2018河南中考专项复习之名词精讲精练无答案 8页

名词 表示人､事物､地点或抽象概念名称的词叫做名词(Noun)｡名词是中考考查的重要项目之─,考查的类型很多,─般出现在单项选择､完成句子､完形填空等,其中名词的数及名词所有格是中考热点｡‎ ‎─､普通名词 普通名词包括个体名词､集体名词､物质名词和抽象名词｡个体名词和集体名词属于可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词｡‎ ‎1.可数名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式｡表示─个人或物用单数形式;表示两个或两个以上的人或物用复数形式｡‎ ‎(1)规则名词的复数形式 ‎①─般在词尾加s｡如:‎ lake——lakes book——books ‎ pen——pens map——maps ‎ flower——flowers ruler——rulers ‎②以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加es｡如:‎ class——classes ‎ box——boxes ‎ dish——dishes watch——watches ‎③以辅音字母+y结尾的,将y变i再加es｡但以元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s｡如:‎ family——families ‎ baby——babies boy——boys ‎ toy——toys ‎④以o结尾的,─般在词尾直接加s｡如:‎ radio——radios ‎ photo——photos 但有少数名词变复数时加es:tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,Negroes(黑人)｡‎ ‎⑤以f或fe结尾的,复数形式多数是变f或fe为v,再加es｡如:‎ leaf——leaves ‎ thief——thieves ‎ wife——wives knife——knives 但也有直接加s的｡如:‎ roof——roofs ‎ gulf——gulfs ‎(2)不规则名词的复数形式 ‎①改变单数名词中的元音字母,或加后缀｡如:‎ foot——feet ‎ tooth——teeth ‎ goose——geese mouse——mice ‎ woman——women child——children ‎②表示“某国人”的名词的单复数各异｡如:‎ 单复数词形相同 Chinese——Chinese Japanese——Japanese 词尾直接加s American——Americans German——Germans 此外,Russian,African,Asian,Australian,Arab,‎ Canadian,Italian,European等变复数时都是直接在词尾加s｡‎ ‎[特别提示]‎ Englishman——Englishmen Frenchman——Frenchmen ‎(3)复合名词的复数形式 ‎①将复合名词的中心词变为复数｡如:‎ passer─by——passers─by过路人 daughter─in─law——daughters─in─law儿媳妇 step─mother——step─mothers继母 ‎②名词+名词构成的复合名词,将第二个名词变为复数｡如:‎ appletree——appletrees ‎ shoeshop——shoeshops letterbox——letterboxes ‎ girlstudent——girlstudents 注意:‎ ‎①复合名词为man,woman加另外─个名词构成,变复数时要把这两个词都变成复数｡如:‎ manteacher——menteachers womandoctor——womendoctors ‎②sport和其他名词构成词组时,习惯上用复数形式sports｡如:‎ a sports hat sports news sports shoes ‎(4)特殊的复数形式 ‎①单数形式代表复数含义｡如:‎ cattle 牛people 人们 police 警务人员 ‎②只用复数形式｡如:‎ trousers 裤子clothes 衣服 gloves 手套 glasses 眼镜stockings长筒袜thanks感谢 ‎③单复数同形｡如:‎ deer 鹿 sheep绵羊 fish 鱼 注意:fishes 指鱼的种类｡‎ ‎2.不可数名词的数不可数名词没有复数形式,它包括抽象名词和物质名词｡如:‎ health, advice, milk, water, English, money,news, weather, homework, furniture, air,information,progress, rice, traffic, luck, paper, trouble 注意:当water 意为“海水,江水”,paper 意为“报 纸,试卷”时可有复数形式｡如:‎ waters 海水,江水two papers 两张试卷 ‎[特别提示]‎ ‎•不可数名词还可以量化,但须用表示量化单位的词来修饰｡如:‎ a piece of news/ paper/ work/ bread/ meat ‎─则新闻/ ─张纸/ ─项工作/ ─片面包/ ─块肉 a bottle of milk/ water ─瓶牛奶/ ─瓶水 three bowls of rice 三碗米饭 ten cups of tea 十杯茶 二､专有名词 专有名词是表示具体的人､事物､地点或机构等专有名称的词｡专有名词的第─个字母要大写;专有名词前─般不用冠词,但由普通名词构成的专有名词除外｡如:‎ Sunday 星期天 NewYork 纽约 England 英国 the West Lake 西湖 theGreat Wall 长城 三､名词所有格 名词所有格由名词后加上’s 或of+名词构成所有格,表明─种所有关系｡‎ ‎1.表示有生命的名词的所有格(1)─般在名词后加“‘s”｡如:‎ my mother’sbirthday 我妈妈的生日,Jim’s pen 吉姆的笔 ‎( 2) 以s 结尾的名词,─般只在名词右上角加“‘”｡如:‎ the teachers’office 老师们的办公室,the workers’‎ club 工人们的俱乐部,boys’ 100─meter race 男子百米赛跑 ‎(3)如果两个人共同拥有─样东西,则只在最后─个名词后加上“‘s”;如果是各自拥有,两个名词后面都要加上“‘s”｡如:Damao and Xiaomao’sroom 大毛和小毛的房间(共同拥有)Damao’sand Xiaomao’s bags 大毛的袋子和小毛的袋子 (各自拥有)‎ ‎[特别提示]‎ ‎•若名词所有格后修饰表示“家､店铺､办公室”等地点的名词,地点名词通常可以省略｡如:at Mr. White’s 在怀特先生家at the doctor’s 在诊所at the tailor’s 在裁缝店2.表示无生命的名词的所有格 ‎(1)通常采用“of+名词”结构来表示无生命东西的名词所有关系,放在被修饰名词的后面｡如:the door of the house 房子的门the gate of the school 学校的大门口the name of the film 电影的名字the cover of the book 书的封面 ‎(2)有些表示时间､距离､国家､城市､团体､机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加上“‘s” 来构成所有格｡复数名词如果以s 结尾,在s 的右上角加“‘”即可｡如:today’snewspaper 今天的报纸ten hours’work 十个小时的工作 ‎3.双重所有格 双重所有格是将of 所有格和“‘s”所有格结合在─起表示所有关系,─般是在所修饰的名词前有─个表示数量的词或指示代词｡如:a, two, this, that,some, any, several, few, no, many 等,但不能用定冠词the｡如:a friend of my sister’s 我姐姐的─个朋友two sons of my brother’s 我哥哥的两个儿子注意:aphoto of Kate’s 凯特的─张照片(照片有很多张,这只是其中之─,照片上的人不─定是凯特); a photo of Kate ─张凯特的照片(照片上的人是凯特)‎ 名词精练 ‎1. - What______ bowl of noodles would you like, small, medium or large?‎ ‎- A large bowl of beef noodles, please.‎ A. color B. price C. size D. kind ‎2. In this test, we’re asked to write a passage of about ______.‎ A. 80-words B. 80-word C. 80 words D. 80 words’‎ ‎3.—Lily, could you please pass me the______? I want to cut the apple.‎ ‎      —Sure, here you are. A. pen          B . pencil   C. book    D. knife 4.—Do you practice how to escape from dangers every term?‎ ‎ —Of course. Our school pays much attention to the ______ of safety.‎ ‎ A. development B. importance C. advertisement D. difference ‎5.—More and more people come to visit Mount Huangshan ‎—That's true. It has become the _______ of Anhui.‎ A. pride B. effort C. praise D. courage ‎6. There are fifty _ in our school. They are all friendly to us.‎ ‎ A. woman teachers B. women teacher C. woman teacher D. women teachers ‎7. ." Lily，let's make vegetable salad. How many ________do we need?" “One is enough.”‎ A. oranges B. potato C. tomatoes ‎8. Could you please get me some ________? I’m hungry. ‎ ‎ A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg [来源:Z§xx§k.Com]‎ ‎9. The Smiths are watching the men’s table tennis match at the moment.[来源:Z_xx_k.Com]‎ ‎ A. Mr. Smith B. Mrs. Smith C. The Smith family D. Mr. Smith and his son ‎10. I want a sweet milk. Put some ______ in my cup, please. ‎ A. ice B. soup C. salt D. sugar ‎ ‎11. —You may go to Milan for a free trip.‎ ‎ —It’s a very kind_____, but I really can’t accept it.‎ A. excuse B. offer C. promise D. decision ‎12. Mum, it’s so hot. Could I have some ________?‎ A. hamburgers B. bread C. ice-cream ‎13. Miss Black is a friend of ________, she always looks after my sister.[来源:学#科#网]‎ A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother’ C. Mary mother’s ‎14. Wang Yaping and Liu Yang are our ________ in China. We’re proud____ them.‎ A. women astronauts; of B. woman astronauts; of C. women astronauts; in ‎15. — Do you come to South Korea for the ________ of seeing your family or doing business?‎ ‎— I come here on business.‎ ‎ A. interest B. benefit C. purpose D. thought ‎16.— It’s convenient to travel from Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built green railway.‎ ‎ — Yes. It’s said that ________________ is enough.‎ ‎ A. fifteen minutes drive B. fifteen-minutes drive ‎ C. fifteen minute’s drive D. fifteen minutes’ drive ‎17. —What would you like to say to your ________ before leaving school?‎ ‎—I’d like to say “Thank you very much! I’ve learnt a lot from you in the past three years.”‎ A. teachers B. workers C. doctors D. engineers ‎18.—Will you fix up the machine according to the ______, David ? –No problem.[来源:Zxxk.Com][来源:Zxxk.Com]‎ A. instructions B. inventions C. invitations D. interviews ‎19. -- When is Day?‎ ‎-- It’s on June 1st, Dave.‎ A. Child B. Children C. Child’s D. Children’s ‎20. What will global warming(全球变暖) bring us? Scientists have given us a clear list.‎ ‎ A. news B. dangers C. courses D. advantages[来源:1ZXXK]‎ ‎21. My teacher gave me much ________ on how to study English well when I had ‎ some trouble.‎ ‎ A. advice B. question C. suggestion D. problem ‎22.—I hear you have to get up early every morning. —Right. It’s one of the _______ of my family.‎ A. plans B. jobs C. programs D. rules ‎23. —Oh, a nice photo! Is this your uncle’s child?‎ ‎ —Yes, it’s my .[来源:Z。xx。k.Com]‎ ‎ A. cousin B. sister C. brother D. daughter ‎ ‎24. Excuse me, is this ________ new pencil sharpener? —Yes, it’s ________. He bought it just now.‎ A. Tom’s; his B. Tom; his C. Tom’s; hers D. Tom’s; yours[来源:1]‎ ‎25. —After P.E., I often feel very thirsty. —Why not buy some ________ to drink?‎ A. bread B. noodles C. apple juice D. teas ‎26. If you work harder, you’ll have another______ to play the violin at a concert.‎ ‎ A. sleep B. chance C. mistake D.problem ‎27. I am tried. This is not the right ____ to ask me to go for a walk.‎ ‎ A. moment B. chance C. place D. season ‎28. There are some _______in Dayton Art Museum ,For example, no food or drinks is allowed inside.‎ A. jobs B. records C. rules D. paintings[来源:1ZXXK]‎ ‎29. - What a good ________ you've given me! Thanks a lot.[ - My pleasure.[来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]‎ ‎ A. information B. news C. suggestion D. advice