中考英语复习（专题突破案）专题四 阅读理解 66页

专题四 阅读理解 1. 审标题，通全文，明大意。 首先，对于有标题的阅读材料，务必要先审标题，从标题中我们可以想像材料的内容和走向，有助于对材料的理解。其次，一定要学会用扫描式快速阅读法来通读全文，对那些无关紧要的地方可一扫而过， 在关键之处要适当放慢速度加以思考，重在初步了解阅读材料的主旨大意。 2. 读问题，精复读，断答案。 初步了解了阅读材料的主旨大意之后， 要认真阅读问题，明确考查角度，有的放矢地进行复读、精读，以提高解题效率和准确性。 常见题型的解题思路与技巧： (1) 事实细节题 事实细节题属表层理解范畴，答案一般都能在原文中直接找到，因此难度系数较小。该类问题往往以 what, who, which, when, where, why, how 等词提出，是对文中某句、某段或某一具体细节所作的提问。此类问题我们只需看准题目要求，带着问题在原文中找到相关细节，便可迅速找到正确答案。 利用题目的关键词去寻找文中对应词， 在对应词周围找答案。 ［范例］ Web language is popular. Today more and more Chinglish words are used by Chinese, especially the young Chinese. One example is“antizen”, an antizen is a college graduate( 毕业生 ) who makes less money and lives in a small apartment, like a tiny and hard-working ant. ［问题］ Who like to use Chinglish? A. All the Chinese. B. The young Chinese. C. The antizens. D. The college students. 【 解析 】 选 B 。本题属细节理解题。该题的关键词是 use Chinglish ，这个我们可以在第一段第二句“ . . . Chinglish words are used by Chinese, especially the young Chinese” 找到对应词。分析这句话可得答案 B 。 根据题干内容，在原文中搜索选择项， 对号入座。 （ 2011· 青岛中考） ［范例］ Here’s an interview to a pilot about his life. (R=Reporter; P=Pilot) R: How much time do pilots actually spend flying a plane? P: It varies (WES’J) from about 20 minutes on some domestic ( 国内的 ) flights to as much as 18 hours on international flights. It all depends on whether the flight is a short-or long-haul flight. R: Do pilots take breaks during flights or do they fly the whole time? P: Yes, we take breaks during long-haul flights. Airlines assign ( 指派 ) three or four pilots to long flights. We take turns flying the plane. R: If pilots are traveling all the time, how do they deal with jet lag ( 时差 )? P: Jet lag is annoying for almost all pilots. I try to go to sleep as I would at home. R: How important is it to know the weight and size of the plane you are flying? P: It is very important. We weigh almost everything put into the airplane and make estimates ( 估计 ) according to the number of people on each flight. R: Do pilots eat the airplane food? P: Yes, we eat business class food! Airplane food changes every season and is very delicious if you don’t hate eating lobster ( 龙虾 ) every day! The pilots on the same plane are supposed to make different meal choices so that if one of the dishes causes food poisoning, only one of them will be sick. That way, at least one pilot will always be well enough to fly the plane! ［问题］ What question doesn’t the reporter ask in the interview? A. How to keep passengers safe? B. How long do pilots actually spend flying a plane? C. How to deal with jet lag? D. How to take breaks during flying? 【 解析 】 选 A 。本题属细节理解题。全文记者共问了五个问题。到原文中去搜索这四个选择项，我们会发现 B 是第一个问题， C 是第三个问题， D 是第二个问题，唯独找不到 A, 故选 A 。 （ 2 ）推理判断题 该题型考查学生通过文章表层信息推测其隐含信息的能力，要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断。该类题虽然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有间接的暗示和线索，切记它不是读者本人的看法或观点。 根据文中某个词、句子或段落进行推理。 ［范例］ One day a young man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant, “Could I have two mice and about twenty roaches ( 蟑螂 )? ” “Why do you need these things? ” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well, ” answered the young man, “I’m moving out of my apartment ( 公寓 ) and the landlord ( 房东 ) said that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ” ［问题］ From the passage we know the apartment may be _______ before the young man moved into it. A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects ( 昆虫 ) 【 解析 】 选 D 。根据文章中的句子“ I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord said that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ” 可知年轻人买老鼠和蟑螂的原因是房东要求房屋必须和年轻人搬进来时一模一样。据此我们可以推断年轻人入住前，公寓一定是很脏，且有很多昆虫，故选 D 。 根据作者的语气、论调和倾向进行推断。 ［范例］ Bill: Do I have to take the test? Teacher: Do you want to pass the course? ［问题］ What did the teacher mean? A. Bill must study to pass. B. Bill won’t pass unless he takes the test. C. Bill needn’t take the test. D. Bill may miss the test. 【 解析 】 选 B 。根据对话内容可知，比尔不想参加考试，但老师告诉他，不参加考试，本门课程就过不了关。由此可推知应选 B 项。 （ 3 ）词义猜测类 该题型主要考查考生通过上下文去判断词义。词义题的考查有两种：一种是超纲词含义的推断，另一种是熟词生义的推断。 根据前后的比较对照关系、对它的定义、 重述以及举例等进行猜测。 ［范例］ Do you have any foreign friends? Do you know their characteristics( 特征 )? The Germans are very quiet and they always keep calm. They don’t like to speak more words. They look very serious. They like different kinds of amusements. The Germans are very hard-working. They like tidiness , especially the women, who always keep their home clean. ［问题］ What does the underlined word “tidiness” mean in Chinese? A. 整洁 B. 沉默的 C. 文静 D. 孤独的 【 解析 】 选 A 。一方面，由下文“ especially the women, who always keep their home clean. ” 可知他们爱整洁、爱干净；另一方面，从句法结构上看 tidiness 作 like 的宾语，不可能是形容词；再者， -ness 是名词词缀，故选 A 。 利用同义词、同位语以及构词法等进行猜测。 （ 2011· 沈阳中考） ［范例］ If you’re into sports, you’ve seen it happen—tennis players jump over the net to shake hands after a hard match; football players exchange jerseys （运动衣） after ninety minutes of knocking each other around; even boxers touch gloves at the beginning of each round. Players in every event, from spelling bees to golf （高尔夫球）， act in this way. It’s all part of sportsmanship （体育精神）， a great tradition in sports and competition. It means playing and being calm all through the match. ［问题］ The underlined word “ bees ” in the passage means _______. A. fly B. competition C. guess D. research 【 解析 】 选 B 。把 spelling bees ， golf 分别与下文的 sports ， competition 对应起来，很容易猜到 bees 和 competition 是同义词。 (4) 数字推算类 该题型要求学生根据文章提供的数据及内在的关系作出简单的计算和推断。 理清有关数字的关系，列出数学算式。 ［范例］ You may know about “junk food” like French fries. But do you know about “junk sleep”? Recently, a British survey found that electronic( 电子的 ) products in teenagers’ bedrooms are affecting( 影响 )their sleep. The survey was done among 1, 000 British kids from 12 to 16. It found that 30 percent of them got just 4 to 7 hours’ sleep every day. But doctors say they need 8 to 9 hours. . . . . . . ［问题］ _______ of the children in the survey sleep only 4 to 7 hours a day. A. 200 B. 300 C. 500 D. 1, 000 【 解析 】 选 B 。根据文章的第三段第一、二句我们可以作这样一个简单的计算： 100030%=300 ，故答案为 B 。 （ 5 ）主旨大意类 该类题型在历年中考出现的频率也很高，难度系数较大。它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。 从英语文章中出现主旨大意最频繁的位 置 —— 首尾句去找。 （ 2011· 泰安中考） ［范例］ A group of people asked this question to a group 4-to-8-year-old children. “What does love mean? ” The answers were surprising. The children would answer like they did below. “When my grandmother hurt her knees ( 膝盖 ), she couldn’t bend ( 弯腰 ) over and paint her toenails ( 脚指甲 ) any more. So my grandfather does it for her all the time, even when his hands hurt too. That’s love. ” Rebecca-age 8 “Love is when someone hurts you. And you get so mad but you don’t shout at them because you know it would hurt their feelings. ” Samantha-age 6 “Love is what makes you smile when you’re tired. ” Terri-age 4 “I let my big sister pick on ( 捉弄 ) me because my mum says she only picks on me because she loves me. So I pick on my baby sister because I love her. ” Bethany-age 4 “I know my older sister loves me because she gives me all her old clothes and has to go out and buy new clothes. ” Lauren-age 4 “Love is when Mommy gives Daddy the best piece of chicken. ” Elaine-age 5 “My mommy loves me more than anybody. You don’t see anyone else kissing me to sleep at night. ” Clear-age 5 “You really shouldn’t say ‘I love you’ unless you mean it. But if you mean it, you should say it a lot. People forget. ” Jessica-age 8 ［问题］ The passage mainly tells us about _______. A. what “life” means to children B. what “family” means to children C. what “friends” means to children D. what “love” means to children 【 解析 】 选 D 。主旨大意题。在文章第二句“ What does love mean? ” 我们就能找到文章的主旨，据此可足以判断选 D 。 通过全文主要内容，总结作者写作意图。 ［范例］ Foolish(silly) Freddie lived in a small village. The people of the village laughed at him. They liked to show visitors how silly Freddie was. They thought this was a funny thing to do. One day, a visitor came to the village. “Watch this, ” a villager said, and called to Freddie. “Come and play a game, Freddie, ” he shouted. Freddie walked slowly towards him, a silly smile on his face. “Look! Freddie, ”the villager said, “I’ve got something for you. ” He showed Freddie a dollar coin and a much larger 50-cent coin. “Which would you like? ” he asked Freddie. Freddie took the 50-cent coin at once. The villager laughed. “See how foolish he is, ” he said. “He always does that. He’s too silly to learn anything. ” He walked away, leaving Freddie with the visitor. The visitor felt sorry for Freddie and said to him, “Although the 50-cent coin is bigger than the ＄ 1 coin, the ＄ 1 coin is worth( 值 ) much more. Two times as much. ” “I know that, ” Freddie said. “But once I take the ＄ 1 coin, they’ll stop playing the game. ” ［问题］ The best title for the passage should be _______. A. Clever Villagers B. “Foolish” Freddie C. Freddie and a Visitor D. A Visitor and the Villagers 【 解析 】 选 B 。通读故事可知：弗雷迪一点也不傻，他表面上装傻，是为了可以继续做这样的游戏。 考点一 判断正误型阅读理解 判断正误型阅读理解题仍将以文章细节设题为主，以推理判断为辅，重在考查学生识别文章信息的能力。近年来，该题型主要集中在黑龙江、吉林、青海、陕西、山东、四川、云南、福建等省市。预计 2013 年判断正误型阅读理解仍将是非主流题型，区域性特色明显。 根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误，正确的用“ T” ，错误的用“ F” 。 （ 2012· 福州中考） A farmer’s dog, Dolly, had puppies ( 小狗 ), and the farmer needed to sell them. He painted a sign and put it in his yard. As he was putting up the sign, a little boy walked up to him. “Sir, ” he said, “I want to buy one of your dogs. ” “Well, ” said the farmer, “these dogs are very expensive. ” “Can I just look? ” asked the boy. “Sure, ” said the farmer and whistled ( 吹口哨 ). “Here, Dolly! ” he called. Dolly ran out from the doghouse and four little dogs followed her. The boy became excited. Then, the little boy noticed another dog. This one was smaller. It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others. “I want that one, ” the boy said, pointing to the little dog. The farmer said, “Son, you don’t want that dog. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs. ” The little boy reached down and rolled up ( 卷起 ) one leg of his trousers. He showed a cast( 石膏 ) on his leg and a specially made shoe. He said, “You see, sir, I don’t run too well myself, and he will need someone who understands. ” The world is full of people who need someone who understands. 1. Dolly was a mother dog which had four baby dogs. 2. One of the dogs moved slowly probably because its legs were weak. 3. The farmer advised the boy not to choose the smaller dog. 4. Nothing was wrong with the boy’s leg. 5. We learn from the story that one should show love and understanding for the weak. 剖析 本文主要是通过一位腿有残疾、走路不便的孩子买狗时没看中健康、跑得快的狗，却偏偏看上体形小、走路又慢的小狗的故事，诠释了一个生活哲理 —— 生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。 Ⅰ. 词数分析 本文篇幅适中，全文共有 202 词，其中含有生词（组） 4 个（ puppies 小狗 , whistled 吹口哨 , rolled up 卷起 , cast 石膏）。 Ⅱ. 体裁分析 本文是一篇哲理故事。文章先由一个农夫要卖掉小狗展开故事，然后详细描述小孩买狗的过程，最后通过孩子的话语揭示出本文的主题 —— 生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。 Ⅲ. 角度分析 1 、 2 小题是推理判断题， 3 、 4 小题是细节理解题，第 5 小题是主旨大意题。 Ⅳ. 答案分析 1. 【 解析 】 F 。推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中“ . . . four little dogs followed her. ” 及第三、四、五句可知 Dolly 除了前面提到的四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小的小狗。故此处说 Dolly 有四只小狗是不正确的，它至少有五只才对。 2. 【 解析 】 T 。推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句“ It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others. ” 及第八段中“ He will never be able to run and play with you. . . ” 可以推断这只小狗行动缓慢可能是因为它的腿虚弱无力。故此处说法正确。 3. 【 解析 】 T 。细节理解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲的话“ Son ， you don’t want that dog. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs. ” 可知，农夫确实建议男孩不要选择那只体形小的狗。故此处正确。 4. 【 解析 】 F 。细节理解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知，这个男孩的腿上打着石膏并且穿着特制的鞋，并且后面男孩说“ . . . I don’t run too well myself. . . ” ，可以确定他的腿是有问题的。故此处错误。 5. 【 解析 】 T 。主旨大意题。结合短文最后五段，特别是最后一句话“ The world is full of people who need someone who understands. ( 这个世界充满了需要别人理解的人。 )” ，可以提炼出这篇短文的主旨是号召大家对弱势群体奉献出爱和理解。故此处主旨归纳是正确的。 考点二 选择型阅读理解 选择型阅读理解是最为流行的一种题型，因为它设题角度灵活多样，有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题以及主旨大意题，能够较客观全面地考查学生的阅读能力。因此，预计 2013 年中考选择型阅读理解仍将是主流题型。同时，文章体裁将更加多样化，选材更加广泛，生活气息、时代特色更加浓郁。 阅读下列短文，并做每篇短文后面的题目，从各题 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。 （ 2011· 潍坊中考） Mr. White works in an office. He liked reading in bed when he was at school. It was bad for his eyes and now he is near-sighted. But he wouldn’t want anybody else to know about it and he never wears a pair of glasses. It often brings him some trouble. One winter morning he was sent to a village school on business. He got off a bus at a stop in a small town. Then he had to walk there. The road to the village wasn’t smooth. There were stones here and there. He fell over several times and it made his clothes very dirty. At last he got to the village. Suddenly it began to blow strongly and it got much colder. His hat was blown off while he was looking for the school. He had to run after it but he couldn’t catch it. He was wondering why his hat ran into a house as if it had legs. And then he ran into the house, too. A big woman appeared and stopped him by shouting angrily, “What are you running after my hen for? ” 1. According to the passage, which of the following is true? A. Mr. White wears a pair of glasses. B. Mr. White works in a village school. C. Mr. White likes reading in bed in his office. D. Mr. White often has some trouble because of his near-sight. 2. What was the weather like when Mr. White was walking to the village school? A. It was warm. B. It was windy. C. It was fine. D. It was cool. 3. Mr. White couldn’t get his hat because _______. A. his hat had legs B. his hat was the big woman’s C. he couldn’t see his hat at all D. he couldn’t run as fast as his hat 剖析 本文主要叙述了 Mr. White 近视眼却不想让别人知道，所以他不戴近视镜，结果闹出了笑话 —— 把母鸡当成了自己的帽子的故事。 Ⅰ. 词数分析 本文篇幅较短，全文 190 词左右，其中含有生词（组） 3 个（ near-sighted 近视的； smooth 平坦的； blow 吹，刮风）。 Ⅱ. 体裁分析 本文属记叙文，话题是“生活趣事”。文章先对故事的主人公 Mr. White 做相关介绍，为后面发生的故事作铺垫。然后作者详细记叙了故事发生的经过。结构清晰，故事交代详细，读者易懂。 Ⅲ. 角度分析 第 1 、 2 小题是细节理解题，第 3 小题属推理判断题。 Ⅳ. 答案分析 1. 【 解析 】 选 D 。细节理解题。根据句子“ he never wears a pair of glasses” 可以判断 A 是错误的；根据句子“ One winter morning he was sent to a village school on business. ” 可以判断 B 是错误的；根据句子“ He liked reading in bed when he was at school. ” 可知他是在上学的时候喜欢躺在床上读书， C 是错误的；根据句子“ It often brings him some trouble. ” 可以判断 D 是正确的。故选 D 。 2. 【 解析 】 选 B 。细节理解题。根据第二段句子“ Suddenly it began to blow strongly and it got much colder. ” 可知，天气是多风的，故选 B 。 3. 【 解析 】 选 C 。推理判断题。根据第二段句子“ He had to run after it but he couldn’t catch it. ” 我们可以推断出他根本看不清自己的帽子，而是把母鸡当成帽子了。故选 C 。 考点三 任务型阅读 任务型阅读理解其题型多样，设题自由开放，内容广泛。它不仅能考查学生的阅读理解能力，还能考查学生的语言组织能力、单词拼写能力、英汉互译能力以及其他语言知识，较好地呼应了新课标所倡导的“任务型语言教学”模式。因此，预计 2013 年中考将有越来越多的省市采用此题型。 阅读短文，并按要求完成 1 ～ 5 题。 （ 2011· 河北中考） Several Asian hospitals are doing experiments with tele-medicine. Tele-medicine is a technology that allows doctors to “see” patients without them being in the same place. This is made possible through high-speed communication networks ( 网络 ). At both ends of the line, the way of video-meeting lets them see and talk to each other. Blood pressure ( 血压 ) and body temperature are directly shown on computers. Tele-medicine is already in wide use in some places such as the United States and Germany. Among other uses, village doctors hold “consultations ( 会诊 )” with far-away experts( 专家 ). The experts can also help them during operations. Tele-medicine has been slow to reach Asia because of high costs, besides other reasons. When things improve, this technology will develop very fast. Chinese University of Hong Kong’s medical school has joined a big hospital in Beijing, and Thailand is building a tele-medicine station connecting 20 areas. Tele-medicine will do good to patients because doctors from different places can see them and give their medical advice. The help is quite important if the disease is an unusual one. It also helps spread medical knowledge among experts. As tele-medicine develops well, its costs will be lower and it will become very popular in the medical field. 1 题判断正误（“ T” 表示正确，“ F” 表示错误）； 2 题完成句子； 3 、 4 题简略回答问题； 5 题将文中画线句子译成汉语。 1. Tele-medicine is already in wide use in some countries. ( ) 2. Tele-medicine allows _______ without them being in the same place. 3. Why does tele-medicine develop slowly in Asia besides other reasons? ______________________________________________________ 4. What is Thailand doing according to the passage? ______________________________________________________ 5. ____________________________________________________ 剖析 本文主要介绍了什么是远程医疗、远程医疗在欧美的运用、远程医疗在亚洲的发展及其前景。 Ⅰ. 词数分析 本文篇幅适中，全文 210 词左右，其中含有生词（组） 4 个（ tele-medicine 远程医疗； network 网络； blood pressure 血压； consultation 会诊 ) 。 Ⅱ. 体裁分析 本文属说明文，话题是“远程医疗”。文章包括三部分，首先以报道亚洲几家医院做远程医疗实验开篇，先向读者介绍了什么是远程医疗； 接着介绍远程医疗在世界某些地区（如欧美）的广泛使用；最后介绍远程医疗在亚洲起步较晚的原因、初步发展及其前景。 Ⅲ. 角度分析 第 1 、 2 、 3 、 4 小题是细节理解题；第 5 小题是理解翻译题。 Ⅳ. 答案分析 1. 【 解析 】 T 。由第二段第一句话可知此句是正确的。 2. 【 解析 】 doctors to “see”/see patients 。由“ Tele-medicine is a technology that allows. . . same place. ” 可知：可以转换成 doctors to “see”/see patients 。 3. 【 解析 】 Because of high costs. /High costs. 由第三段的第一句话可知：因为高成本 , 远程医疗在亚洲发展很慢。 4. 【 解析 】 Thailand is building a tele-medicine station connecting 20 areas. /Building a tele-medicine station connecting 20 areas. 由第三段的最后一句话可知。 5. 当条件好转的时候，这项技术将会快速地发展。