章言外之意的理解。这种题目有一定的难度,往 往不能直接从文中找到答案,而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文 章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦 外之音、文外之意加以推理,获取作者在文章中没有直接表述出来的态度、观 点等。这种类型的题主要有三种形式:语意推理题、结论推理题和出处推理 题。语意推理题要求学生根据文章、段落或句子的表层信息推断出深层含义, 比如推断文章或段落的中心思想、句子的言外之意等;结论推理题和出处推理 题要求学生根据文章中所列举的事实推断出符合逻辑的结论或文章的出处。 2.推理判断题主要的设问方式 ①It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that... ②Which of the following conclusions can be drawn according to the passage? ③The writer suggests that... ④The writer uses the example of...to show that... ⑤What ' s the writer ' s attitude toward...? ⑥What ' s the writer ' s purpose of writing the passage? ⑦From the passage,we know... ⑧The writer probably agrees that... 3.推理判断题的解题技巧 中考的阅读理解不仅要求考生读懂短文中的每个句子,而且还要求考生能理解 句子之间的内在联系。有的试题要求根据中学生必须具有的常识,对所读的短 文进行一定程度的推断;有的试题还要求了解其内在的逻辑关系,从而对所读的 内容形成较深层的理解。一般来说,这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案, 必须根据原文提供的有关信息,进行合理的推断才能回答。完成推理判断题,通 常应注意以下两点: (1)特别留心特定细节 所谓“特定细节”,就是问题所涉及的范围和对象中的细节事实。它一般包括 事实根据、名字(人物或地点)、数字(日期或统计数字)、关键词语的其他表达 方法(同义词、近义词、反义词)等。 (2)注意作者的语气和态度 作者的语气和态度通常体现在短文所使用的措辞和句式上。要特别注意感情 色彩比较浓重的形容词和副词,特别留心短文句子的长度和结构。从措辞上我 们可以推断出作者对所讨论话题的态度(肯定或否定,赞成或反对,褒扬或讽刺, 喜好或厌恶等);从句式的长短和结构可以判断出作者讨论问题的语气(郑重其 事还是轻松活泼,实事求是还是夸大其词,真挚热诚还是冷嘲热讽等)。 题型三    词义猜测题 1.题型特点 这类题型旨在考查学生利用上下文对词、词组以及句子的辨别能力。利用上 下文猜测词义是阅读理解的基本技巧之一,也是我们学习词汇的主要方法。在 阅读过程中,有些同学一遇到生僻词语就查词典,这是不可取的。一遇到生僻词 语就查阅词典不但会使我们养成依赖词典的习惯,而且还会影响阅读速度。我 们阅读汉语文章时遇到不认识的词语是否都查词典呢?答案是否定的。可是我 们如何理解它们的呢?利用上下文提示猜测词义就是诀窍。 词义猜测题的类型主要有三种:熟词新义要求学生在某一特定的语言环境中推 断某一多义词的正确意思;生词释义要求学生根据范围较小的上下文推断出词 义;难句释义要求学生根据范围稍大的上下文推断句意。 2.词义猜测题主要的设问方式 ①What ' s the meaning of the underlined word/phrase...in Chinese? ②The underlined word...refers to/probably means... ③The underlined word...could be replaced by... ④What is the meaning of... ⑤Which of the following words can take the place of the word...? 3.词义猜测题的解题技巧 (1)通过因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。 有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore 等)表示因果关系。 例 　You shouldn ' t have blamed him for that,for it wasn ' t his fault. 解析　通过第二个for连接的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的 词义是“责备”。 (2)通过同义词和同义关系猜测词义 在文章中,有时作者为避免重复,或为了表达同一事物的不同种类,使用同义词 或近义词。在这种情况下,我们就可以利用同义词、近义词的关系由熟悉的词 语推测不熟悉词语的含义。 通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使 我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是“愉快的”的意思;二是看在进一步解 释的过程中使用的同义词。 例 　Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 解析　此句中的Venus(金星),Mars(火星),Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道 planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一领域。 (3)通过反义词和反义关系猜测词义 有时作者为了说明相反的两件事或人,使用了一些反义词或表示反义关系的词 语来进行对比,我们可以利用已知单词推测未知单词的词义。 通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是 看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。 例 　He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother. 解析　根据“not at all as handsome...”我们不难推测出homely是“不英俊的, 不漂亮的”的意思。 (4)通过构词法猜测词义 在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词义, 而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如果掌握了一些常用的词 根、前缀、后缀等构词法知识,这些问题便不难解决了。 (5)通过定义或释义关系猜测词义 定义或解释形式多样,常由is,that is(to say),in other words,call,mean,be considered to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify等词汇或破折号来表 示。作者为了更好地表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词 汇等进行解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较 容易。如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 例 　 But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time.Then there is a dry period,or drought. 解析　 由上述例句可知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此 可见drought的意思是“久旱,旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义词。这种 同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。 (6)通过举例来猜测词义 恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。 例 　 Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas. 解析　 pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来 判断它们大概的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是 同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。 (7)通过描述猜测词义 描述即作者为帮助读者更深刻更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出 的描写。 例      The penguin is a kind of seabird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish. 解析　 从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类,即企鹅。后 面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。 (8)根据上下文猜测词义 ①有些单词并不能直接猜测出其词义,但可以根据上下文的提示猜测出其词 义。 例 　 One of the things I always believe is that no matter how bad something is,you can take something positive out of it. It wasn ' t until a few weeks after September 11 that I began to see that perhaps some good did come from this tragedy. The word“positive”in the passage probably means 　　     . A.terrible　　B.bad　　C.good　　D.real 解析　 根据上文“我一直认为不管世间的事物有多么糟,你还是能发现它积极 的一面。”因此答案为C。 ②在句子或段落中,若事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关 系推知生词词义。 例 　 If he thinks he can invite me out,he is all wet .I don ' t like to be with him. The underlined phrase“all wet”means 　　     . A.drunk　　B.sweating C.happy　　D.wrong 解析     根据下文“我不喜欢跟他在一起”可知,他如果认为能约我出去,那就 “错了”。因此D是正确答案。 (9)根据生活常识猜测词义 有时,我们利用自己的生活常识,便可知道生词的含义。 例 　A deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. 从句子意思可知他想买钉子,那么卖钉子的商店无疑是五金店。 (10)利用单词的发音进行推测 英语中有些单词来自汉语,与汉语的发音有些相似,另外也有一些单词译成汉语 时采用音译,如:sofa(沙发),coffee(咖啡),typhoon(台风),aspirin(阿司匹林),nylon (尼龙)等。因此,利用单词的发音也是一种猜测词义的方法。 例 　 The Olympic Games began in the 5th century BC. One day it was revealed that Mrs Morel had cancer and was beyond any help except that of morphine . 上面这两个句子中画线的两个词,只要我们能准确发音,就能知道它们的意思是 “奥林匹克”和“吗啡”。 题型四    主旨大意题 1.题型特点 要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解答这种题 型时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题 (main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基 础上,结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断,从而挖 掘出文章中隐含的信息。 2.主旨大意题主要的设问方式 ①What ' s the main idea of this passage? ②What is the passage mainly about? ③What does the passage mainly discuss? ④The writer means to tell us that 　　     . ⑤The main idea of the passage is that 　　     . ⑥The passage is mainly about 　　     . ⑦From the passage we can learn/conclude that 　　     . ⑧The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with 　　     . ⑨What ' s the best title for the passage? ⑩What would be the best title for the passage?   The best title for the passage is 　　     . 3.主旨大意题的解题技巧 (1)留心关键词,抓住文章主旨;串联主要细节,推断文章中心思想。所谓关键词, 即文章中反复出现的、与主题有关的实词,如名词、动词等。冠词或介词等虚 词均不在关键词之列。需要注意的是,为了避免同一词的过多重复,文章有时会 使用这个词的同义词、近义词,或用代词指代。我们知道,并不是所有文章都包 含明确的主题句,比如大多数记叙文。记叙文的中心思想多隐藏在具体的细节 中,作者通过众多的细节事实对一个中心点进行论述。因此,我们必须善于串联 主要细节,从中归纳文章的中心思想。 (2)注意段落主题句,归纳文章大意。 段落的主题通常由被称为主题句(Topic Sentence)的句子来表示。主题句有两 个功能:①介绍段落的主题(Topic);②阐述控制概念(Controlling Idea),控制概念 用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。 主题句通常是一段的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在一段中间。我们在阅读非故事 性文章(如科普文章)的时候,主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题 句隐含在段意之中。 ①主题句位于段首 主题句位于段首是由作者先立论,后摆事实讲道理的写作手法形成的。这种段 落称作演绎型段落。据有关统计数字表明,在英语议论文或说明文中,有60%~9 0%的主题句是段落的第一句。 a.寻找主题句 有些段落,有明显的引出细节的信息词,常见的信息词有:for example,an example of,the most important example,first,second,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also, besides that等。 在阅读中,应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的for example 可以断定,前一句话是主题句。如果无明显的信息词,可先假设第一句话为主题 句,在第二句话前面添加一个for example,看看第二句话是否可以支撑第一句话, 如果第二句话不能支撑第一句话,便在其他地方找出主题句。 b.选择答案 先彻底弄懂主题句的句意,然后阅读所给选项,选择与主题句句意相吻合的答 案,如主题句的再现,主题句句意的转述或推论等,排除与主题句句意无关的答 案,如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。 ②主题句位于段末 主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实,后做结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳 型段落。 ③主题句位于段落的中间 主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间,但不一定就在正中间。有时,第一句并非主题 句,而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下,第二句便成了主题句。此外,主题 句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。 方法一    细节理解题——细读法 　　分段细读,注意细节,注意语言结构,抓住主要事实、关键信息,揭示文章结 构的内在联系,帮助深化理解。一篇文章是一个有机的整体,段与段之间存在着 内在的紧密联系,而每段的内容都与主题有着很重要的联系,所以弄清文章结构 上的问题,对于把握文章主题或文章大意非常重要。 方法技巧 方法二    推理判断题——推理法 推理判断是细节理解的延伸,在阅读的时候要根据文章具体事实细节、句子关 系去分析和推理,从而达到整体理解的目的。 方法三    词义猜测题——猜测法 　　要学会根据上下文猜测遇到的新单词,这样既提高了阅读速度又培养了一 种能力,这也是英语阅读的关键所在。培养自己的猜词能力是很有必要的,但是 若遇到了关键的词句且影响对文章的理解则提倡学生使用手中的工具书,自行 查阅并解决学习中遇到的困难。 方法四    主旨大意题——概读法 从每篇文章的标题到各个部分都进行概读,以归纳出要点,概括作者的意图、观 点、态度,这样就能了解全文的概貌。概读还有助于考生把握上下文之间的意 义联系,培养自己的综合概括能力。 A组　河南中考题组 Passage 1 (2019河南,A) 题组训练   　　Do you feel bored with the upcoming summer?We asked parents for ideas for things that teens can do and here are some suggestions for fun activities for you to do in the summer. #1 　　     Visit older family members and interview them about the past of your family. You could use a smartphone to record some of the conversation. Things to ask about: ●What did you eat? ●Who was your favorite family member? ●What did you do to make yourself happy? ●What was it like when you were a teenager? ... #2 　　     　　Not only will you make your parents really happy, but you will find all those lost CDs/books/socks that are hidden under the bed. You can now have a yard sale for the things you no longer want, and make yourself some pocket money at the same time. 　　Not only will you make your parents really happy, but you will find all those lost CDs/books/socks that are hidden under the bed. You can now have a yard sale for the things you no longer want, and make yourself some pocket money at the same time. #3 　　     Put together a memory book. It could be about primary or junior school since you ' re heading to high school: ●friends made　●best memories ●favorite teachers ●favorite subjects ●hopes/feelings about going to high school, etc. #4 　　     　　Get down and work on the farm and have a bit of fun. You never know you might love driving tractors and feeding cows and horses. If nothing else, it will give you a good taste of what a hard life farming is. 　　根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1.Which may not be a good question for the interview in #1? A.What did you do for fun? B.How did you go to school? C.What were your parents like? D.What ' s the plan for your future? 2.Which is suggested in #2? A.Throwing away what you ' ve found. B.Selling something that is not needed. C.Asking your parents for pocket money. D.Using CDs that you ' ve found as presents. 3.What is the proper title for #1,#2,#3 and #4 separately? a.Clear out Your Room b.Create a Memory Book c.Help on a Nearby Farm d.Discover Family History A.a-d-b-c　　B.d-a-b-c　　C.d-b-a-c　　D.c-a-b-d 4.What can working on a farm bring to you? A.Your love for country music. B.The interest in your future job. C.The experience of farm work. D.The fun of sharing with friends. 5.Who is the text written for? A.Teens.　　B.Teachers.　　C.Parents.　　D.Farmers. 答案　 1.D　2.B　3.B　4.C　5.A Passage 2 (2019河南,B) Clara Daly was sitting on an Alaska Airlines flight from Boston to Los Angeles when she heard a worried voice over the loudspeaker:“Does anyone on board know American Sign Language?” Clara, 15 at the time, pressed the call button. An air hostess came by and explained the situation. “We have a passenger on the plane who ' s blind and deaf,”she said. The passenger seemed to want something, but he was traveling alone and the air hostesses couldn ' t understand what he needed. Clara had been studying ASL for the past year to help blind and deaf people and she knew she ' d be able to finger spell into the man ' s palm. So she rose from her seat, walked toward the front of the plane, and knelt by the seat of Tim Cook, then 64. Gently taking his hand, she signed, “How are you?Are you OK?”Cook asked for some water. When it arrived, Clara returned to her seat. She came by again a bit later because he wanted to know the time. On her third visit, she stopped and stayed for a while. “He didn ' t need anything. He was lonely and wanted to talk,”Clara said. So for the next hour, she talked about her family and her plans for the future. Cook told Clara how he had become blind over time and shared stories of his days as a traveling salesman. Even though he couldn ' t see her, she “looked attentively at his face with such kindness,”a passenger reported. “Clara was amazing,”an air hostess told Alaska Airlines in an interview. “You could tell Cook was very excited to have someone he could speak to, and she was such an angel.” Cook ' s reply:“Best trip I ' ve ever had.” 　　根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1.What was the air hostesses ' problem? A.They had a very difficult passenger. B.They couldn ' t understand the passenger. C.They didn ' t know the passenger ' s name. D.They didn ' t have what the passenger wanted. 2.Why did Clara Daly believe she could help? A.Because she happened to learn some ASL. B.Because she had helped people like Cook. C.Because she thought she might know Cook. D.Because her grandfather had the same problem. 3.Into which did Clara Daly finger spell with Tim Cook?   4.Why did Tim Cook keep asking for service? A.Because he was hungry and thirsty. B.Because he needed someone to talk to. C.Because he was afraid of taking planes. D.Because he was interested in Clara ' s story. 5.Which of the following words best describe Clara Daly? A.Brave and clever. B.Beautiful and lovely. C.Patient and caring. D.Outgoing and friendly. 答案　 1.B　2.A　3.A　4.B　5.C Passage 3 (2019河南,C) Thousands of years ago, Britain was covered by thick forests, home to many ani- mals which no longer live in the United Kingdom. There were wolves and bears, many different kinds of deer and large wild cows. There were less than four million people. They lived in small villages protected by wooden walls from the animals outside. All this has changed, of course. Now the population of the United Kingdom has in- creased to sixty-five million. Three-quarters of Britain is covered with fields, towns or cities. Although 25 percent of land is countryside, new methods of farming mean that there are fewer birds and small animals living in fields than ever before. The United Kingdom is one of the few countries in the world that does not have a large wild animal that eats meat. In Scotland there are only 400 wildcats, but these are much smaller than wolves. Some people would like to change things, however!Some organizations and writers say that Britain needs to become more natural again. They suggest that trees and plants that grew in the UK before towns and cities were built should be allowed to grow again. They even say that large wild animals which have not lived in the UK should be helped to return and live wild. They call this “rewilding”. Not everyone agrees. In the last twenty years, over one million trees which at first grew in Scotland have been planted and there are plans for more—but wild ani- mals?Some people ask if wolves will attack sheep or even humans. They are also angry that rewilding might mean an end to walking in the hills which so many peo- ple enjoy. So far there are no wolves or bears in Britain ' s forests—but soon there might be! 　　根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1.What was the population of the UK thousands of years ago? A.About 25 million. B.Over 65 million. C.More than 61 million. D.Not more than four million. 2.Why are there fewer birds and small animals in fields in the UK? A.Because more trees have been planted. B.Because there are more large wild animals. C.Because pollution is much worse than before. D.Because people use new methods of farming. 3.Which paragraph gives opinions from “rewilding”supporters? A.Paragraph 1.　　B.Paragraph 2. C.Paragraph 3.　　D.Paragraph 4. 4.What are some people against? A.Living closer to nature. B.Planting more and more trees. C.Helping large wild animals return. D.Building more villages and towns. 5.What ' s the best title for the text? A.Making Britain wild again　　B.A trip to wild Britain C.An introduction to Britain　　D.Protecting the environment 答案　 1.D　2.D　3.C　4.C　5.A Summer English at St Clare ' s, Oxford We offer holiday courses for teenagers in Oxford. You can improve your English, enjoy great trips and activities and make new friends of your own age. Telephone: 01865 552031 Website: www.stclares.ac.uk Ages: Young children(9—12),Teenagers(13—17) Creative Arts Summer School Designed for young students with a great interest in painting, providing them with an exciting experience to explore creative pathways and develop skills for the future. Telephone: 01202 363831 Website: aub.ac.uk　　    Ages: Teenagers(14—15) Passage 4 (2018河南,A) XUK Activity Summer Camp Beautiful setting! Fantastic activities! Friendly and experienced staff! Activities include adventure, sports, drama, and more! Telephone: 020 8371 9686 Website: xukcamps.com    Ages: Teenagers(13—17) YMT ' s Musical Theatre Summer Camps 2018 YMT ' s summer camps are open to anyone aged 6—17 looking to develop their acting, singing and dancing abilities. Join the UK ' s leading music the- atre company! Telephone: 020 8563 7725 Website: www.youthmusictheatreuk.org Ages: Young children (6—12),Teenagers (13—17) Notes:explore探索;staff 员工;drama 戏剧 1.If you are interested in painting, you may call 　　     for more information. A.020 8371 9686　　B.01202 363831 C.020 8563 7725　　D.01865 552031 2.If you visit 　　     , you may get some information about drama. A.aub.ac.uk　     B.www.stclares.ac.uk　     C.xukcamps.com　     D.www.youthmusictheatreuk.org 3.Eight-year-old Mike can go to 　　     in the summer. A.XUK Activity Summer Camp B.Creative Arts Summer School C.Summer English at St Clare ' s, Oxford D.YMT ' s Musical Theatre Summer Camps 2018 4.What ' s special about Summer English at St Clare ' s, Oxford? A.It is open to all ages.　     B.It requires creative ideas.　     C.It has experienced staff.　     D.It offers language courses. 5.Where is the text most probably from? A.A science report. B.A school introduction. C.A shopping poster. D.A website for teenagers. 答案 　1.B　2.C　3.D　4.D　5.D Passage 5 (2018 河南 ,B) In Los Angeles, a waiter served a group of teens. The waiter remembered his expe- rience as a young high school student. So he made sure the teens had a pleasant ex- perience at the restaurant. The waiter made sure of it. After serving all the teens and doing a great job, he was left a tip(小费),only$3.28. That was hardly enough to buy a drink at Starbucks. The waiter went home. And he felt hatred for the students who did not know the value of hard work. They looked down on people like him. Or so he thought. After several days, the waiter forgot about it. His life went on as usual. But ten days later, he received a letter from the teens. “About a week and a half ago, on October 7, my three friends and I came to eat at this restaurant as our own homecoming celebration. It was an exciting experience for us to be here alone, and it was all new to us. And you were the best waiter we could ask for. You were kind, helpful, and didn ' t treat us like babies! So I want to say thank you for making our ‘grown-up ' experience so amazing and fun. “I would also like to say sorry on behalf of(代表) my group. Since we were new to all of this, our 13-year-old minds didn ' t exactly know how to deal with the bill. The bill was reasonable(合乎情理的),but we had completely forgotten(and didn ' t know,to be honest) what a tip even was, let alone how much to give. So we emptied our pockets, and all our money added up to $3.28. “Having no idea of how small this really was, we left. Later, we realized our mis- take and felt terrible. We knew we had to make it right. “So together with this letter, you will find the correct 18% tip + extra for simply being amazing. Thank you for your help and patience and also thank you for mak- ing our night fun. Thank you!” 1.How did the waiter receive the group of teens? A.He tried to make them pay more. B.He served them like other waiters. C.He treated them as young children. D.He did his best to make them happy. 2.Why did the group of teens leave that small tip? A.Because they looked down on the waiter. B.Because they didn ' t know what a tip meant. C.Because they weren ' t pleased with the service. D.Because they thought the tip should be that much. 3.What made the teens write the letter? A.The tip they left for the waiter. B.The bill the restaurant received. C.The way the waiter served them. D.The fun they had at the restaurant. 4.What do restaurant waiters mind most in America? A.What kind of guests they receive. B.What dishes people usually order. C.Whether they are given reasonable tips. D.How much customers pay for their meals. 5.What did the group of teens try to say in the letter? A.They were quite thankful for the waiter ' s service. B.They had realized their mistake and made it right. C.They had a wonderful experience at the restaurant. D.They wanted more customers to go to the restaurant. 答案　 1.D　2.B　3.A　4.C　5.B Passage 6(2018河南,C) The spring season brings warm weather, flowers and other changes for people to enjoy. For some restaurant cooks, the most exciting spring arrival is ramps. Ramps are a wild plant in the eastern mountains of North America. They are one of the first plants that grow in the spring, usually between April and May. They are recognized(识别) by their red stem(茎), and two long and wide green leaves. They are also famous for their strong taste, similar to onions( 洋葱 ). Ramps are not as well-known as other vegetables, but they have a long history in the United States. In the Appalachian Mountains, ramps have been an important food for a long time. During spring, it is common for small towns in the Appalachi- an area to hold large ramp dinners for the community. However, over the last 30 years, ramps ' popularity has grown quickly. They are now a highly-desired vegetable for many nice restaurants in cities like New York and Washington D.C. One reason the plant is popular is that it grows in the wild. It is difficult to grow them on farms. Most restaurants get them from foragers, who collect ramps by searching forests for some small pieces of land where they grow. Ramps have a short season. Within a few weeks of full growth, the plant is done for the year. This short life is some reason for their popularity. And that popularity could lead to their disappearance from Earth. In 1995, the local government in Quebec, Canada, stopped people selling the plant to businesses in order to protect the plant against being over-dug. The season is short, but it has not ended yet. If you are in the right place, you still have time to try a taste of ramps yourself. 1.Why are ramps so popular in North America? A.Because they grow in spring. B.Because they have a good taste. C.Because they are hard to get. D.Because they have a long history. 2.Which of the following is the picture of a ramp? 3.What does the word “they” refer to (指的是)? A.foragers　　B.ramps C.customers　　D.restaurants   4.Why were people stopped from selling ramps to businesses? A.Because ramps were in great danger. B.Because ramps ' smell polluted the air. C.Because it cost too much to grow ramps. D.Because the government wanted to make money. 5.What ' s the best title for the text? A.Americans go crazy for ramps in spring B.Americans have discovered a new vegetable C.Ramps were once popular in North America D.Ramps will soon be enjoyed all over the world 答案　 1.C　2.D　3.B　4.A　5.A Passage 7 (2017河南,A)   Musical Chairs Have you noticed how music makes the taste of your food better?This new restaurant has different types of live music every night except Sundays, and excellent food to go with it. Great fish dishes, beef and pizza. Monday is classic rock night, so see you there!   The Chocolate Box The owner of this small café used to cook all kinds of food, but then she realized she preferred sweets to anything else. If you want meat or fish, don ' t come here. They only do desserts!Lots of different kinds of sweets. Chocolate lovers will be excited by the range of chocolate cakes. Last Days of the Raj A centrally-located Indian restaurant, perfect for eating before or after the cinema or a show. In summer enjoy your meal in the beautiful garden. The most popular dishes are beef and chicken cooked with mild, medium or hot spices. For brave customers there is extra hot!   A Taste of Tuscany Whether you ' d like a great value-for-money lunch or a relaxed evening meal at a fantastic restaurant, this is the place for you. The cooks have all been trained in Italy and they make both traditional and modern dishes. We recommend the pasta and seafood. 注:recommend推荐;spice(调味)香料 1.What ' s special about Musical Chairs? A.Sunday is classic rock night every week. B.The chairs there can play wonderful music. C.The restaurant only welcomes music lovers. D.You can enjoy your meal with live music there. 2.Which of the following does The Chocolate Box serve? A.Fish.　　B.Cakes. C.Seafood.　　D.Chicken. 3.Why do people go to Last Days of the Raj? A.To show others how brave they will be. B.To enjoy the meal while watching shows. C.To try the dishes there cooked with spices. D.To have meals in the garden all year round. 4.What can people do at A Taste of Tuscany? A.Enjoy a relaxed breakfast. B.Taste dishes cooked in Italy. C.Have a value-for-money lunch. D.Learn to cook pasta and seafood. 5.What is recommended in the text? A.Hot restaurants.　　B.Special foods. C.Weekend activities.　　D.The best places to go. 答案　 1.D　2.B　3.C　4.C　5.A Passage 8 (2017 河南 ,B) 　　 Not only kids of Tiger Moms go to Harvard. Dawn Loggins of Lawndale, N.C., is on her way to Harvard, one of the eight world- famous universities in the eastern US. Nobody encouraged her to study or paid for her special classes. This girl created her own future. The teen was abandoned by her family last summer, when her parents and two sis- ters moved to Tennessee. She found herself homeless and had to spend the night on friends ' sofas. The school bus driver learned about Dawn ' s situation and invited Dawn to move in with her family. Soon, Dawn had a job at Burns High School. She worked from 6 a.m. to 7:40 a.m. before the first school bell rang. She swept floors and picked up trash again in the afternoons, before diving( 跳水 )into her studies in the evenings. Dawn ' s hard work paid off. She finished school with a 3.9 GPA and scored 2,110 on the SAT. “There were times when I felt like it would be easiest if I gave up,”the 18-year- old said. “But it was never in me to give up, because I realized that I was never going to be successful unless I got an education.” Even before Dawn ' s family left her, she led a difficult life. Her family was poor and cups of noodles were often the only food. Dawn“studied by candlelight”be- cause her parents couldn ' t afford to pay the electricity bill(电费). Dawn has now reconnected with her family. They ' re proud of her accomplishments ( 成就 )and are attending her high school graduation. 1.Why didn ' t Dawn give up her studies? A.To reconnect with her family. B.To thank those who had helped her. C.To get an education to be successful. D.To realize her dream of going to Harvard. 2.Who helped Dawn when she found herself homeless? A.Her teachers.　　B.Her neighbors. C.A Tiger Mom.　　D.A school bus driver. 3.What does the underlined word“abandoned”mean in Chinese? A.宠爱　　B.抛弃 C.鼓励　　D.虐待 4.Which of the following words best describes Dawn? A.Open-minded.　　B.Good-natured. C.Strong-willed.　　D.Warm-hearted. 5.What ' s the best title for the text? A.Another Harvard girl B.A girl in candlelight C.From homeless to Harvard D.The role of Tiger Moms 答案　 1.C　2.D　3.B　4.C　5.C Passage 9 (2017河南,C) 　　The idea that red means stop and green means go has influenced our lives in more ways than just traffic signals(信号). We have been taught from a young age that the color red means danger and green means it ' s okay to move forward. But why were those colors chosen for traffic lights in the first place?For something we have to look at every day, why couldn ' t they have been prettiercolors? Well, it ' s important to know that before traffic lights for cars, there were traffic signals for trains. At first, railway companies used red to mean stop, white to mean go, and green to mean warn. As you could imagine, trains ran into a few problems with white meaning go. For example, one train mistook a bright star for a white light and something unexpected happened. Because of that, railway companies fi- nally moved green meaning go and used yellow to mean warn. And it ' s been that way ever since. Red has always been a color that meant danger, long before cars were even around. This most likely started because it ' s the color with the longest wavelength(波长)so it can be seen somewhere farther than other colors. But, believe it or not, yellow was once used to mean stop. Back in the 1900s, some stop signs were yellow because it was too hard to see a red sign in a poorly lit area. Finally, highly reflective materials(高反射材料)were developed and red stop signs were born. Since yellow can be seen well at all times of the day, school zones, some traffic signs, and school buses continue to be painted yellow. So next time you ' re impatiently waiting at a traffic light, don ' t get so mad at them; they ' ve certainly come a long way. 1.What were traffic signals for before traffic lights for cars? A.Trains.　　B.Boats. C.Planes.　　D.Bicycles. 2.Which of the following colors meant go at first? A.Red.　　B.Yellow. C.White.　　D.Green. 3.Why does red mean danger? A.Because it ' s the brightest color. B.Because it can be seen far away. C.Because railway companies say so. D.Because it has the shortest wavelength. 4.Why are school buses painted yellow? A.Because yellow is a prettier color. B.Because yellow once meant danger. C.Because yellow can be seen well in daytime. D.Because yellow means it ' s OK to go forward. 5.What does the text mainly tell us? A.How important traffic lights are. B.Which color has the longest wavelength. C.What red, yellow and green can be used for. D.Why traffic lights are red, yellow and green. 答案　 1.A　2.C　3.B　4.C　5.D B组　全国中考题组 Passage 1 (2019北京,A) Experiencing China Mike, Canada I spent three months with my host family(接待家庭)in China. It was a lifetime experience. I was able to experience Chinese living and culture, from basic Tai Chi to Beijing Opera. I even visited a famous traditional Chinese medicine hospital. Now I have a better understanding of Chinese culture. Joanna, Australia I stayed with my host family for five months. My host mother is a Chinese teacher and she is really warm-hearted. With her help, my Chinese has improved a lot. And I have got used to a new culture. My favorite part of the experience was sharing my feelings in China with her. Joanna, Australia I stayed with my host family for five months. My host mother is a Chinese teacher and she is really warm-hearted. With her help, my Chinese has improved a lot. And I have got used to a new culture. My favorite part of the experience was sharing my feelings in China with her. Bill, America My host mother is a wonderful cook! She makes me all kinds of traditional Chinese dishes. They are tasty and I like them very much. Just like me, my host parents love to learn about different cultures. They often ask me questions about life in America. Cindy, Germany Recently I took part in a program to study Chinese. I lived with a host family in China for six months. My host sister is a really hardworking student. It was amazing to see how she made progress in English. And a close relationship has developed between us. 1.Who visited a traditional Chinese medicine hospital? A.Mike.　　B.Joanna.　　C.Bill.　　D.Cindy. 2.How long did Joanna stay with her host family in China? A.Three months.　　B.Four months. C.Five months.　　D.Six months. 3.Cindy thinks her host sister is 　　     . A.a wonderful cook B.a responsible doctor C.a warm-hearted teacher D.a hardworking student 答案　 1.A　2.C　3.D Passage 2 (2019北京,B) Blue Lightning Sally loved cars more than anything else. This spring she thought of building a go- kart to enter for the Go-Go Race. So she asked her dad for help. “Well,”he said. “How about this:you do some research first and then come back to me with a design.” A week later, Sally brought her notes and drawings to Dad. She named her go-kart “Blue Lightning”. Dad looked over her work, thinking. “Well, that ' s interest- ing,” he said. “Have a try. Just build Blue Lightning as you ' ve designed.” Over three weekends of hard work, Sally turned her design into a real, working go- kart and painted it light blue. Dad asked her to take it for a test drive. Sally agreed. After she did that, Sally drove back to Dad.“Well,”she said. “Now I know why you wanted me to have a test drive.” “Oh, do you?”he said. “Please share.” “When I drove fast, there was a lot of pushback,”she said. “I think it ' s because of the lightning bolt(闪电)shape.” “Very good!”Dad said. “So, why didn ' t you tell me about that problem in the first place?”Sally asked. Dad laughed.“Where ' s the fun in that?If you give a man a fish, he ' ll eat for a day. But if you teach a man to fish, he ' ll eat for a lifetime.” Sally said,“I see. Anyway, designing is half the fun!” Dad smiled. “Good. Sometimes, learning happens during the process. We learn how to do something right by doing it a few times first and making mistakes along the way.” That encouraged Sally and she worked even harder. When she showed Dad her new go-kart, he nodded with pride. Finally came the race. Sally wasn ' t worried about whether she would win—in her mind, she had already won, by building something better than ever before. 1.Sally thought of building a go-kart to 　　     . A.practice driving　　 B.enter for a race C.play with friends　　D.do some research 2.What did Sally ' s dad ask her to do after she built the go-kart? A.To have a test drive.　　 B.To take a good rest. C.To give it a cool name.　　D.To paint it light blue. 3.Sally ' s story mainly tells us that 　　     . A.winning a race is important B.fishing brings us a lot of fun C.driving experience is necessary D.learning happens during the process 答案 　1.B　2.A　3.D Passage 3 (2019北京,C) Sometimes it seems that time is flying. Perhaps it doesn ' t need to feel this way. Our experience of time can be possibly changed. By understanding the psychological (心理学的)processes behind our different experiences of time, we might be able to slow down time a little. One basic law of psychological time is that time seems to slow down when we ' re exposed(接触)to new environments and experiences. The law is caused by the rela- tionship between our experience of time and the amount of information our minds process. The more information our minds take in, the slower time seems to pass. It follows, then, that we have different experiences of time in different situations. In some situations, our life is full of new experiences. Our minds process a lot of in- formation and time seems to slow down. In other situations, we have fewer new ex- periences and the world around us becomes more and more familiar(熟悉的). We become insensitive to our experience, which means we process less information, and time seems to speed up. How can we slow down time? Here are two suggestions. Firstly, since we know that familiarity makes time pass faster, we can expose our- selves to as many new experiences as possible. We can give ourselves new chal- lenges, meet new people, and expose our minds to new information, hobbies and skills. This will increase the amount of information our minds process and expand (增加)our experience of time. Secondly, and perhaps most effectively, we can give our whole attention to an ex- perience—to what we are seeing, feeling, tasting, smelling or hearing. This means living through our senses rather than through our thoughts. For example, on the way home, focus your attention outside of yourself, instead of thinking about the prob- lems you have to deal with. Look at the sky, or at the buildings you pass, traveling among them. This open attitude to your experiences helps take in more information and also has a time-expanding effect. To a certain degree, we can understand and control our experience of time passing. It ' s possible for us to slow down time by expanding our experience of time. 1.According to the writer, we can expand our experience of time by 　　     . A.going to bed on time B.traveling to new places C.having dinner as usual D.printing the same materials 2.What can we learn from the passage? A.Being familiar with the world around helps us get more information. B.Understanding psychological time makes life pass more quickly. C.We can take in more information by living through our senses. D.We should build a stronger relationship between time and us. 3.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A.Slow Down Time　　 B.Only Time Will Tell C.Race Against Time　　D.Time Will Not Come Twice 答案　 1.B　2.C　3.A Passage 4 (2019北京,D) How Much Can We Afford to Forget? In 2018, Science magazine asked some young scientists what schools should teach students. Most said students should spend less time memorizing facts and have more space for creative activities. As the Internet grows more powerful, students can access(获得) knowledge easily. Why should they be required to carry so much of it around in their heads? Civilizations(文明) develop through forgetting life skills that were once necessary. In the Agricultural(农业的) Age, a farmer could afford to forget hunting skills. When societies industrialized, the knowledge of farming could be safe to forget. Nowadays, smart machines give us access to most human knowledge. It seems that we no longer need to remember most things. Does it matter? Researchers have recognized several problems that may happen. For one, human beings have biases(偏见), and smart machines are likely to increase our biases. Many people believe smart machines are necessarily correct and objective, but ma- chines are trained through a repeated testing and scoring process. In the process, human beings still decide on the correct answers. Another problem relates to the ease of accessing information. When there were no computers, efforts were required to get knowledge from other people, or go to the library. We know what knowledge lies in other brains or books, and what lies in our heads. But today, the Internet gives us the information we need quickly. This can lead to the mistaken belief—the knowledge we found was part of what we knew all along. In a new civilization rich in machine intelligence,we have easy access to smart memory networks where information is stored. But dependency on a network sug- gests possibilities of being harmed easily. The collapse of any of the networks of re- lations our well-being(健康)depends upon, such as food and energy, would produce terrible results. Without food we get hungry; without energy we feel cold. And it is through widespread loss of memory that civilizations are at risk of falling into a dark age. We forget old ways to free up time and space for new skills. As long as the older forms of knowledge are stored somewhere in our networks, and can be found when we need them, perhaps they ' re not really forgotten. Still, as time goes on, we grad- ually but unquestionably become strangers to future people. 1.Why are smart machines likely to increase our biases? A.Because they go off course in testing and scoring. B.Because we control the training process on them. C.Because we offer them too much information. D.Because they overuse the provided answers. 2.The ease of accessing information from the Internet 　　     . A.frees us from making efforts to learn new skills B.prevents civilizations from being lost at high speed C.misleads us into thinking we already knew the knowledge D.separates the facts we have from those in the smart machines 3.The word “collapse” in Paragraph 5 probably means “ 　　     ”. A.a sudden failure　　 B.the basic rule C.a disappointing start　　D.the gradual development 4.What is the writer ' s main purpose in writing this passage? A.To question about the standards of information storage. B.To discuss our problems of communication with machines. C.To stress the importance of improving our memorizing ability. D.To remind us of the risk of depending on machines to remember. 答案 　1.B　2.C　3.A　4.D Passage 5 (2019天津,A) Dear Lucy, How are you? It has been a month since my family left Hong Kong for England and we are fine. England is very different from Hong Kong. The weather is terrible and it rains a lot. The buildings are funny. They are in rows and not high. I love them because the rooms are much larger. I ' m having a wonderful time at my new school and my new home! Mum and Dad are happy with their new jobs. But my brother Jack doesn ' t like moving to England because he misses his friends so much. I ' ve made lots of new friends at school. My teachers are really nice too and my English has improved a lot. After school, we can take part in relaxing activities such as sport, watching films or playing computer games. There ' s a park near the school where I often go with the other students at the weekend. We are travelling back to Hong Kong for the summer holiday. I will visit you and bring you a present! Write back soon! Love, Sandy 1.Where did Sandy ' s family live before? A.Hong Kong.　　B.Sydney. C.New York.　　 D.London. 2.Sandy loves the buildings in England because their rooms are 　　     . A.cheaper　　B.warmer C.newer　　 D.larger 3.How many people are there in Sandy ' s family? A.2.　　B.4.　　C.6.　　D.8. 4.Who does not like moving to England? A.Dad.　　B.Mum.　　C.Jack.　　D.Sandy. 5.What is the letter mainly about? A.Sandy ' s summer holiday. B.Sandy ' s parents. C.Sandy ' s new classmates. D.Sandy ' s new life. 答案　 1.A　2.D　3.B　4.C　5.D Passage 6 (2019天津,B) One day, Tom ' s teacher, Miss Mak, held a class meeting.“There will be a flag day next Saturday. Does anyone want to join this meaningful event(活动)?”asked Miss Mak. Tom was interested in raising money for homeless children, but he was not brave enough to talk to the strangers, so he kept quiet in his seat. “Tom, you haven ' t sold flags before,” said Miss Mak suddenly. “Would you like to have a try?” Tom was hesitant(犹豫的), but he finally nodded. On the flag day, Tom and Angela sold flags in a busy street. “Ex-cuse me. Could y -o-u pl-ea-se buy...?” said Angela softly to the first person she met. The man smiled and put a five-dollar coin into Angela ‘ s collection bag. Then she said thanks and put a flag under his shoulder.“I did it!”said Angela happily.“It ' s your turn now.” Feeling nervous, Tom began to shake. Soon, he saw a young lady walking towards him. The lady was smiling and holding a few coins in her hand. She asked,“Are you selling flags for Fund for the Homeless Children?”Tom ' s face became red and said yes. Then the lady made the donation(捐赠)and Tom gave her a flag. “You made it!” laughed Angela. In the next couple of hours, Angela and Tom sold flags quickly and bravely. At last, their collection bags were so heavy that they had to hold them with both arms. They felt very proud. 1.Why did Tom keep quiet in his seat? A.He had other plans. B.He didn ' t like Miss Mak. C.He was not interested in the activity. D.He was not brave enough to talk to the strangers. 2.When Miss Mak asked Tom to have a try, he finally 　　     . A.laughed　　B.nodded C.refused　　D.cried 3.Where did Tom and Angela sell flags? A.In a busy street.　　 B.In their school. C.In a tall building.　　D.In a small garden. 4.How much did the first man pay Angela for the flag? A.Five dollars.　　 B.Ten dollars. C.Fifteen dollars.　　D.Twenty dollars. 5.How did Tom and Angela feel after they sold the flags? A.Bored.　　 B.Shy. C.Confident.　　D.Sad. 答案　 1.D　2.B　3.A　4.A　5.C Passage 7 (2019重庆A卷,D) Fights at school sometimes happen. But how can you keep away from a fight? Here ' s something you can do. Be calm(冷静). Sometimes, you feel so angry that you really want to teach some- body a lesson. But being angry can ' t solve problems. Neither can a fight. Instead, it may bring you more problems. In the school, everyone involved( 卷入 )in a fight will be punished, no matter who started it. There are no winners in a fight. Shout loudly. If you know someone is coming up behind you to attack , turn toward the person with your hands up in front of your body and loudly say “stop” before walking away. Loud voice can usually make the attacker calm down. If the person doesn ' t stop, cry for help by calling out the name of a teacher whose office is near- by. 　▲     Your friend may ask you to join in a fight. Learn to say no. Helping him fight is not really helpful to him. If you really want to give him a hand, try to ask him to give it up. Also, you can tell him if he gets involved in a fight, he may get hurt and be punished. Then, try to learn why he wants a fight and help him find a right way to deal with the problem. 1.The underlined word “attack” in Paragraph 3 means “ 　　     ” in Chinese. A.拥抱　　B.攻击 C.阻止　　D.吸引 2.Which of the following sentences can be put in the 　▲     ? A.Face bravely.　　 B.Join in a fight. C.Learn to refuse.　　D.Talk to someone. 3.The passage is written to 　　     . A.help students keep away from fights B.warn students not to fight C.advise students to help each other D.encourage students to work hard 4.The passage is written in a/an 　　     tone(语气). A.sad　　 B.angry C.serious　　D.crazy 答案　 1.B　2.C　3.A　4.C