高考语法专项并列句和状语从句 9页

‎2018届高考语法专项 并列句和状语从句 一　并列句 用法 连词 例句 表并列、递进或顺承关系 and, both…and…， neither…nor…， not only…but also…， as well as The earth is one of the sun’s planets, and the moon is our satellite.‎ 地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。‎ 表转折关系 but(不可与although连用)，yet What we are about to do is perfectly legal. But please don’t discuss it with anyone.‎ 我们要做的事完全合法，但请不要与任何人讨论这件事。‎ 表选择关系 either…or…， not…but…, or, or else, rather than Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.‎ 现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。‎ 表因果关系 for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首)，so He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.‎ 由于他的视力下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。‎ when“就在这时，突然”‎ sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when…某人正要做某事，突然……‎ One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.‎ 一个周五我们正在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。‎ She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.‎ 昨天她刚完成家庭作业，她妈妈就让她练习弹钢琴。‎ sb. be doing sth. when…某人正在做某事，突然……‎ sb. had just done sth. when…某人刚做完某事，突然……‎ and与or用于并列句 祈使句＋and＋陈述句，and表顺承 Find ways to praise your children often, and you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.‎ 设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。‎ 祈使句＋or＋陈述句，or表转折 while表对比 强调对比关系，意为“然而；而”‎ ‎—I wonder how much you charge for your services.‎ ‎——我想知道你要收多少服务费。‎ ‎—The first two are free while the third costs $ 30.‎ ‎——前两次免费，但是第三次的费用是30美元。‎ ‎[典例] (2016·四川高考语法填空)It was time for her to have a new baby, ____________ it was also time for the young panda to be independent.‎ and　解析：句意：是她要一个新宝宝的时候了，也是小熊猫该独立的时候了。根据句意可知两个句子为并列关系，故用and。‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2015·北京高考单项填空)He is a shy man，____________ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.‎ but　解析：句意：他是一个害羞的人，但是他不害怕任何事情或者任何人。两个分句之间是转折关系，故填but。‎ ‎2．(全国卷Ⅰ)But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ____________ even a few months.‎ or　解析：因为本句是否定句。这里是两个时间短语表示选择关系，故用or。‎ ‎3．(广东高考)Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much ____________ too little.‎ nor　解析：neither…nor…为固定搭配，意为“既不……也不……”。‎ ‎4．(2015·四川高考短文改错)In fact, I don’t like to go anymore, so I’m afraid I’ll lose their friendship.____________________‎ so→but　解析：上一分句意为：我不想再去；下一分句意为：我怕失去他们的友谊；两个分句之间有转折关系，故把so改成but。‎ ‎5．(2016·全国卷乙短文改错)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.____________________‎ or→and　解析：句意：每一天他都确保做饭用的是新鲜蔬菜和高质量的油。根据句意可知fresh vegetables和high quality oil之间是并列关系，故用and。‎ 二　状语从句 ‎1．though/although：在句子中一般用了“虽然(though/although)”就不能再用“但是(but)”，但可以与yet或still连用；though与although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式，多放在主句的前面。‎ ‎◆Though/Although regular exercise is very important, it’s never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.‎ 尽管有规律的锻炼很重要，但临睡前锻炼不是个好主意。‎ ‎2．even if 和even though的意思为“即使，纵使”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。‎ ‎◆Even if I am very busy, I will give you a hand when you are in trouble.‎ 即使我很忙，你处境困难时我也会帮助你。‎ ‎3．as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形。若表语是单数可数名词，则该名词提前时，省去其前的冠词。‎ ‎◆Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.‎ 在长途跋涉之后，尽管夜晚的空气很热，我们还是因为累睡得很熟。‎ ‎4．no matter(who, what, when, where, which, how…)：no matter…与wh－ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一样，no matter…引导的从句可位于主句前或主句后。‎ ‎◆No matter how busy you are, you should set aside half an hour to take exercise.‎ 无论你多么忙，你应该留出半小时锻炼身体。‎ ‎5．wh－ever(whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/whichever); however。‎ ‎(1)wh－ever从句中的动词有时可以和may连用；‎ ‎(2)wh－ever可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句；no matter…只能引导让步状语从句。‎ ‎◆Whatever work we do, we should do our best.‎ 不管做什么工作，我们都要尽力。‎ ‎6．whether…or…引导的让步状语从句，意为“不论……还是……”，提供两种对比情况。‎ ‎◆We’ll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.　不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这件工作做下去。‎ ‎7．while也可以引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，一般放在句首。‎ ‎◆While my mother loves me very much, she is very strict with me.　尽管母亲很爱我，但是她对我非常严厉。‎ ‎[典例] (2015·浙江高考短文改错)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.‎ If→Although/Though　解析：从句意思是“当我在那间教室学习时我只是一个孩子”，而主句意思是“我永远不会忘记”，主从句的关系应该是让步，而不是条件。‎ ‎1．when, while和as的用法 连词 含义及用法 例句 when ‎“当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生 When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.‎ 当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。‎ while ‎“当……时候”，一般与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生 Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.　客人们就要吃完的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。‎ as ‎“一边……一边……”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生 As he grew older, he became less active.　随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。‎ 如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when, while与as可互换使用。‎ ‎◆When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.‎ 我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。　 ‎ ‎2．before与since的用法 ‎(1)before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没来得及……就……”。常用于句型“It will be/was＋时间段＋before从句”(在……之前还要多久，过了多久才……)。‎ ‎◆John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.‎ 约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。‎ ‎(2)since表示“自从……以来”，常用于“It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)……已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。‎ ‎◆As is reported, it is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.‎ 据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。‎ ‎3．not…until…表示“直到……才”，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。‎ ‎◆As far as I know, his mother won’t go to bed until he returns home every evening.‎ 据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。‎ ‎4．as soon as/hardly…when/no sooner…than/the moment/the instant/the second/immediately/directly/instantly: hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as，但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。‎ ‎◆Just use this room for the time being, and we’ll offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.‎ 暂时用这个房间，一有空的大房间我们就给你。‎ ‎5．every time/each time/last time/next time/by the time：在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时或过去将来时，而要用一般现在时或一般过去时代替将来时。‎ ‎◆Next time you come here, I will tell you.‎ 下次你来的时候，我将告诉你。‎ ‎[典例] (全国卷Ⅰ)He even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.‎ during→when　解析：during是介词，不能引导状语从句，when是连词，可以引导状语从句，从句中的动词既可以是短暂性动词也可以是延续性动词。此处需要表示时间的连词，所以用when。‎ ‎1．地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where，wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。‎ ‎◆I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.‎ 因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。‎ ‎◆Where there’s a will, there’s a way.‎ 有志者，事竟成。‎ where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别 where引导地点状语从句直接修饰主句的谓语动词，而在定语从句中where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面，即此时有明显的地点名词。‎ ‎◆When solving the problem a second time, you’d better be more careful where you made a mistake.‎ ‎＝When solving the problem a second time, you’d better be more careful in the place where you made a mistake.　再次解决这个问题时，你最好在上次出错的地方更仔细一些。　 ‎ ‎2．条件状语从句常用引导词：if/unless/as long as/so long as/in case/so far as/as far as。‎ ‎(1)unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式；unless和if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是口语，二者通常可以换用。‎ ‎◆We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or it’s very cold.　除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。‎ ‎◆My parents don’t mind what job I do as long as I am happy.‎ 我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。‎ ‎(2)条件状语从句的时态 在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。‎ ‎◆If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success.　如果大家都尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。‎ ‎[典例] (重庆高考单项填空)Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn’t get a taxi ____________ the bus had dropped her.‎ where　解析：句意：半小时后，露西仍然没有从下公交车的地方打到出租车。根据the bus had dropped her及句意可知，此处引导地点状语从句，故填where。‎ ‎1．目的状语从句 ‎(1)so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中常用情态动词can，could等。in order that引导的从句可位于主句之前或之后，so that引导的从句只能位于主句之后。‎ ‎◆The police officers in our city work hard in order that we can live a safe life.‎ 我们城市的警察为了让我们能过上安全的生活努力工作。‎ ‎(2)for fear that(唯恐，以防)与in case所引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词有时也用should/might/could＋动词原形。‎ ‎◆The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father might see him.‎ 小男孩藏在树后唯恐他父亲看见他。‎ ‎◆Take your umbrella in case it should rain.‎ 带把伞以防下雨。‎ ‎(3)目的状语从句可以用so as to, in order to等代替，但主句和从句的主语必须一致。‎ ‎◆He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus.‎ ‎＝He got up early so as to/in order to catch the early bus.‎ 为了赶上早班车，他早早地起床了。‎ ‎2．结果状语从句 ‎(1)so that前有逗号，引导结果状语从句。‎ ‎◆We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.‎ 我们将收音机调大，所以每个人都听到了新闻。‎ ‎(2)so…that中so后面跟形容词或副词。‎ ‎◆He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.‎ 他太激动了以致于说不出话。‎ ‎(3)such…that中such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a/an…that，还可以转换用so…that，语气较强。‎ ‎◆Jack is so honest a worker that we all believe him.‎ ‎＝Jack is such an honest worker that we all believe him.‎ 杰克是个那么诚实的人，我们都相信他。‎ ‎3．原因状语从句 ‎(1)because用来回答why的提问，语气最强，一般放在主句之后。‎ ‎◆The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.‎ 那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。‎ ‎(2)since表示既然或已知的理由，稍加分析即可表明的原因，多放在句首。‎ ‎◆Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.‎ 既然大家都到了，咱们开始会议吧！‎ ‎(3)as引导的从句常放在句首，说明次要的原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中(注意比较：for连接的是并列句)。‎ ‎◆As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary.‎ 因为他不懂太多英语，他查了字典。‎ ‎4．方式状语从句 ‎(1)as引导状语从句，意为“按照”。‎ ‎◆Do as you are told to.‎ 按照你被告知的方式做。‎ ‎(2)as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样；从句中可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反。‎ ‎◆Jack wasn’t saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.‎ 杰克没有说话，但老师朝他微笑着，好像他做了什么很聪明的事。‎ ‎5．比较状语从句 ‎(1)as…as; not so/as…as; the same…as表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as…as，否定句可用not as…as或not so…as。‎ ‎◆He doesn’t run so/as fast as Jack (does)．‎ 他没有杰克跑得快。‎ ‎(2)than表示不同程度的比较，主句中用形容词或副词的比较级。‎ ‎◆He runs less fast than me.‎ 他跑得不如我快。‎ ‎[典例] (浙江高考单项填空)Cathy had quit her job when her son was born such that she could stay home and raise her family.‎ such→so　解析：由quit her job以及stay home and raise her family可知，stay home and raise her family是辞职的目的。so that引导目的状语从句。‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2016·天津高考单项填空)____________ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.‎ As/When　解析：句意：随着人口平均年龄的增长，有越来越多的老年人需要照顾。根据句意可知，此处应用表“随着”的连词As。也可用When引导，表示“当……的时候”。　‎ ‎2．(2015·重庆高考单项填空)If you miss this chance, it may be years ____________ you get another one.‎ before　解析：句意：如果你错过这次机会，也许要过数年才能获得另外一次(机会)。it may be＋时间段＋before…为固定句式，表示“也许过……时间，才……”。‎ ‎3．(2017·安徽合肥一模)Though it has been one year ____________ he came to the city, he knows every street here ‎ like the back of his hand.‎ since　解析：句意：尽管他来这座城市仅仅一年，但是他对这儿的每条街道了如指掌。本题考查固定句型“it has been＋时间段＋since…”，表示“自从……已经多久了”。　‎ ‎4．(2016·全国卷甲语法填空)So, get an early start and try to be as productive ____________ possible before lunch.‎ as　解析：句意：因此，早点儿开始并且在午饭前要尽可能高效。固定结构as…as possible意为“尽可能……”，第二个as为连词。‎ ‎5．(2017·四川雅安中学模拟)You can smoke here ____________ you leave a window open to let the smoke out.‎ if　解析：句意：如果你留一扇窗户使烟散出去，你就可以在这里吸烟。根据句意可知，此处为条件状语从句，表示“如果”，故填if。‎ ‎6．(2017·浙江桐乡四校联考)During the reconstruction of the city, many modern tall buildings went up ____________ old shabby houses were torn down.‎ where　解析：句意：在这个城市重建期间，许多现代的高楼在旧房子被拆毁的地方兴建起来。设空处引导状语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，故填where。‎ ‎7．(2017·兰州模拟)I have been learning painting after I was a small boy. ____________________‎ after→since　解析：句意：我从小就一直学习绘画。故将after改为since。‎ ‎8．(2017·四川绵阳诊断)Now, this unforgettable lesson ‎ still encourages me to be an active learner where I go.____________________‎ where→wherever　解析：分析句子结构可知，learner之后为状语从句，根据句意“现在，这个难忘的课程仍然鼓励我无论走到哪里都要做一个积极的学习者”可知，从句为让步状语从句，故将where改为wherever。‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．(2017·辽宁省实验中学模拟)The poor dog lay at the end of the driveway and hardly moved. I was very sad, ____________ dared not say anything to my mother.‎ but　解析：句意：那只可怜的狗躺在车道的尽头，几乎不动；我很伤心，但是不敢跟妈妈说什么。根据句意可知，第二句前后两部分之间为转折关系，故填连词but。‎ ‎2．(2017·山东潍坊期末)Never lose heart ____________ you’ll make a quick advance in your project.‎ and　解析：句意：别灰心，你的项目会很快取得进展的。本题为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构，根据句意可知前后两句为顺承关系，故填and。‎ ‎3．(2017·四川成都一诊)In a talk at Tsinghua University in Beijing, Zuckerberg spoke Chinese for about 30 minutes. ____________ his Chinese was far from perfect, the students cheered his effort.‎ Though/Although/While　解析：句意：在清华大学，Zuckerberg说了近30分钟中文。虽然他的中文很不完美，但学生们都为他的努力欢呼。根据句意可知答案。‎ ‎4．(2017·浙江杭州一模)Ten years later I still keep in touch with my classmates, ____________ I’ve never met them after graduation.‎ though/although　解析：句意：十年后我仍然与同班同学保持联系，即使我毕业后再也没有见到他们。根据主从句的逻辑关系可知，设空处引导让步状语从句，故填though或although。‎ ‎5．(2017·浙江舟山中学月考)Scientists say it may be five or six years ____________ it is possible to test this medicine on patients.‎ before　解析：句意：科学家说或许要五六年的时间才有可能将这种药物用于病人进行验证。根据句意，设空处表示“在……之前”，故填before。‎ ‎6．You should make it a rule to leave things ____________ you can find them again.‎ where　解析：句意：你应该定一个规矩，把东西放在你能再找到它们的地方。分析句子结构及句意可知，设空处引导地点状语从句，故填where。‎ ‎7．(全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ____________ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.‎ and　解析：根据句意，前后两句话存在并列关系，故填and。‎ ‎8．(辽宁高考)____________ you don’t mind, I’ll stop and take a deep breath.‎ If　解析：句意：如果你不介意，我将停下来深呼吸一下。根据句意两句话存在条件关系，故填If。‎ ‎9．(江西高考)She says that she’ll have to close the shop ____________ business improves.‎ unless　解析：句意：她说如果生意没有好转的话，她将不得不关掉这个商店。根据句意可知此处填unless，相当于if…not，意为“如果不”。‎ ‎10．(四川高考)If you happen to get lost in the wild, you’d better stay ____________ you are and wait for help.‎ where　解析：句意：如果你碰巧在野外迷路了，你最好待在原地等待帮助。根据句意，设空处引导地点状语从句，故填where。‎ 单句改错 ‎1．(浙江高考)A passenger realized he couldn’t find his ticket but became quite upset.____________________‎ but→and　解析：由语境可知，此处不是转折关系，而是顺承关系。‎ ‎2．(陕西高考)We ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.____________________‎ but→and　解析：由语境可知上下文之间是顺承关系，不是转折关系，故将but改为and。‎ ‎3．(2017·石家庄一模)Finally keep in mind that there are many things that can’t be learnt immediately, but never be frustrated when you fail in one or two exams.____________________‎ but→so/and　解析：分析句意可知，前后两个句子可以是因果关系或并列关系，因此将but改为so或and。‎ ‎4．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)There the air is clean or the mountains are green. ____________________‎ or→and　解析：句意：那里空气新鲜并且有青山。前后句为并列关系，故将or改为and。‎ ‎5．(辽宁高考)With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night.____________________‎ 删除so　解析：这是一个简单句，不需要连词。‎ ‎6．(2015·北京高考单项填空)Once the damage is done, and it will take many years for the farmland to recover.____________________‎ 删除and　解析：本句是主从复合句，从句中已经含有连词Once，所以主句中不需加并列连词。‎ ‎7．Every time I saw the straw hat, and it reminded me of the tour I made years before.____________________‎ 去掉and　解析：句意：每当我看到那顶草帽，它就使我想起几年前的那次旅游。此处Every time为连词，引导时间状语从句，所以删除连词and。‎ ‎8．(全国卷Ⅰ)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.____________________‎ 去掉but或but→yet　解析：连词although不能和but连用，因为这两个词都是连词，由于although置于句子的开头，如果去掉，we需要大写首字母。因此需改动but处。‎ ‎9．(2017·云南第二次统一检测)The ringtone of some people sounds very noisy but unpleasant, especially in the cinema.____________________‎ but→and　解析：此处表示一些人的手机铃声听起来吵闹且令人不快。noisy和unpleasant并列，不是转折关系，故将but改为and。‎ ‎10．(2017·银川4月检测)In spite of these difficulties, but I believe practice makes perfect.____________________‎ 删除but　解析：句中已经有了“In spite of”，故把连词but去掉。‎