高考名词知识点 7页

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  • 2021-05-13 发布

高考名词知识点

  • 7页
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名 词 ‎ 一:名词的分类 ‎ 专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。‎ ‎ 如Hong Kong, China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross ‎ 个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student, book 名 普 可数名词 ‎ 词 通 集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family, school,‎ ‎ group, people 名 ‎ 词 不可数名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton, air, tea ‎ 抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness, news ‎ 二、 名词的数 ‎1:可数名词有单、复数形式,规则名词单复数变化:‎ 1) 绝大多数在词尾加s。如: book, books; bag, bags; cup, cups; face, faces.‎ ‎ 2)以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的名词加es。如:‎ ‎ watch, watches; brush, brushes; hero, heroes; class, classes;‎ ‎ 3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es。例如:baby, babies; family, families;‎ ‎ 以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy, boys; key, keys 4) 以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,‎ 如:leaf, leaves; wife, wives.‎ ‎2. 不规则名词单复数变化:‎ ‎(1)单复数同形:‎ sheep, deer, fish, means, species, works(工厂), Chinese, Japanese, Swiss ‎ ‎(2)改变字母:‎ man --men, woman --women, policeman --policemen, saleswoman --saleswomen, foot --feet, tooth --teeth, goose --geese, Mouse --Mice , phenomenon --phenomena ‎ ‎(3)增加字母: child --children, ox –oxen ‎(4)以o结尾的词:加s: photo, radio, piano, zoo, studio, bamboo, tobacco, kangaroo 加es: tomato, potato, hero, Negro, dingo ‎(5)以f或fe结尾的词: ‎ ‎ 直接加s:roof, proof, belief, chief, gulf,‎ ‎ 变f为v再加es:life, wife, knife, half, leaf, wolf, thief ‎ ‎ 另外:handkerchief(handkerchiefs或handkerchieves)‎ ‎3. 名词单复数的特殊情况:‎ ‎(1) 集体名词只用作复数 police , cattle , people , the youth ‎(2) 集体名词用作不可数名词: clothing, furniture, luggage (baggage), wealth ‎(3) 集体名词视具体情况而定单复数:‎ ‎ family, class, population, group, team, company, government, committee, audience, enemy ‎(4) 只有复数形式的名词:‎ ‎ clothes, trousers, jeans, twins, glasses, scissors, goods ,thanks, wishes, tears, troops, ‎ ‎(5) 以s结尾但不表示复数: ‎ ‎ 1.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 ‎ ‎  2.news是不可数名词。 ‎ ‎  3.the United States,the United Nations (应视为单数) ‎ ‎  ( The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 ) ‎ ‎  4.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 ‎ ‎  ("The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. ) ‎ ‎  5. 表示由两部分构成的东西, ‎ ‎  glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes (衣服) ‎ ‎  若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双) a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers ‎ ‎  6. 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思 goods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼) ‎ ‎(6) 有没有s结尾意义不同:‎ ‎ glass –glasses, cloth –clothes, work –works, water –waters, ‎ ‎ wood –woods, good–goods, time –times(时代), paper –papers(论文), ‎ ‎ custom –customs(海关), spirit –spirits(酒精,情绪), experience –experiences(经历),‎ arm –arms(武器), ‎ ‎(7) 姓氏后加s并带冠词,表一家人或夫妇俩: the Greens ‎ ‎(8) 合成名词的复数形式:‎ ‎ ①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数:looker(s)-on, passer(s)-by, mother(s)-in-law ‎ ②将最后一部分变为复数:‎ ‎ grown-up(s), go-between(s) (中间人), good-for-nothing(s) (无用之人)‎ ‎ ③含boy, girl, lady等的合成的名词:‎ ‎ 它们始终为单数,其后的名词则用复数形式。 如: boy students, girl friends ‎ ‎ ④含man或 woman的合成名词:‎ ‎ 它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如:a man doctor, two men doctors ‎ ‎(9)名词只能用复数形式的短语:‎ • ‎ do exercises (做操) take notes (做笔记) take turns (轮流) ‎ • ‎ make repairs (搞修理) change trains (改换火车) make friends with (交朋友)shake hands with (握手 as follows (如下) in rags (衣衫褴褛) ‎ • ‎ in dozens (成打的)‎ 三:名词做定语 ‎1:表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语,一般用单数形式。‎ stone figures(石像);paper money(纸币);country music(乡村音乐);table cloth(桌布);river bank(河岸);school gate(校门口);book stores(书店);traffic lights(交通灯); summer holidays(暑假);evening dress(晚礼服)。‎ ‎2:但有些名词做定语必须用复数: ‎ sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览、  talks table 谈判桌  the foreign languages department 外语系 ‎ ‎3:man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。‎ men workers、  women teachers、 gentlemen officials ‎ ‎4:有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。 ‎ goods train (货车)、 arms produce (武器生产)、‎ customs papers (海关文件 )、 clothes brush (衣刷)‎ ‎5:数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 ‎ ‎  two-dozen eggs (两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) ) a ten-mile walk (十里路) ‎ ‎  two-hundred trees (两百棵树) 、 a five-year plan. (一个五年计划) ‎ ‎  a seven-years child (一个七岁的孩子) ‎ 四:名词的格 ‎ 1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下: ‎ ‎  (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。 ‎ ‎  Children’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书) ‎ ‎  (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。 Teachers’ Day(教师节) ‎ ‎  特殊的名词复数仍要加 ’s如children就是child的名词复数形式它变所有格时则必须加 ’s ‎ ‎  (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. ‎ ‎  today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), ‎ ‎  China’s population(中国的人口). ‎ ‎  (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。 ‎ ‎  a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿) ‎ 表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者 ‎ ‎(5)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop, house等名词。‎ ‎ 如:the tailor’s 裁缝店,the barber’s理发店,go to the doctor’s上诊所, ‎ ‎ at my uncle's在我叔叔家 ‎2:名词双重所有格 ‎(1)什么叫双重所有格 所谓双重所有格就是指将 -’s 所有格与 of 所有格结合起来一起使用:‎ a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友 a photo of Mr Smith’s 史密斯先生的一张照片 ‎(2)双重所有格的使用场合 ‎①当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格:‎ I don’t like that big nose of David’s. 我不喜欢大卫的那个大鼻子。‎ Which novel of Dickens’ are you referring to? 你谈的是狄更斯的哪部小说?‎ Some friends of my brother’s will come. 我兄弟的一些朋友要来。‎ ‎【注】被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感情色彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等):‎ That little daughter of your cousin’s is really a dear. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是逗人爱。(表赞赏)‎ That daughter of your cousin’s is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)‎ 另外,被双重所有格修饰的名词前可以用不定冠词,但通常不用定冠词:‎ 可以说:a poem of Shelly’s, a novel of Dickens’ ‎ 不能说:the poem of Shelly’s, the novel of Dickens’‎ ‎②有时既可用双重所有格也可用 of 所有格,但含义稍有差别。比较:‎ a photo of Mary’s 玛丽收藏的一张照片 a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片 a criticism of William’s 威廉提出的批评 a criticism of William 对威廉的批评 五:名词的注意事项 ‎  1、 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式: The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) ‎ ‎  2、集体名词(family, class, team, group, row, police, school………)做句子主语时, ‎ ‎  如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:His family is large.(她的家人很多) ‎ ‎  如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:His family are all teachers(她的家人都是老师) ‎ ‎  3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。 ‎ ‎  There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) ‎ ‎  There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) ‎ ‎  4、 maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数: ‎ ‎  The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) ‎ ‎  5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如: ‎ ‎  The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) ‎ ‎  6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如: ‎ ‎  A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) ‎ ‎  A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句) ‎ ‎  7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) ‎ ‎  Fish and chip is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) ‎ ‎  8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。 ‎ ‎  There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) ‎ ‎  9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。 ‎ ‎  Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) ‎ ‎  10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。 ‎ ‎  A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. ‎ ‎  (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边) ‎ ‎  11、as well as 和名词连用时,谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。 ‎ ‎  He as well as I is responsible for it.(不但是我,他对这件事也有责任) ‎ ‎  12、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。 ‎ ‎  Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) ‎ ‎  Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) ‎ ‎  13、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。 ‎ ‎  Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间) ‎ ‎  Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) ‎ ‎  14、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the 等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. ‎ ‎  (因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) ‎ ‎  A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) ‎ ‎  All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) ‎ ‎  但是,population一词又有特殊情况: ‎ ‎  What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) ‎ ‎  Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人). ‎ ‎(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) ‎ ‎ 高考英语考点解析 名词导学案 一 名词单复数 ‎1.不可数名词----物质名词、抽象名词通常是不可数,做主语时谓语要用单数。例如:success, water…‎ ‎2.可数名词有单复数形式,单数做主语,谓语用单数;复数做主语谓语用复数。‎ ‎ 名词复数规则 完成下列变复数练习并总结名词复数规则:。‎ ‎ Desk____ brush_____, zero______ potato_______ leaf______ family______, city____‎ ‎ box_______ class_______ watch_______ stomach_______, thief_______, knife_____‎ ‎ roof_____ piano______ hero_______ Chinese________, tooth________,radio_____‎ ‎ mouse________, child_______, cup______, toy_______ phenomenon_________‎ ‎ policewoman_________ woman teacher__________ means_______ deer__________‎ ‎ passer-by______ grown-up__________‎ 规则总结:‎ ‎1 ______________________‎ ‎2.___________________________‎ ‎4._____________________________,‎ ‎5.____________________________________‎ ‎6.‎ 注意:‎ ‎7. 表示由两部分构成的东西如:glasses (眼镜)  trousers, clothes 等做主语时,谓语用_____数。,‎ 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 这些词前面是 a pair of 时, 谓语用_____数。‎ ‎8. 单复同形 如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, means等这些词做主语时,谓语动词的数应该 根据___________________________来决定。‎ 改错:‎ ‎1) My glasses broke yesterday. I had it repaired.‎ ‎2) This pair of trousers fit you very well.‎ ‎3) All the sheep likes eating grass.‎ ‎4) Every means have been tried.‎ 二 名词所有格  名词所有格一般是在名词后面加上"'s",表示"某某人的……",称为所属关系。‎ 名词所有格有"'s","of"和"双重所有格"几种形式:‎ 关于 "'s"结构 ‎  名词所有格多用于表示有生命的名词的所属关系,此时要用"'s"表示。但其构成和用法又分为以下六种情形:‎ ‎  1.一般情况下,是在单数名词的词尾直接加"'s"。例如:‎ ‎ _______________吉姆的足球 _________________凯特的猫 ‎  2.以-s结尾的复数名词,只能在词尾加'。比如:‎ ‎  老师们的椅子___________ 学生们的书__________________‎ ‎  3.不以-s结尾的不规则复数名词,还得在词尾加's'.‎ ‎  ______________儿童节 ______________男鞋 ‎  ______________女士服装 ‎  4.若表示两人各自所有的两个东西,则应在两个名词后面都加上's',且后接复数名词;若表示两人共同所有的一个东西,则只能在后面那个名词后面加上's',且后接单数名词。请比较:‎ ‎  Tom's and Mike's room s汤姆和迈克的房间(两人各有一间,共两间,不是共同拥有)‎ ‎  Tom and Mike's room汤姆和迈克的房间(两人共同拥有的一间房间)‎ ‎  5.一些表示日期、时间、距离、国家名称的无生命名词,也可加's'构成所有格。请看:‎ ‎  ___________________一个月的时间  ______________今天的报纸 ‎___________________北京的春天 ‎ ‎  6.如果's'后的名词是商店、住宅等地点时,后面的名词常常要省略。比如:‎ ‎  ____________在诊所,在医务室 ‎ ‎  _____________到我叔叔家 ‎  "of"短语 ‎  表示无生命的所属关系时,要用介词"of"所构成的短语来表示。‎ ‎       __________________一幅中国地图 ‎  "变身"须知:一般来说,"'s"结构都可以变成"of"短语,请看:‎ ‎  the boy's new bike=the new bike of the boy那位男孩的新自行车 ‎  the twins' bedroom=the bedroom of the twins双胞胎的卧室 the door of the room=the room's door房间的门 但是,并非所有的"of"短语都可以变成"'s"结构。对于无生命的名词所有格最好还是用"of"短语。‎ 比如:"教室里的画"要说a picture of a classroom,而不能说a classroom's picture。‎ 三 双重所有格 ‎"双重所有格"形式,就是既含有"'s"结构,又含有"of"短语,组合成了"of+'s"结构。"双重所有格"主要有两种用法:一种表示"部分",另一种表示"感情色彩"。‎ 练习:‎ ‎  ______________________我父亲的一位老朋友 ‎  ___________________________你哥哥的英语书 ‎___________________________你姐姐的这个可爱的儿子 注意:"双重所有格"和只用"of"的所有格在意义上是不同的。试比较:‎ ‎  a photo of my mother's我母亲的一幅照片(照片是我母亲的,照片上的人却不一定是我母亲)‎ a photo of my mother我母亲的照片(照片上的人就是我母亲)‎ 练习:填空 Yesterday afternoon I met a friend of __1___(I). He has a brother, ___2__ is a soldier. He often showed me a picture of his__3_______(brother). He told me that _4______(he) brother was strict _5____ himself. Whenever this friend tells of his brother, he always takes 6______(proud) in his 7_____(brother) everything. Last week he took an _8_____________(8小时车程) to see his brother.‎ ‎ 四 名词的搭配 名词跟动词,介词常搭配,构成固定短语。‎ ‎ _____ a conclusion ______ sb a favor _____ sth in use ‎ ‎______ a decision _____ a trick on sb _____ attention to ‎ 做鬼脸____________ 握手_____________ ‎ ‎   名词相关练习:‎ 一 翻译短语。‎ ‎  1.安的帽子___________________________________‎ ‎  2.露茜和莉莉合用的卧室_______________________‎ ‎  3.妇女节_____________________________________‎ ‎  4.女孩子们的图画5.书桌的腿__________________‎ ‎  6.一幅四川地图_______________________________‎ ‎  7.我哥哥的一位好朋友8.他妹妹的照片__________‎ ‎  9.我的猫的名字_______________________________‎ ‎  10.杰克和约翰的钢笔__________________________‎ ‎  二 .找出不可数名词,在横线上打勾,并将可数名词变成复数形式:‎ ‎  homework ______half ______advice______money ______‎ ‎  knowledge ______foot _____blood ______music ______‎ ‎  tomato ________policeman_____mouth ______bread _______‎ information ______milk _____cow _______tear ________‎ city_______boy_______news________mouse__________‎ 单句改错 ‎(1) Women live longer than men in most country.‎ ‎(2) The film is very interesting. I have seen it many time.‎ ‎(3) It‘s said that all the ticket have been sold out.‎ ‎(4) The children spend a lot of times watching TV.‎ ‎(5) I met a lot of interesting peoples on holiday.‎ ‎(6) The flower in the park were all pleasing.‎ ‎(7)Computer are becoming more and more popular in the country.‎ ‎(8) It‘s one of the most interesting book that I’ve ever read.‎ ‎(9) Hearing the news, the woman burst into tear.‎ ‎(10) He hasn‘t lived here long, but he has a great many friend here.‎ ‎(11) It was a great fun to swim in the lake in such hot weather.‎ ‎(12) He‘s getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures.‎ ‎(13) There‘s a paper’s factory near our school. ‎ ‎(14) What a good news he brought us!‎ ‎ (15) He had to learn to use his foot as his hands,‎ ‎(16) I don’t like eating potato.‎ ‎(17). Physics are very difficult for me to learn.‎ 词形变化填空练习:‎ 1. Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ______.(patient)‎ 2. If each of us do something every day, we can make a big ________(different).‎ 3. A good teacher should be __________(tolerant) of his or her students.‎ 4. The manager showed his ____________(satisfy) with our work.‎ 5. His great __________(achieve) is to make his team a united one.‎ 6. We have received a lot of _________(express) of support for our plan.‎ 7. All of us long for __________(succeed), but it never comes easily.‎ 8. Before the interview, you should make good ___________(prepare) for it.‎ 9. Don’t be afraid of ________(fail), because it’s the mother of success.‎ 10. I have enough _________(confident) in winning the match. Let’s wait,‎ 11. I have some _____________(difficult) in understanding your behavior.‎ 12. I have tried all the _______(means) that you told me.‎ 13. The teacher asked us to sweep all the _______(leaf) on the ground.‎ 14. We’re developing new __________(product) these days.‎ 15. That was the best ________(choose) for you.‎ 16. This is your own _________(decide). I don’t care.‎ 17. One of the best _____________(impression) is that he likes reading.‎