2018年中考英语知识归纳复习专题动词与动词短语外研版 17页

动词与动词短语 ‎【动词】‎ 动词一般分为实义动词、助动词、系动词和情态动词。其中实义动词是主要考查点。动词的基本形式:大部分动词有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。‎ 形式 构成 例词 动词原形 第三人称单数 在动词原形后加-s run-runs 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词,在词尾加-es teach-teaches 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i，再加-es study-studies 现在分词 在动词原形后加-ing read-reading 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ing live-living 以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母，再加-ing sit-sitting 少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ing die-dying lie-lying 过去 式与 在动词原形后加-ed work-worked 17‎ 过去 分词 ‎（规则 变化）‎ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i，再加-ed carry-carried 以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母，再加-ed stop-stopped 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,直接加d live-lived ‎【考点训练1】‎ ‎1.The little girl can _______ (sing) very well.‎ ‎2.The person who is the earliest will get what he or she _______ (want).‎ ‎3.He _____ (write) a letter to his best friend yesterday.‎ ‎4.Edison enjoyed _______(try) his new ideas.‎ ‎5.My brother __________(make) many American friends since he _______ (come) here.‎ 答案：sing wants wrote trying has made came ‎【实义动词与助动词的用法】‎ 1. 实义动词实义动词本身含有实际意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。其分类及用法如下：‎ 分类 用法 例句 按句法功能分 及物 动词 本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使意义完整。‎ Please open the window.请打开窗户。‎ 17‎ 不及物 动词 本身意义完整，无需接宾语。若不及物动词要接宾语，其后需加适当的介词。‎ He works hard.他努力工作。‎ I like listening to music.我喜欢听音乐。‎ 按动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短分 延续性 动词 表示能够延续的动作，如：learn，work，keep，sleep，live等，可以与表示时间段的状语（for+时间段，since+时间点，since从句）连用。‎ I have lived here for five years.我在这儿住了五年了。‎ 非延续 性动词 也称瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，动作发生后立即结束，如：open，die，begin，finish，come，borrow，lend，buy等,不能与表示时间段的状语连用。‎ I borrowed a book from the library.我从图书馆借了一本书。‎ 1. 助动词助动词不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词（主要是实义动词）一起构成谓语，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式。常见助动词有be，do，have，will/shall等，具体用法如下：‎ 助动词 功能 例句 be 构成现在进行时：am/is/are+现在分词 I am listening to music.我正在听音乐。‎ 构成过去进行时：was/were+现在分词 I was taking a shower at 8:00 last night.昨晚八点我正在洗澡。‎ 17‎ 构成一般将来时：am/is/are+going to+动词原形 They are going to have a trip next month.下个月他们将要去旅行。‎ 构成被动语态：be(am/is/are/was/were)+过去分词 Many trees are planted every year.每年种植很多树。‎ do 构成疑问句、否定句[一般现在时中用do,does(单三式)，一般过去时中用did]‎ Do you like reading?你喜欢阅读吗？‎ He didn’t go to school yesterday.他昨天没有去上学。‎ 构成否定祈使句：Don’t+动词原形 Don’t arrive late for class.上课不要迟到。‎ have 构成现在完成时：have/has+过去分词 I have taught English in the school for three years.我已在这所学校教了三年英语了。‎ will/‎ shall 构成一般将来时:will/shall+动词原形 She will go to Beijing next Monday.下周一她将去北京。‎ ‎◆助动词在省略句中的运用 为了避免重复，一些句子常常省略（前面提到过的）谓语动词，而用相应的助动词代替此谓语动词，助动词要与句子的人称、时态一致。这种用法也常用于一般疑问句的简略回答中。如：‎ She won’t go there，but I will(=but I will go there).［用助动词will代替will go there］‎ ‎—Do you have a pen?‎ ‎—Yes，I do(=I have a pen).［用助动词do代替have a pen］‎ ‎【考点训练2】‎ 用适当的助动词填空。(注意否定形式)‎ 17‎ ‎1.I don’t have a basketball，but my friend David ‎ _______.‎ ‎2.In England，tea _______ appear until around 1660.‎ ‎3.Although the man has a lot of money，it ________‎ make him happy.‎ ‎4.You ______ catch the first bus unless you leave now.‎ ‎5.This is the most interesting book I _____ ever read.‎ ‎6.A baby’s first-month birthday is a special event in China and ______ with a special party. （ ）‎ A.is celebrated B.is celebrating C.was celebrated D.celebrates 答案：does didn’t doesn’t won’t have A ‎【系动词的用法】‎ 系动词用于连接主语和表语，表示主语的身份、性质和状态等。系动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟形容词、名词或介词短语等作表语。英语中常见的系动词有：‎ 系动词 词义 例句 am/is/are。‎ 是 He is my uncle.他是我的叔叔。‎ keep 保持 They always keep silent.他们总是保持沉默 stay The bookstore stays open until 8:00 pm.这家书店会一直开到晚上八点。‎ become 变得 He has become a member of this club.他已经成为这家俱乐部的会员。‎ 17‎ get It is getting dark.天色渐渐暗了。‎ go It is getting dark.天色渐渐暗了。‎ turn xThe leaves are turning yellow.树叶正在变黄。‎ feel 感觉；摸起来 I feel tired.我感觉很累。The cloth feels soft.这块布摸起来很柔软。‎ look 看起来 My mother looks very young.我的妈妈看起来很年轻。‎ smell 闻起来 The flowers smell sweet.这些花闻起来很香。‎ sound 听起来 That sounds interesting.那听起来很有趣。‎ taste 尝起来 The soup tastes terrible.这汤尝起来很糟糕。‎ ‎【考点训练3】‎ ‎1.What Mr.White said sounds ________ (friend).‎ ‎2.The children all looked _______ at the broken model plane and felt quite _______ .(sad)‎ ‎3.The meat smells ____ .Throw it away. （ ）‎ A.well B.good C.badly D.bad ‎4.When spring comes，trees begin to ___ green. ‎ ‎（ ）‎ A.sound B.taste C.keep D.turn ‎5.—Good morning.I’d like a birthday gift for my mother.‎ ‎—What about this scarf? It is beautiful and it ___ soft and smooth. （ ）‎ A. feels B.looks C.seems D.becomes 17‎ 答案：friendly sadly sad D D A ‎【动词短语】‎ 动词短语是指动词跟介词或副词等构成的固定词组。‎ ‎1.动词短语的分类 ‎(1)动词+介词在此类动词短语中，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如arrive at/in,ask for,come from,get to,laugh at,listen to,look after,wait for等。‎ ‎(2)动词+副词在此类动词短语中，宾语为代词(宾格)时，只能位于动词和副词之间；宾语为名词时，位于副词 前后均可。如find out,give up,put off,turn on,think over等。‎ ‎(3)动词+副词+介词在此类动词短语中，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如come up with,get on/along with,go on with,look forward to等。‎ ‎(4)动词+名词+介词在此类动词短语中，名词之前可加形容词来修饰，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如make friends with,make use of,pay attention to,take part in,take care of等。‎ ‎2.初中阶段常用的动词短语 agree with同意 arrive in/at到达 ask for要求……‎ begin with以……开始 belong to属于 be made from/of由……制成 break out （战争等）爆发 bring back恢复；使想起；归还 call （sb.） back （给某人）回电话 call for要求;需要 call in 召来；叫来 call up打电话（给某人）；征召 care about 关心;在意 17‎ care for照顾；非常喜欢 check out察看；观察 cheer up （使）变得更高兴；振奋起来 clean up 打扫（或清除）干净 clean...off把……擦掉 come in进来 come out出来；出版；（花朵）开花 come on快点儿 come up with想出；提出（主意、计划、回答等）‎ come back回来 come from来自 compare...with 比较；对比 connect...with把……和……连接或联系起来 cut out删除；删去 cut down砍倒；削减（开支）‎ cut up切碎 deal/do with应对；处理 depend on依靠;信赖;取决于 die of死于（疾病,饥饿,寒冷等内在原因）‎ die from死于（交通事故等外界原因）‎ die out绝种；灭绝 die down逐渐变弱；逐渐消失 divide...into把……分成 dream of/about梦想；想象 drive sb.crazy/mad使人发疯/发狂 drop by顺便访问；随便进入 17‎ end up以……结束 fall asleep进入梦乡；睡着 fall behind落后 fall down突然倒下；跌倒；倒塌 fall into 落入;陷入……里 fall in love with sb.爱上某人 fall off 从……掉下 fall over绊倒 fight for争取获得（权力、自由等）‎ fight against 同……对抗 fight with和……并肩作战 find out查明；弄清 fix up修理；装饰 get dressed穿上衣服 get lost迷路 get married结婚 get on上车 get off下车 get over克服 get on/along with和睦相处；关系良好 get up起床；站起来 get into （trouble） 陷入（困境中）‎ get in the way of挡……的路；妨碍 get out of离开；从……出来 get to 到达 get used to习惯于 17‎ give away赠送；捐赠 give out分发；散发 give in （to sb.） （向某人）屈服 give up放弃 go along沿着……走 go through通过；经受 go over复习 go out of one’s way特地；格外努力 go up （价格）上涨；上升 go against违反 go away离开 go to the/a doctor去看医生 go by （时间）逝去；过去 go down （价格）下跌；（日、月）西沉 go on （with） 继续进行 go out外出；熄灭 go off （闹钟）发出响声 ‎ go for a walk去散步 grow up长大；成熟；成长 ‎ hand in上交；提交hand out分发 ‎ hang out闲逛；常去某处 have...in common有相同特征；（想法、兴趣等方面）相同 have to do with关于；与……有关系 have a break/rest休息 have a cold感冒 have a fever发烧 17‎ have a look看一看 have a stomachache胃痛 have a point有道理 hear of/about听说 hear from收到某人的来信 hold on to坚持 hold up举起 hold on别挂电话 keep up with跟上 keep out 不使……进入 keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 keep...away from避免接近；远离 keep on继续；坚持下来 keep one’s cool沉住气；保持冷静 keep...to oneself保守秘密 kick sb.off开除某人 knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上 laugh at嘲笑 lay out摆开；布置 learn about 获悉；得知 learn from 从/向……学习 leave out不包括；不提及；忽略 let...down使失望 live on 以……为食 live by靠……生活 17‎ look for寻找；寻求 look up （在词典、参考书中或通过电脑）查阅；抬头看 look through快速查看；浏览 look after照料；照顾 look at 看一看 look out当心 look about/around/round四下查看 look forward to盼望；期待 look up to钦佩；仰慕 look back at回首（往事）；回忆；回顾 make sure确保；查明 make...feel at home使（某人）感到宾至如归 make a mess弄得一团糟（一塌糊涂）‎ make an effort作出努力 make one’s own decision自己做决定 make one’s way前往；费力地前进 make up编造（故事、谎言等）；组成 make a difference （to...）（对……）有影响；有作用mix up混合 pass by路过；经过 pay back还钱 pay for付费；付出代价 pay attention to注意；关注 pick up拾起；接人；接电话；收听（节目）‎ pick out挑选 prepare for为……做准备 put down放下；写下 17‎ put sth.to good use 好好利用某物 put up张贴；举起；搭起 put out扑灭 put off推迟 put...into放进……里 put away收起来放好 put aside放到一边 put back放回 put on穿上（衣服等）；增加（体重）；发胖；（戏剧）上演 run after追逐；追赶 run away跑开 run out （of） 用尽；耗尽 search for 搜索；搜查 sell out 卖光 send out 发出；放出；射出 send for派人去请 separate from分离；隔开 set up建起；设立 set out出发；启程 show up 出席;露面 shut off关闭；停止运转 stand out 突显；引人注目 stand up 起立；站起来 stay up 不睡觉;熬夜 stick to坚持；固守 talk about 讨论；谈论 17‎ talk with/to...和……交谈 talk back回嘴；顶嘴 take a message捎个口信；传话 take...seriously认真对待……‎ take place发生；出现 take after （外貌或行为）像 take care of照顾；处理 take off脱下（衣服等）；（飞机等）起飞 take a risk/risks冒险 take away拿走 take part in参加 take up （尤指为消遣）学着做；开始做 take down拆除；往下拽；记录 take a break/breaks休息take in 吸入；吞入（体内）take pride in为……感到自豪 take one’s temperature量体温 take the place of/take one’s place代替 take out the rubbish倒垃圾 think of想起；考虑 think about思考；考虑 think over仔细考虑；反复掂量 throw away 扔掉；抛弃 try on试穿 try out参加……选拔；试用 turn on接通（电流、煤气、水等）；打开 turn off关掉（电流、煤气、水等）‎ turn to翻到；转向……求助 17‎ turn down调低（音量、亮度等）；拒绝 turn back往回走 turn round转过身来 turn up调高（音量、亮度等）‎ turn...into变成 wait for等待；等候 wake up 唤醒；弄醒；醒来 work out （成功地）发展;解决 worry about为……担忧 write down写下；记下 ‎【考点训练4】‎ ‎1.Grandfather lives with us.We all ___ him. （ ）‎ A.look at B.look for C.look after D.look like ‎2.As soon as she ____ at home，Sally knew she had bought the wrong dress. （ ）‎ A.handed it in B.tried it on C.cut it out D.made it up ‎3.—Don’t ___ too late，or you will feel tired in class.‎ ‎—I won’t，Mum. （ ）‎ A.call up B.wake up C.stay up D.get up ‎ 红色是答案 ‎【中考示例】‎ ‎(2017·广西)You should _____ your shoes before you enter the dance room. ( )‎ A.take off B.put off C.get off D.fall off 17‎ ‎【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在进入舞蹈室之前你应当脱掉鞋子。A项意为“脱下(衣服等)”；B项意为“推迟”；C项意为“离开；动身；下车”；D项意为“跌落；减少”。‎ ‎【考题热身】‎ ‎1.(2017·云南)You’d better ___ more time talking with your parents so that they can understand you better. （ ）‎ A.Spend B.take C.cost D.pay ‎2.(2017·云南)Tom,the baby is sleeping.Please ___ the radio a bit. （ ）‎ A.turn on B.turn off C.turn up D.turn down ‎3.(2017·安顺)—If you try hard,your dream will ___.‎ ‎—Yes,I ____. （ ）‎ A.come true;will B.be truly;will C.come true;do D.be true;do ‎4.(2017·青岛)These oranges look nice,but ___ very sour. （ ）‎ A.feel B.taste C.sound D.look ‎5.(2017·江西)—Would you like to see a movie with me on Saturday night?‎ ‎—Sorry,I didn’t ___ it.Could you please say it again? （ ）‎ A.receive B.catch C.find D.finish ‎6.(2017·苏州)—Sorry,I’ve forgotten your name.Can you ___ me? （ ）‎ ‎—I’m Daniel.‎ A.remind B.receive C.respect D.remember ‎7.(2017·重庆B卷)It’s not a good habit to ___ what you can do today till tomorrow. （ ）‎ A.take off B.put off C.get off D.turn off ‎8.(2017·扬州)—What do you think of the sofa?‎ ‎—Not bad,but it may ____ too much space of our living room. （ ）‎ 17‎ A.take up B.put up C.open up D.make up ‎9.(2017·泰州)Before you choose a book,you’d better _____ the first few pages to know whether it is too easy or too difficult for you. （ ）‎ A.look out B.look after C.look through D.look for ‎10.(2017·襄阳)In a soccer game,it’s important for players to play together and ___ the best in each other. （ ）‎ A.hand out B.leave out C.bring out D.take out 红色是答案 17‎