小学英语语法知识 9页

小学英语语法知识 英语动词4种时态： 1、一般现在时：常与表示程度或频度的词连用，如：often（经常） , usually（通常，一般） , sometimes（有时） , always（总是，一直） , never（从不）,表示经常性或习惯性的动作,表示现在的特征或状态,表示普遍真理。用动词原形表示，第三人称单数后，动词要在词尾加s（或es，或变y为i再加es）。如：I often get up at 7:00. He often gets up at 7:30. 2、现在进行时：表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。用am / is / are 加 动词ing形式表示，如: What are you doing? I am reading a book. What is he doing? He is singing. 3、一般将来时：常与表示将来的时间连用，如：tomorrow , next week , next year 等,表示将要发生的动作或情况。用 am/ is/ are 加 going to形式表示，如：What are you going to do tomorrow? I’m going to ride a horse. 用will 加动词原形表示，如：What will you do next Sunday? I will go shopping. 用am/ is/ are 加动词ing 形式表示，如：What are you doing tomorrow? I’m going bowling. 4、一般过去时：经常与表示过去的时间连用, 如: yesterday, last night等, 表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。动词要用动词的过去式。如： Who was first? Ken was first. Where were you yesterday? I was at home. What did you do yesterday? I went to school. ‎ 形容词的比较级和最高级： 1、单音节词：比较级加er, 最高级加est. 如：tall—taller—the tallest, He is taller than his brother. Tom is the tallest in his class. 2、多音节词和部分双音节词：比较级加more, 最高级加 the most. 如： interesting---------more interesting---------the most interesting, Music is interesting subject. P.E. is more interesting than music.. Science is the most interesting subject.‎ 形容词变为比较级的变化规则：（1）一般情况下，在形容词的词尾直接加er。如: tall—taller short—shorter.(2)以字母e结尾的形容词，在词尾直接加r，如：nice—nicer. late—later (3)以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加er.如：big—bigger thin—thinner fat—fatter (4)以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节形容词，先变y为i , 再加er。如：easy—easier heavy—heavier funny—funnier.（2）、部分形容词比较级的不规则变化：good—better well—better bad—worse badly—worse many—more much—more little—less far—farther 动词ing的变化规律：‎ ‎1）直接加ing ，如： open-opening, clean-cleaning, meet-meeting, sing-singing, study-studying, …‎ ‎2） 去掉词尾不发音的e ，如：take-taking, close-closing, come-coming, drive-driving, have-having, use-using, write-writing, ‎ practice-practicing, …‎ ‎3） 重读闭音节的，双写最后的字母，加 ing , 如： sit-sitting, put-putting, begin-beginning , get-getting, swim-swimming, run-running, cut-cutting, become-becoming, …‎ 主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化规律(与名词变复数规律相同)： 1） 直接加s， 如：cook-cooks, come-comes, close-closes,… ‎ ‎2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾+es , 如: teach-teaches, go-goes, do-does, catch-catches, wash-washes, brush-brushes, miss-misses, …‎ ‎3） 辅音字母加y结尾，把y改为i ，+es， 如：fly-flies, worry-worries, carry-carries, …‎ ‎4） 以f或fe结尾，把f或fe，改为v+es.‎ ‎5） 特殊：have-has, …‎ ‎6）家庭、亲属和朋友：姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好：与你的关系 ‎ words: family, grandfather(grandpa/granddad), grandmother(grandma/grand mum), father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin, friend 相关句型: 1) Is he/she Tom’s cousin? Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isn’t.‎ ‎ 2) Who’s he/she? He’s/She’s my friend.‎ ‎ 3) How many people are there in your family? Who are they?‎ ‎ There are four, my father, my mother, my brother and me.‎ 注意： 1）名词单复数，如：family-families; ‎ 名词单数--复数规律: ‎ ‎（1）1） 直接加s， 如： boy-boys, term-terms, ‎ ‎2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 结尾+es , 如: box-boxes, class-classes, glass-glasses, coach-coaches, dress-dresses, fax-faxes, inch-inches, match-matches, ‎ ‎3） 辅音字母加y结尾，把y改为i ，+es， 如：baby-babies, lady-ladies, factory-factories, peach-peaches, library-libraries, watch-watches , ‎ ‎4） 以f或fe结尾，把f或fe，改为v+es: leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, shelf-shelves, …‎ ‎5） 特殊: man-men, policeman-policemen, woman-women, child-children, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, ‎ ‎6) 不变: hair, milk, tea, coffee, water, bread, rice, paper, juice, meat, people, fish, sheep, …‎ ‎（2）名词所有格，表明是“谁的” 如： my cousin’s , his parents’‎ 它的构成规则： 单数名词后+“ ’s”， Mike’s mother.‎ 复数名词词尾有，其后只+“ ’”，Teachers’ Da教师节.‎ 若是两人共有时，只在后者+ “’s ”,‎ Jim and Tom’s mother.吉姆和汤姆的母亲。‎ 不是两者所共有的，两者都+ “ ’s ”,‎ Jim’s and Tom’s mother.吉姆母亲和汤姆的母亲。‎ 名词若是无生命，所有格构成用of, a map of China.一幅中国地图 I一般过去时态 定义：表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。 结构：“主语+动词的过去式” 用法： 1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 He was here yesterday. I got up at seven yesterday morning. My mother was at work yesterday afternoon. Did you have a good time last summer? 2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 My mother often went to work by taxi last year. When I was a student, I often listened to music. 3. 常与一般过去时态连用的时间有：一般过去式的用法： 一般过去式 表示过去的动作和状态，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句, 如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。 I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山。 一般过去式构成：表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词 原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。‎ ‎4. 一般过去时的标志词: last year; last night ‎ yesterday (+morning, afternoon, evening)‎ ‎ in +过去时间词: in 1998… ‎ II 过去式规则变化 ‎（a）动词词尾+“ed”。 walk →walked（走）need →needed （需要） （b）动词词尾为“e”时，加“-d”。 live →lived （住）like →liked （喜欢） （c）动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“y”加“ied”，若是词尾为“元音字母+y”，只加“ed”。 study →studied （学习）play→played （游戏）‎ ‎（d）原形动词词尾为重读闭音节时，先双写该辅音字母再+“ed”stop →stopped ‎ III 过去式规则变化 ‎(一) 不变 ‎1.cut cut 2.let let 3.put put 4 read read 5．must must ‎（二）改成a ‎1. come came 2.become became 3. begin began 4. drink drank ‎5.have had 6.run ran 7. sit sat 8.ring rang ‎9. sing sang 10.swim swam 11.give gave ‎ ‎（三）改成ght ‎1. think thought 2.fight fought 3.bring brought 4. buy bought ‎5. catch caught 6. teach taught ‎（三）改成t ‎1.keep kept 2.sleep slept 3.sweep swept 4.feel felt ‎5.spend spent 6.learn learnt 7.mean meant ‎ ‎（四）改成ew ‎1.blow blew 2. know knew 3.grow grew 4. draw drew 5.throw threw 6. fly flew （五）改成o ‎1.get got 2.forget forgot 3.write wrote 4.ride rode 5.drive drove ‎6.sell sold 7.tell told 8.stand stood 9.understand understood ‎10.speak spoke 11.hear heard 12.take took (六)其他形式 ‎1.make made 2.hear heard 3.eat ate 4.mean meant ‎5.say said 6.find found 7.meet met 8.see saw ‎9.can could 10.shall should 11.will would 12. may ‎ ‎ might 13.go went 14.see saw 15.wear wore ‎ 时态时间标志口诀集锦 ‎ 1. 一般现在时：“总经常有每没（美眉^^）复星周” 总：always， usually等 经常：often 有：sometimes （记住，“有”不是have，而是“有时”） 每：every week/month/year 等 没：never 复星周：on Mondays， on Tuesdays等 2. 一般过去时：“昨天上个XX（读作叉叉）前，in加年份when字连”（原创） 昨天：yesterday， 后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening等 上个：last，后面可以加week， month，year等 XX前：ago，前面可以加three weeks/months/years ago in加年份：in 2009/2008/1986/1220等，2010前全用一般过去时，后年2012前就都是过去时了，2012，世界末日？电影看多了。 when字连：when I was a child等 when字后面都是过去时，也要用一般过去时。 3. 一般将来时时间标志口诀：正好和一般过去时对应：“明天下个XX后” 明天：tomorrow，后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening ‎ ‎ 下个：next，后面可以加week， month，year等 XX后：after和in，后面可以加three weeks/months/years 这里要注意一下，after后加时间点才表示将来，如after 3 o‘clock 。加时间段表示过去，如after 2 hours 表示过去。in后加时间段表将来，如in two years。 4. 现在进行时：“现在时刻看和听，最近在哪请安静。” 现在：now， at present， at the moment等 时刻：It’s ten o‘clock. I’m beating Xiaoqiang. 看和听：Look！ Listen！后面一般都用现在进行时。 最近：What are you doing recently/these days？ 在哪：Where is Xiao Z？ Xiao Z is beating Xiaoqiang. 请安静：Be quiet！/Don‘t make any noise！/Stop making noise！ Xiaoqiang is sleeping.‎