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听力
一、命题趋势
中考听力试题要求考生能听懂读速适中、句子结构不太复杂的语言材料。其中有单句、对话和短文。要求考生能掌握对话或独白的中心意思及重要细节进而做出分析、推理和判断。听力试题所选材料贴近学生、贴近社会、贴近现实生活。
做好听力试题所具备的技能有:反映能力、识别能力、记忆能力、理解能力、判断推理能力、猜词能力、背景知识等。
其中,识别能力包括对重音、连读、失去爆破、同化、吞音等现象的辨认;记忆能力主要指准确记忆对话所提及的细节如数据、时间、地点、人物等;理解能力指对所听材料主旨大意的归纳与概括;判断推理能力指对材料没有直接表述的信息进行迅速推断得出结论;猜词能力指对听力材料中的关键词进行猜测。另外,背景知识主要包括文化、习俗等。
目前,河北卷听力测试分两节,第一节包含四个大题,均为选择题;第二节为填空题,处在第二卷上。第一节的主要形式有:I. 听句子,选出句子中所包含的信息;II. 听句子,选出该句的最佳答语;III. 听对话和问题,选择适当的选项;IV. 听对话、短文和问题,选择正确答案。两节共计30分。
二、解题技巧
1. 听前掠读,踏好节奏
考生在做听力试题前或在听的过程中,一定要充分利用一切可利用的时间阅读下面的试题,应将几个试题的题干和选项一并掠读一下。先根据几个选项的设置,初步猜测一下所听材料的题材和大致的内容,不能等听完整段材料或在听的过程中才去扫视试题。带着问题听录音的好处在于:当我们不能百分之百听懂所述内容时,如果有备而来,就能集中精力获取至关重要的信息。
2. 带题聆听,简要笔记
河北卷的前两个大题不印在试卷上,从第三大题开始,试卷上就有各题的问题和选项。我们一定要带着问题听材料。在听的过程中还应利用箭头、标记、缩写等自己平时所用的自己看得懂的简要符号,记录一些对解题有用的重要数据、信息等。这样做的目的是为了应对那些询问年龄、年月、地点、方位、顺序、价格、钟点等试题。其中,有的试题需要简单计算。
典例1(2007•北京卷-12)
How much is the jacket?
A. 24 dollars. B. 76 dollars. C. 100 dollars.
听力原文的后半段:
Man: May I try on a blue one?
Shop assistant: Of course.
Man: Oh, it looks nice on me. I’ll take it. How much is it?
Shop assistant: 76 dollars.
Man: OK. Here’s one hundred.
Shop assistant: Thank you. Your change, please
我们有必要随手记录一下这两个数字:$76和$100。尤其是当问题设定为“售货员应该找给顾客多少钱?”时,我们还需要简单计算一下:100-76=24。
答案B
典例2(2004•河北卷-21)
How many people are there in this big family?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
听力原文:
W: Okay, everybody. Please listen. Bob wants to talk to us today about his family. Go ahead, Bob.
M: Hello. This is my family. This is Mary. She’s my grandmother. She’s very sweet. Peter is my grandfather. They have two sons, Ron and Simon, and a daughter, Helen. Ron is my father, Simon is my uncle and Helen is my aunt. I love them all. There’re lots of fun. This is my mother, Jane. She’s great.
W: And who is this pretty girl?
M: Oh, that’s my sister Susan. She always gets me into trouble.
W: And this handsome boy?
M: That’s me, of course.
这篇听力材料难度虽然不大,句子较简短,但人物多而复杂,对于初中生来说要选对并不容易。考生平时应该养成简要记录的习惯。做本题时,我们要把重点放在其中的人物上:当听到Mary时,我们可以随手写个字母M;之后陆续记下P(peter), R(Ron), S(Simon), H(Helen), M(mother), S(sister/Susan), M(me/boy/Bob)。
答案B
3. 字里行间,确认暗示
典例3(2007•北京卷-2)
A B C
听力原文:It can take hundreds of passengers and travel very fast in the air. Before it flies, it has to run a long way on the ground.
飞机、热气球、鸟甚至蝴蝶和风筝等都可以在空中飞。仅听材料的前半截我们无法断定这里所描绘的为何物。我们只有耐心地听完材料,尤其是末尾的“run a long way on the ground”对答案的最终确定起着至关重要的制约作用。我们要学会整合和过滤录音材料中繁杂的信息,要从材料的字里行间寻找线索或暗示。
4. 抓住关键,把握主题
无论我们听什么题型的录音材料,听懂其中的每一个词,只要抓住了其中的关键信息即可领悟大意,提取其核心内容,把握材料的中心意思,完成选择正确答案的目的。例如:
典例4(2007•北京卷-1)
听力原文:It’s a part of our body. Each person has got two of them. They are in our faces. People see the world with them. 当我们听到face时,就可以排除A;当我们听到see时,答案自然就出来了。
答案C
典例5(2004•河北卷-6)
A. It’s cool today. B. She feels cold.
C. She’s nicely dressed. D. She’s wearing too much.
听力原文:No. 6: Janet, you look cool in that new skirt.
考生只要抓住了材料中的关键词cool(酷;漂亮)和skirt(裙子)就可以排除其他选项。
答案C
5. 白捡分数,何乐不为
中考当然很严肃,试题理应严谨、严密、公平、难度适中、区分度较好、题型相对稳定、具有很高的信度与效度。然而命题人有时也会出现考虑不周的情况。
典例6(2007•河北卷-20)
What can they do in the video reading room?
A. They can listen to tapes.
B. They can borrow some books.
C. They can search the Internet.
这道题根本不用听录音稿就可以直接得分。因为题干问的是“他们在视频阅览室能够干什么?”答案当然不是听磁带和借阅图书,而是上网搜索、冲浪。
答案C
6.当断则断,主动出击
考生在听力测试中应始终充满信心,高度集中精力。由于没有太多时间考虑,所以敏捷的思维、快速的反映能力以及适当的解题技巧都是必不可少的。考生决不能忧柔寡断、举棋不定,这样会影响下面试题的应答质量。
典例7(2007•北京卷-14)
What kind of book can be taken out of the library?
A. A dictionary. B. A novel. C. A magazine.
听力原文材料较长,共有189词。但是问题只设了两个,我们无论是听明白了还是没有听明白,都不要着急,联想一下现世生活中的实际情况,我们就应该毫不犹豫地选择C而进入下一个环节。
答案C
三、应试对策
中考听力测试一般都是围绕日常的话题所设置,考查内容较为简单,除坚持日常的训练外,还应该熟悉以下功能项目中常见的交际句型:
(一)Greeting and asking about people问候及打听情况
1. 问候、寒暄
Hi! Hello!
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
How do you do?
How are you?
How is everything?
Glad/Nice/Pleased to meet you.
2. 回答
I’m OK.
Fine, thanks, and you?
Very well, thank you.
Just so-so.
All right.
Not too bad.
I’m not feeling myself today.
3.寒暄
Best wishes/regards to …
Please give my regards/love/best wishes to your parents.
Please remember me to your parents.
4.告别
I’m afraid I must be leaving now.
I think it’s time for us to leave.
Glad/Nice meeting you.=Glad/Nice to have met you.
See you later. See you tomorrow. See you.
Good night.
Good-bye! Bye-bye! Bye!
(二)Asking for/Offering help and give thanks请求帮助、提供帮助和答谢
1. 请求帮助
Can you help me?
Can I have your help?
Would you please do me a favor?
Can you give me a hand?
2.提供帮助
Would you like me to help you?
Shall I help you?
What can I do for you?
Let me take your bag, will you/may I?
Is there anything else I can do for you?
3.应答
Yes, please.
Yes, thanks.
No, thanks./Thank you.
No, thank you. Let me manage.
No, thank you all the same.
Thanks a lot.
That would be nice/fine.
Thank you for your help.
I appreciate your help.
That’s/It’s very nice/kind of you.
4.回应感谢
You’re welcome.
Don’t mention it.
It’s/That’s OK/all right.
It’s nothing.
Not at all.
I’m glad I could.
My pleasure./ It's a pleasure. / A pleasure.
Anytime.
5.请求
Do/Would you mind my opening the door?
若同意,用下列句型回答:
No, that's all right.
Oh, no, please.
No, go ahead, please.
Certainly not./Of course not.
若不同意,用下列句型:
I'm sorry.
Yes, I do mind.
Oh, please don't.
Better not, please.
(三)Asking and showing directions问路和指路
1.问路
Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the post office?
Excuse me. Where is the men’s room?
How can I get to the railway station?
Is this the way to the cinema?
2.指路
Go down this street.
Turn left at the second crossing.
It’s about 300 metres away.
Go straight ahead and till you see a monument.
(四)Personal information个人情况简介
1.介绍自己
My name is Tom Smith.
I’m from Canada. I’m studying Chinese in Beijing University.
I come from France.
2. 询问对方
What’s your name?
May I ask your name?
What name shall I say?
Where do you live?
What’s your nationality?
What do you do?=What’s your job?
Are you a teacher?
3.介绍他人
This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms Wang/Green.
May I introduce my friend to you?
Let me introduce my classmate.
I’d like you to meet my friend, Tom.
(五)Asking time and date问时间或日期
1.询问
Excuse me. What day of the week is it today?
Excuse me. What day is it today?
Excuse me. What’s the date today?
Excuse me. What’s the time?
Excuse me. What time is it by your watch?
2.回答
It’s Sunday.
It’s July, 1st.
It’s ten (o’clock).
It’s five past ten.
It’s ten to five.
It’s a half past eleven.
It’s a quarter to twelve.
(六)Useful expressions at a restaurant饭店用语
1.点菜和饮料
I’d like a cup of coffee.
Do you have dry white wine?
Have you got chicken?
A bowl of tomato noodles would be fine.
I’d like your special salad.
Same again, please.
2.服务生用语
Are you ready to order?
May I take your order now?
What would you like?
May I bring you a salad?
3.劝食
Help yourself to some fish.
Would you like any thing to drink?
Would you like some more beef?
Thank you. I’ve had enough.
Just a little, please.
I’m full. Thank you.
(七)Seeing a doctor就医
1.医生用语
What’s the matter?
What seems to be wrong with you?
What’s your trouble?
Do you have a fever?
Have you taken your temperature?
Let me take your temperature.
How long have you felt like this?
Open your mouth, say “Ah…”.
Take a deep breath. Now let it out.
It’s nothing serious.
Take this medicine three times a day.
You’d better stay in bed for another two days.
Give up smoking and take more exercise.
Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.
2.患者用语
I feel terrible/bad/awful.
I don’t feel well.
I’ve got a pain here.
I couldn’t fall asleep the whole night.
It terribly hurts here.
I have a high fever.
Is it serious, doctor?
I have a running nose.
I have a headache/toothache/stomachache.
I feel sick today.
I ache all over.
(八)Shopping购物
1.售货员用语
Can I/we help you?
What can I/we do for you?
How much/many would you like?
What about this one?
What color/size/kind would you like?
Anything else?
Here’s your change.
2.顾客用语
May I try it on?
It’s too big.
It’s too bright on me.
Sorry, it’s too expensive.
How much is it?
What’s the price of it?
Just have a look.
Show me a smaller one, please.
That’s fine. I’ll take it.
(九)At the library借阅图书
How long can I keep it?
I want to borrow a book on the Long March.
If you can’t finish reading it on time, you must come and renew it.
You mustn’t make marks in the book.
The magazines can’t be taken out.
(十)Feelings情感
1.表示兴奋、激动
Really? You don’t say!
Oh dear!
Is that so?
What a surprise!
How nice to see you!
How surprising!
Is this what you expected?
It’s exciting!
You can’t believe it.
It’s unbelievable!
2.表示安慰
Don’t worry.
Take it easy.
It’s all right.
It’ll be OK. It’ll be all right.
Everything will be fine.
It doesn’t matter.
Everyone makes mistakes.
Think nothing about it.
Don’t be excited!
3.表示鼓励、祝贺或祝福及回应
Come on! You can do it.
Have a nice trip!
Congratulations!
Happy birthday!
Thank you./Thanks./Thank you very much./Thanks a lot.
Happy New Year! Merry Christmas!
The same to you./Same to you. /You, too.
Good luck!
I wish you a good luck/success!
Have a good trip!
4.表示道歉、遗憾
Sorry/Pardon. I beg your pardon.
I’m sorry I’m late.
I’m sorry for being late.
I’m really sorry.
I’m sorry to hear that.
Please forgive me.
What a pity!
It’s a pity that he hasn’t come.
5.表示赞同或不赞同
That’s/It’s a good idea.
I agree (with you).
That’s for sure.
Sure. Certainly. Of course.
That’s right.
Yes, I think so.
No way!
I don’t think so.
Certainly not. Of course not.
I’m afraid not.
6.表示建议、命令
You’d better go at once.
I hope you’ll come earlier next time.
You must do it again.
7.表示邀请及应答
Will you come to my birthday party?
Would you like to go with us?
Yes, I’d like to.
Yes, it’s very kind/nice of you.
I’d love to, but I have a lot of homework to do.
8.表示意愿和希望
It will snow before long.
I hope so.
I hope not.
I’m going to have my hair cut.
I’d like to have a talk with Mary.
I feel like going fishing.
I wish to be a teacher in the future.
I hope to be back soon.
9.表示禁止、警告
You can’t/mustn’t do it again.
Look out! Be direful! Take care!
Don’t smoke!
Don’t be late for class!
(十一)Talking about weather谈论天气
What’s the weather like today?
How’s the weather in your city?
It’s fine/sunny/cloudy/windy/rainy.
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
A fine day, isn’t it?
It’s rather cold today.
(十二)Making phone calls打电话
Hello! Is Tom in?
May I speak to Tom?
Is that Tom speaking?
Hold on, please.
Hello, who is it?
May I know who’s calling?
Can I take a message for you?
Hello. This is Tom speaking.
四、强化训练(略)