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中考翻译必备和翻译方法

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‎ 中考英语翻译分析及解决方案 长沙中考翻译考点分析:‎ ‎ 英语翻译主要对学生词汇,短语,句子基本成分和结构,以及句子类型的综合考察。要求学生加强教材中常见短语的记忆和运用,同时要了解常见副词和副词短语在句子中的基本位置(如:always, sometimes, often, already, usually, all the time等),同时还有各种状语的位置和正常翻译顺序,并且经常考察学生对状语从句、宾语从句的掌握。其中中译英2题,英译中3题,共计10分。‎ 如何准备中考翻译:‎ 针对上述考点,学生应从以下几方面做好充分准备:‎ 1. 掌握教材中的必认读写词汇。‎ 2. 熟练运用教材词汇表中的短语,同时加强介词短语的记忆。‎ 3. 掌握句子的基本结构和成分以及各种成分所包含的内容和句子中所放位置。‎ 4. 掌握状语从句的基本连词和宾语从句最简单写法。状语从句主要包括:条件状语从句(if, unless), 时间状语从句(when, not...until, as soon as), 结果状语从句(so...that, in order to do/so as to do sth表目的), 让步状语从句(although), 原因状语从句(because+句子,because of +名词/动名词)。‎ 5. 加强翻译练习:考试不会脱离教材,学生可把教材中的句子反复翻译,找出教材翻译和自己翻译的不同点,加强印象。‎ ‎ 中译英解决方案 中译英必备句型:‎ 1. It is+形容词/名词(pity/ shame/ a waste of time) +(for sb) to do sth. 做某事(对某人)怎么样。‎ ‎2. Sb find/think it +形容词+ to do sth. 某人认为/觉得做某事怎么样。‎ ‎3. It takes/took sb +时间+ to do sth. 某人做某事花了多长时间。‎ ‎4. Sb have trouble/difficulty in doing sth. 某人在做某事上有麻烦或难处。‎ ‎5. Too+形容词/副词+ to do sth. 太...而不能... ‎ ‎ (11长沙)你还太小不懂真爱。You are too young to know true love.‎ 6. You had better do sth. 你最好做...‎ 7. Sb would like to do sth rather than do sth. 比起...某人更喜欢做...‎ ‎ Jack would like to play football rather than go swim this afternoon.‎ 8. Not only..., but also... 不仅..., 而且...‎ ‎ Lucy can not only play piano well, but also sing beautifully.‎ 9. The +比较级...,the+比较级... 越....,越....‎ ‎ The harder we study, the better grades we will get.‎ 10. One of the +最高级 in the world/ in our class. 什么里面最...‎ 常用短语:‎ 1. One(数词)/some/none/neither/either/most/the rest +of +名词,表示“...中的...”‎ 2. A number of/ hundreds of/ a few/few/ a great many of+名词复数, 表示“一些”‎ 3. A little/ little +不可数名词 4. Some/a lot of/ lots of+名词复数/不可数名词 5. Yesterday (昨天), yesterday morning/afternoon/ evening(昨天早上/下午/晚上),last night (昨晚)以上前面不需要介词 6. today(今天),this morning/ afternoon/ evening(今天早上/下午/傍晚),tonight(今晚),前面也不需要介词 7. tomorrow(明天),tomorrow morning/ afternoon/ evening/night 明天......, 前面也不需要介词 8. Last+week/weekend/month/year 上周(末)/上个月/去年 前面不需要介词 9. ‎... ago, 表示“....以前” three years ago.‎ 10. 表示频率:once/twice/ three times a day/week/month/year 前面不需要介词 11. 具体时刻用at,如:at eight last night. 昨晚八点,具体到天或者某天的早上、下午、晚上用on, 如:on a rainy night 在一个下雨的晚上,on Tuesday evening. 在周二晚上。在月份和年前用in, 如:in August, 2015. (在2015年八月),in 2005(在2005年)‎ 12. 表地点:at+home/the airport/ school. 在家/机场/学校 In+大地点(the hospital/Hunan province/ China/ a city/ a village)‎ ‎ (其他短语见12版人教版重点短语和句型精编)‎ 常见介词的基本用法:‎ ‎ “和...” talk with / communicate with/ fight with/share sth with sb. ‎ ‎ “用工具”with a knife(用一把刀), ‎ 1. with的用法: “带着”the man with a hat,He went out with a red face.‎ ‎ “随着” with the development of science (随着科学的发展)‎ ‎ with the time going on. 随着时间的推移 ‎ +时间 月/年 in the morning/afternoon/ evening in+时间段用在过去时表示“在 ‎ ..之内),用于将来时表示“在一段时间之后”。‎ ‎ “用语言/方式” in English/Chinese in this way(通过这种方式)‎ 2. In的用法: “在...里面” in China, in the dinning room ‎ “在...方面” be interested in, do well in, spend...in doing, have trouble in doing, ‎ ‎ be weak in...‎ ‎ +时间 具体时刻 at night, at eight last night, at this time, at that moment, at the age of ‎ At the beginning/end of ‎3.at的用法: +小地点:at school/ home/the airport, call at +地方(拜访某地),at the top of sth. ‎ ‎ “朝向” shout at/laugh at sb/point at 有敌意...‎ ‎ 其他:be good at, look at, at last, at least(至少),at first 首先,knock at ‎ “大约” about 100 meters.‎ ‎ “关于” I wrote a book about his childhood. They had a talk about the plan.‎ ‎4. About的用法 其他 think about sth, hear about (听说), talk about sth (讨论...), care about (关心) ‎ ‎ worry about...(担心)be sure about sb. (确定...)‎ ‎ “乘坐” by bus/ air/ bike/car/ship ‎ “在..时间之前” by now, by the end of+周/月/年 ‎ ‎5.by的用法: “用...方式” His mother taught his son by telling stories. 一般+V-ing 短语.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ +时间,具体到天或者某天的早上、下午、晚上 on a hot day/ on weekends ‎6. On的用法: “在...表面” on the desk, on the wall ‎ 其他:go on to do/ doing..., on a holiday/vocation, spend...on sth, from now on, depend ‎ ‎ On, live on sth (靠...活着). Get on well with ..., on purpose 故意地 ‎ “从,来自+地方/人” come from China. I borrow this book from Jack. ‎ ‎ Learn from sb/sth (从...学到)‎ 7. From的用法: “从...+时间/地点” from yesterday, from 1995 to 2005‎ ‎ 其他:be different from, from now on (从现在开始),be made from (由...组成)‎ 7. Without的用法:“没有” without water, we could not live. He left the room without saying anything.‎ 8. After: 在...后面 +人/ 物/时间 9. Behind: 在...背后 hide behind the door, ‎ 10. Before 在...前面 +人/物/时间 He sits before me. Before yesterday 11. Against 反对/对抗 fight against sb/sth stand against the door 靠着门站着 各成分如何翻译:‎ ‎ 首先确定句子的主、谓、宾、定、状,把句子的主、谓、宾先确定,看谓语结构是否为某个固定短语或句型,同时还要注意时态和主谓一致,然后再确定定语和状语,最后补充其他成分:‎ ‎ 主语和宾语的翻译:主语和宾语可以是:名词、代词、v-ing短语,to do sth. (具体用法见句子基本结构讲解)‎ ‎ 定语的翻译:定语一般放在名词前面起修饰限定作用,常见为“....的”.‎ ‎ 1. 常见的单个形容词和名词或动词做定语,翻译时放在名词前。如:感谢信(thank-you letter),游泳池(swimming pool),真爱(true love),大多数问题(most of the problems).‎ ‎ 2. 中文中有“.....的”而且句子中含有动词时,翻译时我们要运用介词短语或者v-ing(和被修饰词是主动关系), done(过去分词,和被修饰词是被动关系),to do (被修饰词是do的宾语,表示将来),翻译成英文时放在名词后做后置定语。‎ ‎ 如:许多事情要做 a lot of(前置) things to do (后置), 站在树下的那个那人 the man standing under the tree. (后置定语),带着帽子的那个男孩 the boy with a hat (后置定语), 墙上的那幅画 the picture on the wall (后置定语),叫杰克的那个男孩 the boy called Jack (后置定语)‎ 状语的翻译:状语中考阶段主要包括时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、目的状语。‎ 时间状语:表示什么时候,注意不需要介词的情况以及介词的正确使用(见介词的用法)‎ 地点状语:表示什么地方,注意(there, here, home不需要介词),介词的正确使用。‎ 方式状语:常用介词”by”, 如by bike; He makes a living by collecting the waste.‎ ‎ 表示“用这种方式/方法”in this way/method.‎ 目的状语:一般用“to do sth”的结构表示目的,中文中常以”为了...“‎ 时间、地点状语翻译要从小到大的顺序排列. 如:at six o’clock yesterday, on a rainy night last week. In Hunan Province, China. ‎ 各个状语的常见排列顺序:地点→方式→时间→目的,其中时间和目的状语常可放在句首,并常用“逗号”隔开。‎ 附:近几年长沙汉译英真题:‎ ‎(2015长沙)‎ ‎67. 你最好坐下来写一封感谢信。‎ ‎ You would better (固定句型)sit down and (并列连词)write a thank-you letter ‎70. 我们也应该学会说‘对不起’。 ‎ ‎ We should also (时间副词)learn to say “sorry”.‎ ‎ 时间副词:sometimes, often, usually, never, 放在主语和谓语之间,有情态动词时放在情态动词之后。在完成时态中:already/never放在have/has 后,before, yet一般放在句末。‎ ‎(2014长沙)‎ 66. 你可能有许多事情要做,时间却不够。‎ ‎ You may (情态动词)have a lot of things to do, but (连词)time is not enough.‎ 68. 呆在家里休息。‎ ‎ Stay at home and (并列连词)have a rest(固定短语). ‎ ‎(2013长沙)‎ 71. 澳大利亚比中国小一点.‎ ‎ Australia is a little smaller than China.‎ ‎74.澳大利亚因绵羊和袋鼠而著名. ‎ ‎ Australia is famous for (固定短语)sheep and kangaroos.‎ ‎(2011长沙)‎ 73. 现在你有许多重要的事情要做。‎ ‎ You have a lot of important (前置定语) things to do.‎ 74. 因为你太小还不懂真爱。‎ ‎ Because you are too young to (固定句型) understand true love.‎ ‎(2010长沙)‎ 73. 用这种方法,人们得到食盐。‎ ‎ In this way(方式状语), people get salt(in this way).‎ 75. 其中有些湖很大。‎ ‎ Some of (定语) the lakes are very big.‎ ‎ 英译汉解决方案 英译汉与汉译英属于相反的情况,主要讲究的是翻译要复合中文的说话习惯,注意一下事项:‎ ‎1. 熟练掌握重点短语和句型的中文翻译 ‎2.所有定语(包括前置和后置)翻译时均放在被修饰词前。‎ ‎3.时间、目的状语翻译一般放句首,方式、地点状语一般放在主语和谓语之间。‎ ‎4.熟练掌握各种状语从句连词的翻译:although (虽然...,但是),not...until(直到...才...), so that (以至于,为了),so...that (如此...,以至于...), as soon as (一...就...),if(如果...), unless(除非),when(当...时候)等。‎ ‎ 5. 并列连词and的翻译方法:可译为“不仅...而且...”一般用于翻译并列的形容词和副词, 如: He is tall and handsome. (他不仅长得高,并且很帅); 并列两个动词,有时可不用翻译出来,如: stay at home and have a rest. (呆在家里休息);两个动词或以上动词并列的翻译,如She found an empty plastic basket, washed and dried it.(他发现了一个空的塑料篮子,然后把它洗了,并且晾干了。) 翻译时可适当加入”然后,并且”等词。‎ 附:近几年长沙英译汉真题:‎ ‎(2015长沙)‎ 66. People with good manners always communicate with others well by using these magic words.‎ ‎ (后置定语) (方式状语)‎ ‎ 有礼貌的人总是用这些有魔力的词汇和别人交流。‎ 68. The words ‘thank you’ (同位语) are very important and used very often.  ‎ ‎ “谢谢”这句话很重要,并且经常用。‎ ‎69. We are supposed to (固定短语)use it when we ask for (固定短语)something, too. ‎ 当我们要什么东西时,我们也应该用它。‎ ‎(2014长沙)‎ 67. It’s necessary for you to (固定句型) make a plan at the beginning of a week or a day(时间状语).‎ ‎ 在一天或一周的开始制定一个计划对你来说很重要。‎ 69. The stores are less crowded on Wednesday evening than Saturday afternoon. (时间状语)‎ ‎ 这个商店周六没有周日那么拥挤。‎ ‎70.When your day’s work is done, it’s time to (固定句型)get yourself relaxed. ‎ ‎ 当你一天的工作完成后,是你放松的时候了。‎ ‎(2013长沙)‎ 72. Australia is in the south of the earth. ‎ ‎ 澳大利亚位于南半球。‎ 73. When it’s spring in China, it will be autumn in Australia. ‎ ‎ 当中国是春季时,澳大利亚是秋季。‎ 75. You can see kangaroos(袋鼠) not only in zoos but also(固定结构) outside the cities and towns. (地点状语)‎ ‎ 你能在动物园或者城镇外看见袋鼠。‎ ‎(2011长沙)‎ 71. In China, parents and teachers think it is a problem. ‎ ‎ 在中国,家长和老师都认为这是个问题。‎ 72. You will know how to use your love to help other people.‎ ‎ 你将知道如何用你的爱去帮助他人。‎ 75. True love will come when you grow up(状语从句). ‎ ‎ 当你长大了真爱就会来临。‎ ‎(2010长沙)‎ 71. Without enough salt, we will get ill.‎ ‎ 没有食盐,我们将会生病。‎ 72. People dig very big pools and let sea water in.‎ ‎ 人们挖了很大的池子让海水进来。‎ ‎74.A few years ago(时间状语),people found a big salt (前置定语) mine in China (地点状语).‎ ‎ 许多年前,人们在中国发现了一个大盐矿。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(2009长沙)‎ 73. She found an empty plastic basket, washed and dried it.‎ ‎ 她发现了一个空塑料篮子,然后把它洗了并且晒干了。‎ 74. Let’s watch the nest from the window in the house(地点状语).‎ ‎ 让我们通过房子的窗户看那个鸟窝。‎ 75. Cindy smiled when she watched the babies eat their lunch.‎ ‎ 当他看到小鸟们吃午餐的时候,森蒂笑了。‎