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专题10—任务型阅读
1.【2017年高考江苏卷英语】
任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
Population Change
Why is the world’s population growing? The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations), but you’d be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply? First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population zxxk decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%. Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring? Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends don’t bend, Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.
In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in
poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of India’s working-age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.
Population Change
71. 【答案】lower
【解析】根据＂declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st＂可知，21世纪的出生率比20世纪低，且much/ even/far/a lot/ a little等修饰比较级，故填lower。
72. 【答案】size/scale
【解析】根据第二段中的＂almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate＂可知，发达国家人口出生率正在下降，即人口难以维持现有的规模，＂maintain＂一词是做题的依据，故填size/scale。
74. 【答案】economic
【解析】接下来几段分别讲了中国、俄罗斯、印度的人口与经济问题，根据＂economic development before a population decline hits the country＂可知答案。
75.【答案】old/older
【解析】根据＂A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China＂可知，中国可能会迎来年轻劳动力的危机，故填older。
76.【答案】earlier
【解析】根据＂the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961...but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it＂可知，俄罗斯人口由于缩短的寿命而急剧下降。
77.【答案】living/life
【解析】此处是说，如果俄罗斯人改变他们的生活方式，他们的情况可能会好一些。
78. 【答案】equality
【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly＂可知，教育可以降低出生率，因此，可以通过普及教育来抑制人口增长。
79. 【答案】immigration
【解析】根据最后一段中的＂One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.＂可知，通过移民来引入外来工人是解决劳动力短缺的一种方法。
80. 【答案】compensate
【解析】根据最后一段中的＂Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population＂可知，美国的移民政策将会使劳动力有所增加。接纳移民可以弥补劳动力的短缺。
2.【江苏省泰州市泰州中学2018届高三上学期开学考试】
任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最拾当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应的横线上。
“The gaokao, China's national college entrance exam, is winning more recognition as a way for universities overseas to evaluate Chinese students,” recruiting officers said.
Stanley Nel, vice-president of international relations at the University of San Francisco in the United States, who is responsible for the university's admissions from China, said he had had several inquiries from US universities about how to recruit Chinese students on the basis of their gaokao scores.
The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) have long been two musts for students from other counties, including China, to apply to study in the US.
USF, a private university in California, started a pilot program to accept Chinese students based on their gaokao scores in 2015. The idea came from USF President Paul Fitzgerald's belief that standardized tests like the SAT are not very good predictors of how well students will do at the university. "We are aware of the many criticisms that have been made of the gaokao, but it has the advantage of being what educational experts call a 'criterion-referenced' exam: It tests whether students are able to master a given body of knowledge," he said.
Currently, at least four higher education institutions in the US are recruiting Chinese students based on their gaokao performances. The Illinois Institute of Technology, a private institution in Chicago, started the practice first, in 2009. Outside the US, countries including Spain, Italy, Singapore, France and Australia also recognize gaokao scores.
More than 200 students from China requested an interview with USF last year. 74 of them were selected for a follow-up interview,44 received offers and 20 accepted the invitation and joined USF for the 2015 fall semester. Students admitted in this way have done "exceptionally well" in the past academic year, Nel added. "The average GPA for all gaokao students is about 3. 5 out of 4. For all other students—American and non-gaokao international students—American and non-gaokao international students—the average GPA is 3. 2,"he said.
Zhu Zihao gained admission in computer sciences at USF in 2015 through the program and performed well in his first academic year. He said that students who had experienced China's gaokao usually had comprehensive basic knowledge, which helps them excel in studies.
Nel said, "students admitted through China's gaokao are not only smart but extremely conscientious（认真的）and hardworking. "
"This year we hope to recruit about 50 students in this way, and even more in years to come," he said.
The gaokao
Past situation
Universities in the US evaluated Chinese students according to two (1)___________: The Test of English as a Foreign Language and the Scholastic Aptitude Test.
(2)___________situation
The gaokao is increasingly(3)___________as a way of evaluating Chinese students by universities abroad.
(4)___________of the people concerned
Stanley Nel—the person responsible for the university’s admissions from China
●Chinese students having received good scores in the gaokao performed academically well when studying in America.
●Chinese students admitted through China’ gaokao are smart, conscientious and (5)___________.
Paul Fitzgerald—USF President
●Despite the (6)____________the gaokao has received, it has its advantages. It tests students’ (7)___________to master a given body of knowledge.
●Some standardized tests cannot(8)___________students’ performance at the university well.
Zhu Zihao—a student admitted to USF in 2015
The(9)___________of the gaokao is helpful for the performance at the university well.
Future situation
More Chinese students will be recruited by the universities overseas(10)___________on their performance in the gaokao.
【答案】1. musts 2. Present/Current 3. recognized 4. Opinions/Views/Ideas/Beliefs 5. hardworking
6. criticisms 7. ability 8. predict 9. experience 10. based
【分析】
1. 信息查找题。根据The Test of English as a Foreign Language and the Scholastic Aptitude Test.可以定位到原文的第三段The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) have long been two musts…所以填原词musts“必要条件”。
2. 信息查找题。根据universities abroad可以定位到原文第五段Currently, at least four higher education institutions in the US are recruiting Chinese students based on their gaokao performances.可知应该填Current/Present situation现状。
3. 信息查找题。根据原文第一段，可知将recognition替换成表格中的be recognized as被当成，被认可。
4. 总结概括题。根据表格右侧的内容可知，左侧应该是总结：相关人物的观点，故填Opinions/Views/Ideas/Beliefs。
5. 信息查找题。根据conscientious 可以定位原文最后一段：not only smart but extremely conscientious（认真的）and hardworking.
6. 信息查找题。根据Paul Fitzgerald可以定位到原文第四段，其中We are aware of the many criticisms that have been made of the gaokao, but it has the advantage of being what educational experts call a 'criterion-referenced' exam:。but作为转折可以替换成despite of criticism。
7. 信息查找题。根据第四段的最后一句It tests whether students are able to master a given body of knowledge，将be able to 换成ability。
8. 信息查找题。根据standardized tests可以定位原文的第四段standardized tests like the SAT are not very good predictors of how well students will do at the university可以得出cannot后填动词原形predict。
9. 信息查找题。根据Zhu zihao可以定位到倒数第二段He said that students who had experienced China's gaokao usually had comprehensive basic knowledge, which helps them excel in studies.表格中用experience名词。
10. 信息查找题。根据原文第4段开头accept Chinese students based on their gaokao scores…不难得出应该填based。
3.【南京、盐城2016～2017学年第一次模拟考试】
任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填1个单词。
Until about 18 years ago, it was widely assumed that most of brain development occurs in the first few
years of life. But recent research on the human brain has shown that many brain regions undergo prolonged development throughout adolescence and beyond in humans. This advancement in knowledge has increased old worries and given rise to new ones. It is hugely worrying that so many teenagers around the world don’t have access to education at a time when their brains are still developing and being shaped by the environment. We should also worry about our lack of understanding of how our rapidly changing world is shaping the developing teenage brain.
Decades of research on early neurodevelopment suggested that the environment influences brain development. During the first few months or years of life, an animal must be exposed to particular visual or auditory stimuli (听觉刺激) for the associated brain cells and connections to develop. In this way, neuronal circuitry (神经元回路) is shaped according to the environment during ‘sensitive periods’ of brain development. This research has focused mostly on early development of sensory brain regions. What about later development of higher-level brain regions, which are involved in decision-making, control and planning, as well as social understanding and self-awareness? We know these brain regions continue to develop throughout adolescence. However, we have very little knowledge about how environmental factors influence the developing teenage brain. This is something that should concern us.
There’s a lot of concern about the hours some teenagers spend online and playing video games. But maybe all this worry is misplaced. After all, throughout history humans have worried about the effects of new technologies on the minds of the next generation. When the printing press was invented, there was anxiety about reading corrupting young people’s minds, and the same worries were repeated for the invention of radio and television. Maybe we shouldn’t be worried at all. It’s possible that the developing brains of today’s teenagers are going to be the most adaptable, creative, multi-tasking brains that have ever existed. There is evidence — from adults — that playing video games improves a range of cognitive functions such as divided attention and working memory. Much less is known about how gaming, social networking and so on, influence the developing adolescent brain. We don’t know whether the effects of new technologies on the developing brain are positive, negative or neutral. We need to find out.
Adolescence is a period of life in which the brain is developing and shapeable, and it represents a good opportunity for learning and social development. However, according to UNICEF, 40% of the world’s teenagers do not have access to secondary school education. The percentage of teenage girls who have no access to education is much higher, and yet there is strong evidence that the education of girls in developing countries has multiple significant benefits for family health, population growth rates, child
mortality rates, HIV rates as well as for women’s self-esteem and quality of life. Adolescence represents a time of brain development when teaching and training should be particularly beneficial. I worry about the lost opportunity of denying the world’s teenagers access to education.
Worrying about the teenage brain
Introduction
Different from the previous researches, a new one reveals that brain development will (1) even in the teenage years and beyond, which
(2) some worries.
Various factors (3) the teenage brain and new worries
● Particular visual or auditory stimuli are a must for animals to (4)
neuronal circuitry at the early time of life.
● We should be (5) about what influence the environment has on the developing teenage brain.
● Humans always face new technologies with a sense of anxiety that young people’s minds are (6) .
● We are supposed to find out what kind of role new technologies play in the (7) of the teenage brain.
● Education is of great (8) in adolescence when the brain is developing and being shaped. However, it isn’t (9) to two fifths of the world’s teenagers, girls in particular.
● We are expected to be (10) of the effects of education on the developing brains.
【答案】1. continue 2. causes 3. affecting/influencing 4. shape 5. concerned/worried/anxious
6. corrupted 7. development 8. importance/significance/benefit 9. accessible/available 10. aware/conscious
【分析】
1.句意理解题，对应原文But recent research on the human brain has shown that many brain regions undergo prolonged development throughout adolescence and beyond in humans.中的undergo prolonged development可知整个青少年时期人的大脑的生长发展都一直不断进行着，得出答案。
2.句意理解题，定位到原文“This advancement in knowledge has increased old worries and given rise to new ones.”中找到核心短语：has increased old worries “徒增烦恼”，也就是导致、造成烦恼，只有cause
符合，注意三单。
3.总结概括题，根据后面的六点可以反推这里在讲影响大脑的一些因素，原文第二段最后也有提示：we have very little knowledge about how environmental factors influence the developing teenage brain.但注意缺词空所在的不是句子是名词短语，所以不能填influence的谓语动词形式。
4.句意理解题，对应原文“an animal must be exposed to particular visual or auditory stimuli(听觉刺激)for the associated brain cells and connections to develop. In this way, neuronal circuitry(神经元回路)is shaped according to the environment during 'sensitive periods' of brain development."这里是拿“neuronal circuitry”做主语是被particular visual or auditory stimuli塑造(be shaped)，那以particular visual or auditory stimuli做主语就是塑造(shape)了neuronal circuitry.
5.信息查找题，根据文章“However, we have very little knowledge about how environmental factors influence the developing teenage brain. This is something that should concern us."可知人们对这些environmental factors并不熟悉和确定，所以持担忧的态度，可以将句尾的concern加上ed改成形容词，也可以用worried或anxious。
6.信息查找题。定位到原文：When the printing press was invented, there was anxiety about reading corrupting young people’s minds, and the same worries were repeated for the invention of radio and television.和表格里的句子进行比较找到核心词corrupting，表格据前面有be动词为被动句，答案为corrupted。
7.信息查找题，对应细节：We don’t know whether the effects of new technologies on the developing brain are positive, negative or neutral. We need to find out.找到核心词汇developing，空格部分需填名词，所以转换为名词形式。
8. 句意理解题。对应细节：Adolescence is a period of life in which the brain is developing and shapeable, and it represents a good opportunity for learning and social development.再加上缺词空be of great sth的句型可知答案：importance/significance/benefit。
9.信息查找题。对应细节：40% of the world’s teenagers do not have access to secondary school education. The percentage of teenage girls who have no access to education is much higher,文中的40%的人对应two fifths of the world’s teenagers; have no access to education对应be accessible/available to。
10.总结概括题，对应细节“Adolescence represents a time of brain development when teaching and training should be particulaly beneficial. I worry about the lost opportunity of denying the world's teenagers access to education.”可以概括出希望我们能意识到教育对大脑发育的作用。be________ of表示意识到可填:aware或conscious.
4.【苏州市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Are We More Narcissistic Than Ever Before?
Like the flower, narcissism(自恋) has continued to flourish in modern civilization, which has become such a part of culture. But narcissism in psychology is more than a single question can capture, which really has three types of narcissism. Problems arise when people discuss narcissism without identifying the form.
Grandiose(浮夸) narcissism is the outgoing, extraverted(外向) form. The narcissistic individual believes he or she is smarter, better looking and more important than others. And, of course, he or she gets special treatment for this fact. In fact, some of them can be very charming, likable and enjoy people. On the opposite side, narcissistic relationships are often not very emotionally warm or caring.
Vulnerable(脆弱) narcissism is the second flavour of narcissism. It is harder to see than grandiose narcissism. Vulnerable narcissists think they have the right to get special treatment and greatness but actually have low self confidence and are not typically extraverted. Imagine someone living in his mum's small room. He spends his evenings watching X Factor believing he should be the next famous star singing act. Unfortunately, he hasn't the confidence to do it and instead becomes a net citizen, who posts offensive, controversial, or divisive materials on an Internet community.
The third form of narcissism occurs when narcissism is extreme and causes clinically serious problems in a person's life—marriages fall apart, friends are lost, a career is over. When this occurs narcissism can be identified as a personality disorder—narcissistic personality disorder(also known as NPD), containing a mix of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism，
Can you change narcissism or NPD? There is no simple answer to this. For grandiose narcissism, what I often do is suggest practicing caring and compassion, doing what you are passionate about rather than what gets you attention and being responsible for your mistakes as well as successes. For vulnerable narcissism I would add to this list with practices that reduce depression and anxiety. Develop a sense of belonging or a friendship network; participate in physical exercise; or practice a form of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings. For NPD, there is no single, scientifically affirmed treatment of choice. But
pay attention to the following. First, people with NPD are often reluctant to enter treatment because in their mind they do not have a problem—everyone else does. Second, it is challenging for doctors to keep individuals with NPD in treatment.
Narcissism is increasing and while social media hasn't been proven to actually create narcissists, it does give them a new platform to gain attention and admiration. Still, I remain optimistic that people can change if they are motivated, have the right tools, and know what type of narcissism they are dealing with.
Title: Are We More Narcissistic Than Ever Before?
Current situation
about narcissism
● Narcissism has developed to become a part of culture
● Narcissism is more (1)________ than expected in psychology
(2)________of
narcissism
in divided types
● A narcissist is outgoing and socially confident, sometimes showing loveliness
● A narcissist considers himself to be such an unusual person as to be treated (3)________
● A narcissist is often cold and likely to (4)________ care in emotion towards others
● Vulnerable narcissism is more (5)________ than grandiose one
● A narcissist isn't actually confident though in his opinion he (6)________ special things
● Narcissism is quite extreme to cause serious problems in clinic, affecting the personal life
The approaches to
treating narcissism or
NPD
● Be more considerate, do favorite things and take (7)________ for whatever they do
● Try to (8)________ by making more friends, doing exercise and so on
● Help people with NPD to realize they have problems and not to (9)________ treatment
The future trend
● Narcissism is increasing perhaps because of social media
● Narcissism can be (10)________ if handled actively in proper ways
【答案】1. complicated/complex 2. Features/Characteristics 3. specially 4. lack 5. hidden/concealed
6. deserves 7. responsibility 8. relax 9. refuse 10. changed/changeable
【分析】
1. 根据文章第一段的句子But narcissism in psychology is more than a single question can capture, which really has three types of narcissism.可知，自恋在心理学上比预期的要复杂。故填complicated/complex。
2. 根据表格右边的内容可知，这部分主要介绍不同类型的自恋的特点。故填Features/Characteristics。
3. 根据文章第二段的句子And, of course, he or she gets special treatment for this fact.可知，自恋的人认为自己要被特殊对待。故填specially。
4. 根据文章第二段的句子On the opposite side, narcissistic relationships are often not very emotionally warm or caring.可知，自恋的人对别人缺乏关爱。故填lack。
5. 根据文章第三段的句子It is harder to see than grandiose narcissism.可知，脆弱的自恋比浮夸的自恋隐藏更深。故填hidden/concealed。
6. 根据文章第三段的句子Vulnerable narcissists think they have the right to get special treatment可知，自恋的人认为自己应得到特殊的东西，故填deserves。
7. 根据文章第三段的句子being responsible for your mistakes as well as successes可知，要对自己做的事情负责。take responsibility for为…….负责。故填responsibility。
8. 根据文章第三段的句子For vulnerable narcissism I would add to this list with practices that reduce depression and anxiety.可知，要通过交朋友，锻炼等方式放松。故填relax。
9. 根据文章第三段的句子people with NPD are often reluctant to enter treatment because in their mind they do not have a problem可知，帮助自恋的人意识到他们有问题，不要拒绝治疗。故填refuse。
10. 根据文章最后一段的句子I remain optimistic that people can change if they are motivated, have the right tools,可知，如果用积极的适当的方式处理，自恋可以改变。故填changed/changeable。
5.【2018届江苏省金陵中学高三年级期初测试】
任务型阅读(共10 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分10 分)
The benefits of being an independent business are truly great. Beyond the rewarding nature of owning something truly unique, small businesses have the edge over their big business counterparts in many areas. Consider the importance of being independent and how that independence can help drive your business.
To some, having fewer customers simply means less cash flow; however, having a smaller base also allows you to focus more on customer satisfaction.
Companies are always searching for ways to improve customer service and have more of their
business. Whether through paying special attention to who comes through your door or monitoring your customers through the social network, it’s less of trouble to make sure your customers’ needs are being met when there’s a smaller sample to deal with. In addition, it becomes much easier to create a personal connection with buyers when you have enough time and attention to show them some love.
Small businesses have an inherent advantage over their big box competitors in the sense that they can offer something different. People want to see the independent businesses that offer unique products and flavor to their communities. Your business can be the difference when it comes to what customers want.
Of course, big box companies will almost always beat you down when it comes to price. Consider, however, that if you can offer a truly unique product or experience, price becomes much less of an issue.
People like the idea of supporting local independent businesses versus “the big guys”. So, what businesses are booming due to the rise of independence?
Craft Beer(精酿啤酒) ---- The craft beer movement in the United States is supported so widely that big breweries have taken to creating their own competing “craft beer” brands in an attempt to follow the trend. While Anheuser Busch represents nearly half of America’s breweries, craft beer has seen a huge jump in sales in recent years.
Video Games ---- Whether through PCs, traditional consoles or mobile games, independent developers are supported by enthusiastic fans and micro-transactions in an industry that was formerly dominated by bigger developers.
Musicians ---- The modern web offers immense opportunities to musicians, resulting in more economic and artistic freedom. A surprising number of mainstream artists have seen great success from their independent releases, such as Macklemore’s The Heist, which has sold over one million copies in the United States alone.
Some small businesses don’t want to be small businesses forever. Regardless, consider what independence does for you and your company. If you offer something out of the ordinary, you can build an audience that respects your individuality and supports your cause.
The necessity of being an independent business
A (1) _____________ on
A smaller sample of customers makes it easy to (2)________ customers’ needs.
customer satisfaction
With enough time and attention to show customers some love, an independent business person finds it easier to connect with them (3)__________.
An offer of something completely different
Small businesses can offer something (4)__________ the ordinary to their communities.
Being different can (5)__________ a large number of active consumer groups.
A really unique product or experience can make customers (6)_________ price less seriously.
An appeal to an independent business
In the USA, craft beer is very popular with people, having (7)__________ well in recent years.
Independent game developers gain the support of crazy fans in an industry that (8)____________ to be in the control of bigger developers.
A surprising number of mainstream artists (9)________ great success to their independent releases.
A chance to (10)______ for some small businesses
For some small businesses, independence can attract a group of people that respect their individuality and support their development.
【答案】1. focus 2. satisfy/meet 3. personally 4. beyond 5. attract / mean
6. take 7. competed/sold 8. used 9. owe 10. grow / develop
【分析】试题分析：本文主要阐述了独立做生意的必要性。
1. satisfaction 原词再现。依据文章第二段中的“…focus more on customer satisfaction.”可知答案。
2. meet/satisfy 信息转换。依据文章第三段中的“it’s less of trouble to make sure your customers’needs”可知，此处表示的是“满足顾客的需要”，构成短语meet/satisfy one’s needs，故使用meet/satisfy。
3. personally 信息转换。依据文章第三段中的“it becomes much easier to create a personalconnection...”，且此处需要转换成副词形式，故需要填personally。
4. beyond 信息转换。依据文章第四段中的“People want to see the independent businesses that offerunique products and flavor to their communities.”可知，独立的生意提供的产品是独一无二的，也就是超越平凡的；依据表格此处需要的是填一个介词，故beyond即可。
5. attract/mean 信息转换。依据第四段中的“Your business can be the difference when it comesto what customers want.”可知，与众不同就会吸引大量的消费群体。
6. price 原词再现。依据文章第五段中的“price becomes much less of an issue.”可知答案。
7. competed 信息转换。依据文章第七段中的“...creating their own competing “craft beer”brands…”可知此处表示的是“竞争”之意，依据表格可用competed。
8. used 信息转换 依据文章第八段中的“…in an industry that was formerly dominated by bigger developers.”此处表示的是“过去常常做某事”且作谓语故需要填used一词。
9. owe 信息转换。依据文章第九段中的“have seen great success from their independent releases”且结合表格中的短语，故使用owe一词表示“归因于……”。
10. grow/develop 信息转换。依据最后一段中的“Some small businesses don’t want to be smallbusinesses forever.”表示“小生意并不是永远想成为小生意”即它们需要成长与发展，故填develop/grow。
6.【南京市2018届高三年级学情调研考试】
任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入了个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题纸上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
One of the most basic core values is honesty. It impacts our entire life: our jobs, our relationships, our own feelings about ourselves and the actions we take. It can move us forward and allow us to feel good about what we do. It sets an example for our children and it influences the people around us. W. Clement Stone’s quote is a perfect example of honesty. “Have the courage to say no. Have the courage to face the truth. Do the right thing because it is right.” These are the magic keys to living your life with integrity (正直).
“Have the Courage to Say No”
Saying “no” can be a difficult thing to do at times. When a good friend or a family member forces us to do something that we know is dishonest, it takes courage to say no. You will find people will make fun of you saying, what is the big deal, or, no one will know. You need to have self-respect to stand for what you believe is the right thing to do. In the long run you will be glad you did!
“Have the Courage to Face the Truth”
Sometimes the truth hurts and we want to deny it or not believe it. But, we have a responsibility to face it and accept it. There are those who would prefer to take the easy way out and just ignore it. And sometimes by accepting the truth we find it difficult but by doing this we are showing integrity.
“Do the Right Thing Because It Is Right”
We all know in our hearts what the right thing to do is. But again sometimes it is peer pressure, or the easy way out that can be tempting to not do the right thing.
Honesty in Action
I saw honesty in action when I was in a Wal-Mart store. There was a teenage girl ahead of me. She paid for her items and left. As the cashier was ringing in my items, the teenage girl came to return the extra $5 the cashier had mistakenly given to her. The cashier was shocked that the teenager returned it. She thanked the teenager for her honesty. Once the teenager left, the cashier said to me, “That is a rare occurrence.” It made me smile to be a witness to such honesty. This was a true example of “doing the right thing”.
Another story involved an individual who left a firm that engaged in questionable practices. He was selling advertising space, however, the magazine was not being published on a regular basis. But he was expected to sell the advertising as if the magazine was published weekly. Although, he needed the money to support his family, he was unwilling to work for a firm that had questionable practices so he resigned.
In both of these examples, the people could have chosen a different action, but their own values allowed them to make a choice that they could be proud of! The direction of our lives comes down to the choices we make. Honesty is not only doing the right thing; it is living with yourself with the choices you make.
Honesty--A Core Value
Importance of honesty
> Honesty plays an important part in all (1) ________of our life.
> Honesty not only (2)_______ ourselves but also influences people around.
Keys to living with honesty
> Have the Courage to Say No
Refuse to do anything dishonest, even when (3)_______ with the pressure from friends or family members.
> Have the Courage to Face the truth
Face up to the truth instead of ignoring it (4)________ it sometimes hurts.
> Do the Right Thing Because It Is Right
(5)________ to what you think is right.
Honesty in action
> (6) _______herself given an extra change. a teenage girl returned it without hesitation.
> Knowing that the magazine failed to come out (7) _______, a man refused to sell what he had no trust in.
Conclusion
> It is our own (8) _______that help us make the right decision.
> The direction of our life is (9)_____ by our own choices.
> Honesty accompanies us all (10)_______ our life if you choose to live with it.
【答案】1. aspects/respects 2. benefits 3. faced/confronted 4. though/although 5.Stick/Keep 6. Finding 7. weekly/regularly 8. values 9. decided/determined 10. through
【解析】
1. 句意理解题。根据plays an important part in可以定位到原文中的It impacts our entire life:…，由此可知，可以换成“影响我们生活的方方面面”all aspects/respects of our life。
2. 句意理解题。根据表格中的influences people around可以定位到原文中的It can move us forward and allow us to feel good about what we do. It sets an example for our children and it influences the people around us，可将前句总结为benefit ourselves，使自己受益，注意三单的变化。
3. 句意理解题。根据表格中的Refuse to do anything dishonest可定位原文：When a good friend or a family member forces us to do something that we know is dishonest, it takes courage to say no.所以应该是“面对压力”，be faced/confronted with，此处用了非谓语。
4. 句意理解题。根据表格中的Face up to the truth可定位到原文：Sometimes the truth hurts and we want to deny it or not believe it. But, we have a responsibility to face it and accept it.需要进行but句型和though/although句型的转换。
5. 总结大意题。根据Do the Right Thing Because It Is Right下面的描述，可以总结为stick/keep to what you think is right坚持你认为对的事。
6. 句意理解题。根据第一个例子的描述the teenage girl came to return the extra $5 the cashier had mistakenly given to her.可知应该是“发现自己被多找了零钱”，注意用非谓语finding。
7. 信息查找题。原句为：the magazine was not being published on a regular basis.以及后文也提到了as if the magazine was published weekly，所以填weekly/regularly。
8. 信息查找题。将原文中的their own values allowed them to make a choice that they could be proud of替换成了强调句式，相应补充values。
9. 句意理解题。The direction of our lives comes down to the choices we make.我们生活的方向来源于我们所做的决定，可用be decided by由……决定。
10. 句意理解题。it is living with yourself with the choices you make可替换成all through one’s life。
7.【南通、泰州市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
What have we become? A society in which someone can have hundreds of online friends and yet go for days without human contact. We scan; we click; we text people in the next room instead of speaking to them; we even check our library books out by ourselves when once we might have chatted to a friendly person with an ink pad and a date stamp.
Loneliness can be dangerous. Recent research suggests that it may shorten people's lives and make them more vulnerable to serious illness. It can distort(扭曲) senses of reality and even become an element that drives a few desperate young men to open fire on a cinema audience or a classroom full of children. Electronic voices on various devices can be the only ones some people hear. And what those voices say is not always true.
No man is an island, we are frequently reminded. There are those who choose to lead solitary(孤独的) lives, and live them well, but on the whole we are sociable beings and we suffer if we are on our own too much. Human contact makes us happier, although virtual relationships can be very positive.
So what could lonely people do to make real friends? An answer, among many, is to read more books. Reading begins alone but becomes a shared activity when a reader, for example, joins a book group, attends a literary festival or signs up for a continuing education course on an aspect of literature that interests them. There's no shame in turning up to any of these alone, and fellowship is guaranteed. Fellow readers may
well turn out be like minded; it's a basis for new friendships and sustained relationships. Sharing an understanding of a book is a good way of sharing feelings safely. Literary characters can be useful as personas.
But there is another important reason why everyone should read more books, and in particular fiction. The responsibility to fight loneliness lies with those who do not suffer from it. Lonely people often feel that there is no one who understands them or can share their point of view. They need to know that actually there are. That requires everybody else to make the imaginative leap of feeling that connection, and reading fiction helps. It makes people more empathic(移情)— sympathy for fictitious(虚构的) characters can translate into compassion(同情) in real life.
The stories of strangers reach us through many means: news bulletins, interviews, biography and memoir(回忆录), but also drama and fiction. Walking a mile in their shoes might help turn some of those strangers into real friends.
Passage outline
Supporting details
A phenomenon
worth noting
People today are becoming increasingly lonely, which is evidenced by the fact that face to face contact has been (1)________ with the convenience of the Internet
Harms of
loneliness
●People are more likely to suffer serious illness and even an (2)________ death
●People can (3)________ reality with virtual world and a few desperate people even take extreme actions against innocent people
●People can only have access to information on the electronic devices, which makes them uncertain about the (4)________
Significance of
human contact
Human contact can bring us more (5)________ while virtual relationships can only bring us temporary comfort
A (6)________ cure
for loneliness
●Being actively (7)________ in various reading activities provides opportunities for lonely people to make contact with others
●Exchanging with other readers who share (8)________ interests with them lays foundation for friendships
●Reading fiction helps those who do not suffer from loneliness to (9)________ and have sympathy for lonely people
●Exposing ourselves to a variety of forms of works and putting ourselves in others' (10)________ can help develop real friendships
【答案】1. decreasing/reduced/replaced 2. early 3. confuse 4. truth 5. happiness
6. literary 7. involved 8. similar/common 9. understand 10. places/positions/shoes
【解析】
1. 句意理解题。根据第一段第二句 We scan; we click; we text people in the next room instead of speaking to them 可知当网络出现之后，面对面的交流减少。故正确答案为 decreasing/ reduced/ decreased/ replaced。
2. 句意理解题。根据第二段第二句 Recent research suggests that it may shorten people’s lives and make them more vulnerable to serious illness 可知人们面临疾病的困扰，寿命减少。故正确答案为 early。
3. 句意理解题。根据第二段第三句 It can distort(扭曲) senses of reality 可知，人们将现实和虚拟世界混淆。故正确答案为 confuse。
4. 信息查找题。根据第二段倒数两句话 Electronic voices on various devices can be the only ones some people hear. And what those voices say is not always true 可知，电子产品给的事实有的是不确定的。故正确答案为 truth。
5. 信息查找题。根据第三段最后一句 Human contact makes us happier, although virtual relationships can be very positive 可知，人类的接触能给人带来快乐。故正确答案为 happiness。
6. 信息查找题。根据第四段第三句 Reading begins alone but becomes a shared activity when a reader, for example, joins a book group, attends a literary festival or signs up for a continuing education course on an aspect of literature that interests them 可知用文学来治愈孤独。故正确答案为 literary。
7. 句意理解题。根据第四段前两句 So what could lonely people do to make real friends? An answer, among many, is to read more books 可知参与读书可以使孤独的人交到朋友。故正确答案为 involved。
8. 句意理解题。根据第四段倒数第三句 Fellow readers may well turn out be like-minded 可知有相似兴趣的读者更容易形成友谊。故正确答案为 similar/ common。
9. 信息查找题。根据倒数第二段可知，读小说能帮助人理解和同情孤独的人。故正确答案为 understand。
10. 信息查找题。根据最后一段最后一句 Walking a mile in their shoes might help turn some of those strangers into real friends 可知，站在别人的角度可以更好的发展真正的友谊。故正确答案为 places/ positions/ shoes。
8.【无锡市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time. However, that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling(逐步培养) proper behaviour in kids. Behaviour modification(BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behaviour in children as well as adults.
Behaviour modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviours in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired. Behaviour modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by B．F. Skinner, an American behaviourist. These techniques are used in behaviour modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behaviour in children.
The commonly used behaviour modification techniques are positive reinforcement(强化), negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a proper behaviour that most desire through the process of rewarding it. This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs a desired behaviour. Negative reinforcement behavioural strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behaviour because the desired behaviour was performed. For example, letting a child not help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement. Punishment is something we all can relate to. Yes, it is just what it means. However, when put in words, punishment refers to subjecting(使服从于) an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behaviour.
The behaviour modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement. However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behaviour modification. Though the behaviour modification techniques lead to quick results, a parent should continuously try to cultivate(培养) in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such a behaviour is expected of him. This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent child relationship. As a parent, don't make the reward a monetary one. Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward. A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.
Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behaviour modification in children, both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play. Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child's behaviour. It is true that there are various behaviour modification techniques available for encouraging proper behaviour in children. However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate(慈爱) environment.
Title: Techniques for Modifying Behaviour
(1)________ of BM
Establishing various appropriate behaviours and discouraging undesirable ones, aiming to correct and instill proper behaviour in individuals
Types of BM
techniques
●Positive reinforcement: Reinforcing a (2)________ behaviour by means of rewarding it
●Negative reinforcement: (3)________ a negative consequence or a behaviour
●Punishment: Subjecting an individual to a negative condition (4)________ to an improper behaviour
BM techniques
for children
●For parents: Realizing these techniques are helpful in leading to quick results, but they are not totally (5)________
Effective ways
●Communicating (6)________ with children and focus more on child parent relationship
●Making the reward more of a privilege rather than a reward
●Remembering to (7)________ to the same technique and apply it whenever there is a chance
●For teachers: Realizing both parents and teachers have equally important roles
Effective ways
●Playing their role through classroom management designed for the (8)________ of potential problems
●Teaching (9)________ skills needed in our society
●Monitoring children's behaviours continuously
(10)________
Proper parenting and an affectionate environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behaviour in children
【答案】1. Definition 2. desired/proper/appropriate 3. Removing 4. due/owing/thanks 5. reliable/dependable 6. effectively 7. stick/keep 8. prevention 9. problem solving 10. Conclusion
【分析】
1. 总结大意题。总结大意根据表格右栏的内容可知，是对行为修正的解释，或者说定义，故第一空填Definition，注意开头要大写；
2. 句意理解题。根据“Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a proper behavior that most desire through the process of rewarding it. ”这句话可知，积极强化是指通过奖励一种行为来强化某种合理的行为，故这一空填proper或者desired；
3.信息查找题。根据“Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behavior because the desired behavior was performed. ”这句话可知，消极强化策略是指负面结果或者行为的移除，故这一空为Removing；
4.句意理解题。根据“punishment refers to subjecting (使服从于)an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behavior.”这句话可知考查because of的替换短语，故这一空为due/owing/thanks；
5.信息查找题。根据”However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behavior modification. ”这句话可知，行为修正的技巧不完全是可靠的，故这一空为reliable/dependable；
6.信息查找题。根据“This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent-child relationship. ”这句话可知，是有效的沟通，故这一空填effectively；
7.句意理解题。根据“A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.”这句话可知父母所使用的技巧应该保持前后一致，所以应该是坚持自己所使用的技巧，故这一空填stick；
8.信息查找题。根据“Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management”这句话可知，班级管理是为了预防一些潜在的问题，故这一空填prevention；
9.信息查找题。根据”teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child's behavior. ”
这句话可知，是在我们的社会中需要的解决问题的能力，故这一空填problem-solving；
10.总结大意题。根据右边的内容“Proper parenting and an affectionate environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behavior in children.”可知，左栏应该是对全文内容的总结，故这一空填conclusion。
9.【扬州市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
People join groups to meet basic needs and feel like we belong. Groups provide a significant way to understand and define ourselves—both through groups we feel a connection to and those we do not. As steady social units, groups also help build shared value systems and are key to the structure of society.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between the ways people interact with each other to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. The primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face to face in long term, emotional ways. This group is usually made up of significant others—those individuals who have the most impact on our socialization. The best example of a primary group is the family.
Secondary groups are often larger and impersonal. They may also be task focused and time limited. These groups serve a practical purpose rather than an expressive one, meaning that their role is more goal or task targeted than emotional. An example of a secondary relationship is that of a stockbroker and her clients. The stockbroker(股票经纪人) likely relates to her clients in terms of business only. She probably will not socialize with her clients or hug them.
Primary relationships are most common in small and traditional societies, while secondary relationships are the norm in large and industrial societies. Secondary relationships often result in loneliness and isolation. This does not mean, however, that secondary relationships are bad. Further, primary group relationships can evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share complaints, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A group's size can also determine how its members behave and relate. A small group is small enough to allow all of its members to directly interact. Examples of small groups include families, friends,
discussion groups, and athletic teams. People are more likely to experience primary relationships in small group settings than in large settings.
As a group increases in size, its members participate and cooperate less, and are more likely to be dissatisfied. A larger group's members may even be stopped, for example, from publicly helping out victims in an emergency. In this case, people may feel that because so many others are available to help. Similarly, members in larger groups are more likely to work less because they expect others to take over their tasks.
Title: Types of Social Groups
Divisions of
social groups
●People expect to meet basic needs and have a sense of (1)________ from joining groups
●Social groups are divided into two types on the (2)________ of different interactions
(3)________ of
the two groups
●Primary groups consist of (4)________ people
●Primary groups serve people's emotional needs
●Primary group relationships (5)________ longer
●Secondary groups are larger in size
●Secondary groups mainly focus on (6)________ purposes
●People are related rather (7)________ in secondary groups
●Secondary groups may bring about (8)________ feelings
Switch between
the two groups
●People may feel dissatisfied and avoid their (9)________ when primary groups become bigger
●Secondary group relationships may (10)________ into primary group relationships
【答案】1. belonging 2. basis 3. Features/Characteristics/Traits 4. fewer 5. last
6. practical 7. formally 8. negative 9. responsibility/responsibilities 10. evolve/develop
【分析】
1.信息查找题。对应到原文People join groups to meet basic needs and feel like we belong可知原文中是动词词性belong，此处空格处应该填一个名词词性的，即belonging。
2.信息查找题。对应到原文Sociologists have built on the distinction between the ways people interact
with each other todistinguish between two types of groups，build on the distinction between ...转换为on the basis of ...翻译为“以……为基础”。
3.总结概括题。结合右边方框里的内容可知是两个组的特色，特点。
4.句意理解题。定位到文中第二段The primary group is usuallyfairly small，可以转换为The primary group consist of fewer people（与另外一个类型进行对比所以才会有比较级）。
5.句意理解题，对应到原文he primary group is usuallyfairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term,emotional ways.可知Primary group relationships last longer。
6.信息查找题。定位到原文These groups serve a practical purpose rather than an expressive one，可知答案是practical.
7.句意理解题。定位到原文The stockbroker(股票经纪人)likely relates to her clients in termsofbusiness only.in terms of business 可知是比较正式的而不是随意的拥抱，故填formally。
8.句意理解题。定位到原文Secondary relationships often result inloneliness and isolation.可知Secondary groups may bring aboutnegative feelings。
9.句意理解题。定位到原文A large group's members may even be stopped, for example, from publiclyhelping out victims in an emergency. In this case, people may feel that because so many others areavailable to help.可知是avoid their responsibility即等价于原文的be stopped from publicly helping out victims，还想着会有别人去帮。
10.信息查找题。对应到原文primary group relationships can evolve out of secondary group relationships，将主语与宾语对换一下就可以得出答案了。
10.【常州市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Feet of Clay
In 604 BC, the second year of his reign, Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar had a dream which left his spirit no rest and robbed him of his sleep. So he ordered that wise men of Babylon be called to interpret the dream for him.
They answered the king, “O king, live forever, tell to your servants your dream, and we will declare the interpretation.” The king said, “The thing is gone out of my mind. Unless you tell me the dream, and
the meaning of it, you shall be put to death. But if you tell the dream, and the meaning of it, you shall receive of me rewards, and gifts, and great honour.”
Unluckily no one could fulfill the task. Hearing this, the king was in great anger, and commanded all the wise men of Babylon be put to death.
When Arioch, to whom the king had given orders to destroy the wise men of Babylon, told the matter to the Prophet(先知) Daniel, he immediately went in to the king and begged for the time to resolve the question.
After some mysterious praying, Daniel went to Arioch and said, “Destroy not the wise men of Babylon, bring me in before the king, and I will tell the solution to the king.”
The king said to Daniel, “Can you really tell me the dream that I saw, and the interpretation of it？” Daniel replied, “The secret that the king desires to know, none of the wise men, or the philosophers, can declare to the king. But there is a God in heaven that reveals mysteries, and He wants you to know what is going to happen.” “To me also, ” Daniel added, “this secret is revealed, so I can reveal your dream.”
Then Daniel began, “You, O king, saw a great statue: this statue, which was great and high, stood before you, and the look was terrible. The head of this statue was of fine gold, but the breast and the arms of silver, and the belly and the thighs of brass(黄铜). And the legs of iron, the feet part of iron and part of clay. Then suddenly you saw a stone was cut out of a mountain without hands, and it struck the statue upon the feet that were of iron and of clay, and broke them in pieces. Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together, and they were carried away by the wind. There was no place found for them, but the stone that struck the statue became a great mountain and filled the whole earth.”
“This is the dream. We will also tell the interpretation to you.” He continued, “You are a king of kings, and the God of heaven has given you a kingdom. But as you dreamt, the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken. That means you will not rule forever. The other parts of the statue represent other kings that will come after you. The big rock stands for the kingdom God will set up. It will destroy all other kingdoms and it will last forever！”
Then king Nebuchadnezzar fell on his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that wise men of Babylon be pardoned from death. And the king made Daniel governor over all the provinces of Babylon, a much higher position than his former one.
Title: Feet of Clay
Story
outline
The beginning
The king had a dream which made his spirit in the state of (1)________
The conflict
●To explain the dream, wise men of Babylon asked for the conflict the content of it but the king disagreed
●Unable to solve the problem, all the wise men were facing the death (2)________
The (3)________
●(4)________ his hearing the matter, Daniel came to help
●First he prayed to his (5)________, and then he got the solution
The climax
Daniel miraculously told and interpreted the king's dream：
●He dreamt of a great statue made of hard metals falling into pieces
●The statue's half iron half clay feet, the (6)________ parts of it, were the first to be destroyed by the stone from nowhere
●Interpretation of the dream: the Babylonian kingdom would break into small kingdoms, which would be (7)________ by a long lasting one set by the God
The ending
All the wise men were saved and Daniel was (8)________ to governor of all provinces as well
Additional
elements
The (9)________
In 604 BC, in the ancient kingdom of Babylon
The original source
The Bible
One influence
“Feet of clay” becomes an (10)________ meaning a failing or weakness in a strong person's character
【答案】1. unrest 2. penalty/sentence 3. development 4. Upon/On 5. God/god 6. weakest 7. destroyed
8. promoted 9. setting/background 10. idiom
【分析】
1.句意转换题。根据“Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar had a dream which left his spirit no rest”，可以推测出答案为restlessness。
2.句意转换题。根据“you shall be put to death.”可以推测出答案为penalty/sentence 。
3.总结概括题。根据后面的具体内容，可以归纳为development。
4.句意转换题。根据“When Arioch, to whom the king had given orders to destroy the wise men of Babylon, told the matter to the Prophet(先知)Daniel,heimmediately went in to the king and begged for the time to resolve the question.”可以推测出答案为Upon/On。
5.信息查找题。根据“But there is a God in heaven that revealsmysteries...”，可以推测出答案为God/god。
6.句意转换题。根据“it struck the statue upon the feet that were of iron and of clay, and broke them in pieces.”，可以推测出答案为weakest。
7.总结概括题。根据“Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold broken to pieces together, and they were carried away by the wind.”，可以推测出答案为destroyed 。
8.总结概括题。根据“And the king made Daniel governor over all the provinces of Babylon, a much higherposition than his former one.”，可以推测出答案为promoted 。
9. 总结概括题。根据后面的具体内容，可以推测出答案为setting/background。
10. 总结概括题。根据整篇文章的大意，可以推测出答案为idiom。
11.【苏北四市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Is Cash Becoming Outdated?
When he rolls into a gas station to fill his tank, Barkhad Dahir doesn't get out of his car. He pushes a few buttons on his cellphone and within seconds he has paid for the fuel. With the same quick pushes on his phone, he pays for virtually everything he needs: groceries at the supermarket, a few oranges from a market stall, or a cup of sweet milky tea from a cafe. “Everyone here has his own bank with easy access，” boasts Mr Dahir. “Even lying in bed, you can be paying your bills.”
Electronic payments offer consumers convenience, provide revenue to banks, credit card companies and payment processors, and offer merchants improved cash flow and convenience. “I don't even carry money any more，” says Adan Abokor, a democracy activist, “I haven't seen cash for a long time. Almost every merchant, even hawker(小贩) on the street, accepts payment by cellphone. There's no waiting for it and no counting of cash.”
The system is impressively simple and secure. Purchases are made by dialing a three digit number, entering a four digit PIN, and then entering the retailer's payment number and the amount of money. Both customer and merchant receive text messages to confirm the payment.
Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well. The printing and handling of money is expensive. Cash payments can be anonymous and hard to track criminal activities to be conducted in secret. Many government favour reducing cash dealings in order to better monitor and understand the activities of their citizens. The Swedish government has been discussing the removing of cash since 2010.
However, some people doubt what members of a cashless society do when the power goes off. Do they choose to barter(物物交换) and rob? Do they sit at home and wait? What happens to people who rely on their cell phones to process money dealings when cell service and the Internet are interrupted? A world affected by terrorism and increasingly violent weather may not yet be ready to abandon currency. “Ironically, the day after the largest bank in Norway, DNB, proposed ending all cash dealings, I went to my local grocery store and when I tried to pay by phone, I was told that I needed to go to the ATM to get cash because the system was broken，” said an interviewee.
Other people fear that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks and enable dealings to be tracked and reported.
Privacy, security and convenience are all important factors in the adoption of electronic payment technology. New technologies which balance and address these factors may enable to remove cash.
Title: Is Cash Becoming Outdated?
Passage outline
Supporting details
An example of electronic
payments
Barkhad Dahir claims that he can almost purchase (71)________ he needs by using his mobile phone
Reasons for the
(72)________
for electronic payments
●They can be more (73)________ without waiting in line or counting the cash, whose characteristics include (74)________ and simplicity
●They reduce the cost of printing money and allow the government to (75)________ cash activities
Possible (76)________ of
●Some people are (77)________ whether electronic payments can
electronic payments
still be effective during times when the power goes off
●There are (78)________ that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks
●It is possible that electronic dealings can be (79)________ and reported for illegal use
Conclusion
Cash is not (80)________ to be completely replaced unless privacy, security and convenience are balanced and settled
【答案】71. everything/whatever 72. preference 73. time saving/convenient 74. security 75. monitor
76. drawbacks/shortcomings/disadvantages/problems/weaknesses 77. doubtful/skeptical/sceptical
78. fears/worries/concerns 79. tracked 80. likely
【分析】
1.考查非谓语动词。句意：当被蝎子威胁的时候，墨西哥乡村的人认为那是他们文化和传统的一部分，此处过去分词作状语，故用threatened。
2.考查代词。句意：蝎子几乎能够到处见到，从属到T恤衫和帽子上，故用everywhere。
3.考查形容词。句意：活着的蝎子能够在Garcia’s店售卖，故用Live。
4.考查形容词。句意：因为这个刺针就在蝎子的尾巴上，be located/situated in...意为“位于......”，故用located/situated。
5.考查名词单复数。句意：机会是如果人们在30分钟内感觉到没有什么不是的话，他就会幸存下来，故用Chances。
6.考查形容词。句意：蝎子毒所产生的症状包括麻木的舌头和吞咽的喉咙的不适，此处过去分词作定语，故用swollen。
7.考查名词。句意：由于受到公共健康的注意，所以现在人们很容易有机会抗毒，have access to ...意为“有......的机会”，故用access。
8.考查名词。句意：人们对待蝎子的态度，故用attitudes。
9.考查动词。句意：尽管人们认为蝎子是恶心的可怕的，但是它是Durango这个地方的吉祥物，regarded/viewed/considered/seen as...意为“把......认为......”,故用regarded/viewed/considered/seen。
10.考查名词。句意：这儿的人以他们的城市为蝎都出名而感到自豪，take pride in...意为“以.......而自豪”，故用pride。
12.【镇江市2017届高三第一次调研测试】
第四部分：任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Between 1938 and 1942, researchers in Boston were busy getting down to a study of adolescent boys and their family relationships. Some 60 years later, different researchers followed up with the participants and found that those raised in warmer family environments were more securely attached to their partners in the later years of life.
In a study published last week in Psychological Science, co authors Robert Waldinger, a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School, and Marc Schulz, a psychologist at Bryn Mawr College, combined many decades of data previously gathered on a group of men with data they recently collected on the same men to offer a unique long term thinking on the connection between early childhood environment, how men regulate emotions in middle age and the security of their attachments in close relationships late in life.
Security of attachment, a concept that first appeared in the 1960s, is the idea that because we are helpless for large portions of our childhood and old age we need to be good at forming attachments with others and keeping them around to take care of us. “Each person has certain people who are their main attachment figures,” Waldinger says—in other words, the person you would “call in the middle of the night if you were terrified and needed someone to come over.”
We start forming attachments at a very young age and continue to do so throughout our lives.
Waldinger and Schulz determined that regardless of socioeconomic standing the men raised in warmer family environments used more adaptive strategies to manage their negative emotions in midlife, and were also more securely attached to their partners late in life. These results suggest our childhood environment affects our relationships not only into adulthood but for the rest of our lives.
For Schulz, the findings highlight the need for services such as family leave that support parents and allow them to create better family environments. He also stresses the importance of good social services that can get involved when children end up in poor or unsafe family settings. “Kids may not remember specific events, particularly early in their lifetimes，” Schulz says, “But the accumulation of loving, nurturing family environments really has an impact over a long period of time.”
Waldinger and Schulz also emphasize that there are many ways to overcome having a less than idyllic childhood, such as actively working on developing warmer, healthier relationships as an adult or learning how to use more adaptive strategies to deal with negative emotions.
Chris Fraley, a psychologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign who studies attachment but was not involved in the present study, was surprised by the results. “There are so many ways in which people's lives can evolve across time,” such as financial hardships, illness, divorce or occupational uncertainty, he wrote in an e mail, adding, “The fact that the authors found such an association is remarkable, and raises a number of questions about the factors that explain why it exists.” Fraley pointed out, however, that the study is small, a limitation the researchers themselves acknowledge. He also cautioned that an association between early childhood experiences and attachment later in life doesn't necessarily mean the former causes the latter.
Still, the best option is to provide kids with a warm family environment early in life, Waldinger says. “The bottom line is that how we take care of children is just so vitally important. And protecting their development is essential for lifelong well being.”
Theme
The happier the childhood, the stronger the bonds in old age
Result of
the study
People who are (71)________ up in warmer family environments have more (72)________ attachments with their partners in the later years of life
Concept of security
attachment
●Security of attachment, a concept first (73)________ in the 1960s, is the idea that due to our helplessness in most of our childhood and old age we need to be good at forming attachments with others and keeping them around to take care of us.
●Each person has some people to (74)________ to when he is terrified or needs company or comfort badly
Findings of Waldinger
and Schulz
●Our childhood environment affects our relationships both into adulthood and for the rest of our lives
●Services like family leave make it (75)________ for parents to create a better family environment for cultivating children
●Good social services can get involved when children end up in poor or unsafe family settings
●(76)________ the fact that Kids may not remember specific events, particularly early in their lifetimes, the accumulation of loving, nurturing family
environments really makes a (77)________ to our relationships over a long period of time
●There are many ways to overcome having a less than idyllic childhood, learning how to use more adaptive strategies to deal with negative emotions included
Chris Fraley's
opinion
●The fact of finding such an association is remarkable, and raises many questions about the factors which explain the reason for its (78)________
●An (79)________ between early childhood experiences doesn't necessarily cause attachment later in life
Conclusion
(80)________ options we make, the best one is to provide kids with a warm family environment early in life
【答案】71. brought 72. secure 73. appearing/emerging 74. turn/look 75. possible 76. Despite 77. difference 78. existence 79. association 80. Whatever
【分析】
71.句意理解题。根据第五段the men raised in warmer family environments used more adaptive strategies to manage their negative emotions in midlife，把raised换成brought up。
72.信息查找题。根据第二段的最后how men regulate emotions in middle age and the security of their attachments in close relationships late in life.，所以填形容词secure。
73. 信息查找题。根据Security of attachment, a concept that first appeared in the 1960s, is the idea that because we…可知填appeared。
74. 句意理解题。根据the person you would “call in the middle of the night if you were terrified and needed someone to come over.可知替换成固定搭配turn to求助。
75. 句意理解题。根据the need for services such as family leave that support parents and allow them to create better family environments. allow ab. =make it possible。
76. 句意理解题。根据Kids may not remember specific events, particularly early in their lifetimes，” Schulz says, “But the accumulation of loving, nurturing family environments really has an impact over a long period of time.”这两句话为转折关系，所以填Despite。
77.句意理解题。同样根据Kids may not remember specific events, particularly early in their lifetimes，” Schulz says, “But the accumulation of loving, nurturing family environments really has an impact over a long period of time.” has an impact=make a difference。
78. 信息查找题。根据倒数第二段a number of questions about the factors that explain why it exists.
可知换成for its existence。
79. 信息查找题。根据倒数第二段He also cautioned that an association between early childhood experiences and attachment later in life doesn't necessarily mean the former causes the latter.，可知填原词association。
80. 总结概括题。根据最后一段Still, the best option is to provide kids with a warm family environment early in life，得知whatever option比较合适。
13.【南京市、盐城市2017届高三第二次模拟考试】
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
“HELL is a city much like London，” said Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1819. Modern academics agree. Last year Dutch researchers showed that city dwellers(居民) have a 21% higher risk of suffering from anxiety disorders than do their calmer rural countrymen, and a 39% higher risk of suffering from mood disorders. But exactly how the inner workings of the urban and rural minds cause this difference has remained unclear—until now. A study just published in Nature by Andreas Meyer Lindenberg of the University of Heidelberg and his colleagues has used a scanning technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging(机能性磁共振成像，简称fMRI) to examine the brains of city dwellers and countrymen when they are under stress.
In Dr Meyer Lindenberg's first experiment, participants lying with their heads in a scanner took maths tests that they were bound to fail (the researchers had designed success rates to be just 25%—40%). To make the experience still more embarrassing, the team provided negative feedback through headphones, all the while checking participants for indications of stress, such as high blood pressure.
The city people's general mental health did not differ from that of the rural countrymen. However, their brains dealt with the stress caused by the experimenters in different ways. These differences were noticeable in two regions: the amygdalas(杏仁核) and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex(前扣带皮层，简称pACC)．
People living in the countryside had the lowest levels of activity in their amygdalas. Those living in towns had higher levels. City dwellers had the highest. In the case of the pACC, however, what mattered was not where someone was living now, but where he or she was brought up. The more urban a person's childhood, the more active his pACC, regardless of where he was dwelling at the time of the experiment.
The amygdalas thus seem to respond to the here and now while the pACC is programmed early on, and
does not react in the same, flexible way as the amygdalas. Second to second changes in its activity might, though, be expected to be connected with changes in the amygdalas, because of its role in regulating them. fMRI allows such connections to be measured.
In the cases of those brought up in the countryside, regardless of where they now live, the connections were as expected. For those brought up in cities, however, these connections broke down. The regulatory mechanism of the native urbanite, in other words, seems to be out of order.
Dr Meyer Lindenberg and his team conducted several more experiments to check their findings. They asked participants to complete more maths tests—and also tests in which they were mentally ups and downs—while investigators scolded them about their performance. The results matched those of the first test. They also studied another group of volunteers, who were given stress free tasks to complete. These experiments showed no activity in either the amygdalas or the pACC, suggesting that the earlier results were indeed the result of social stress rather than mental effort.
As is usually the case in studies of this sort, the sample size was small and the result showed an association, rather than a definite, causal relationship. That association is, nevertheless, interesting. Living in cities brings many benefits, but Dr Meyer Lindenberg's work suggests that Shelley and his fellow Romantics had at least half a point.
Title: Do Urban Brains Behave Differently from Rural Ones?
Purpose of the research
The research was conducted to explain why city dwellers are more likely to (71) serious disorders than countrymen
Process of the research
Design of the research
●The researchers made the participants take difficult maths tests and provided negative feedback, which served as the source of (72)________ for the participants
●Meanwhile the researchers scanned their brains and got indications by a scanning technique called fMRI
Findings of the research
●The activity level in the amygdalas is highest in city dwellers, (73)________ by those living in towns and the countryside
●Besides, the amygdalas respond (74)________
●The activity level of a person's pACC, regulating the amygdalas, is
(75)________ by the place where he was raised, and the pACC works when a person is at a (76)________ age
●The association between the amygdalas and the pACC depends on a person's living (77)________
(78)________on the findings
Several more experiments were carried out with (79)________ results
Conclusion of the research
It is the social stress rather than mental effort that leads to mental disorders, so living in cities also brings some (80)________
【答案】71. develop/catch/have/suffer 72. stress/embarrassment
73. followed 74. flexibly/differently 75. decided/determined
76. young 77. environment/surroundings
78. Checks/Checking 79. similar
80. disadvantages/drawbacks/shortcomings
【分析】
71.词形转换，首先缺词空需要填一个动词原形，be likely to do sth; 再对应本文第2句“city dwellers (居民) have a 21% higher risk of suffering from anxiety disorders than do their calmer rural countrymen, and a 39% higher risk of suffering from mood disorders.”中可找到中心词“suffering from”。
72.词形转换，定位到原文第二段的实验描述可知：让这些参与者去做较难数学题，且确定他们大多解不出来，并对其进行批评，同时在“checking participants for indications of stress, such as high blood pressure.”。这样做的目的就是要监测参与者的stress或者是embarrassment，也就是本题答案。
73.概括题，定位到原文“People living in the countryside had the lowest levels of activity in their amygdalas. Those living in towns had higher levels. City dwellers had the highest”得知在level of activity上：城市居民>城镇居民>农村居民，概括为：城市居民最高，followed by those living in towns and the countryside。答案：followed
74.词形转换，修饰动词respond，缺词空需要写一个副词。由respond定位到原文“The amygdalas thus seem to respond to the here-and-now while the pACC is programmed early on, and does not react in the same, flexible way as the amygdalas.”中的“doesn’t in the same”和“flexible”可得答案： flexibly/differently。
75.概括题，根据文章“In the case of the pACC, however, what mattered was not where someone was living now, but where he or she was brought up.”可知“The activity level of a person’s pACC”是由 “the
place where he was raised”决定的，可得答案：decided/determined。
76.概括题，根据第75题以及原文“The more urban a person’s childhood, the more active his pACC, regardless of where he was dwelling at the time of the experiment.”可知pACC works at a young age，跟小时候相关，和现居地无关。答案：young。
77.概括题，根据题目中的association定位到原文中的表达connection，再根据原文“In the cases of those brought up in the countryside… For those brought up in cities…”分类讨论了乡村长大、城 镇长大、城市长大的不同情况，可得本题答案：living environment／surroundings。
78.概括题，可根据其后一列（也就是79题）再对应原文“Dr Meyer-Lindenberg and his team conducted several more experiments to check their findings.”得出答案：Checks／Checking。
79.概括题，本文倒数第2段中“The results matched those of the first test.”和“suggesting that the earlier results were indeed the result of social stress rather than mental effort.”表明新做的这些实验和之 前实验的结果是相似的，答案：similar。
80.概括题，根据本文最后一段可知：造成焦虑紊乱的原因主要是一些社会压力，而大城 市的生活环境也就是这些社会压力的来源，所以，住在城市有许多benefits，也会有一些劣势： disadvantages/drawbacks/shortcoming。
14.【苏锡常镇四市2016～2017学年度高三教学情况调研一】
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Molecules Found on Phones Reveal Lifestyle Secrets
What does your phone say about you? Molecules(分子) found on mobile phones reveal an astonishing amount about the owner's health and lifestyle—including their food preferences and medication.
Californian scientists found traces of everything from caffeine and spices to skin creams and anti depressants(抗抑郁药物) on 40 phones they tested. “We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch. Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects”， the researcher
s said. Using a technique called mass spectrometry(光谱测定), the University of California San Diego research team tested 500 samples taken from 40 adults' mobile phones and hands. They then compared them with molecules identified in a database and produced a “lifestyle profile” of each phone owner.
Dr Amina Bouslimani, an assistant project scientist on the study, said the results were revealing. “By analysing the molecules they left behind on their phones, we could tell if a person is likely to be female, uses high end cosmetics(化妆品), dyes her hair, drinks coffee, prefers beer over wine, likes spicy food, is being treated for depression, wears sunscreen and bug spray—and therefore likely to spend a lot of time outdoors—all kinds of things，” she said.
Most of the molecules are thought to be transferred from people's skin, hands and sweat to their phone. Mosquito repellents(驱蚊剂) and sunscreens were found to stay for a particularly long time on people's skin and phones, even when they had not been used for months. Previous research by the same team found that people who had not washed for three days still had lots of traces of health and beauty products on their skin.
The study said the testing method could identify an object's owner without fingerprints. It could also check if patients were taking their medication. Besides, it could provide useful information about a person's exposure to pollution.
The researchers now want to find out more about the great quantity of bacteria that cover our skin—and what they reveal about us. Senior author Prof Pieter Dorrestein said there were at least 1，000 different microbes living on the average person's skin, in hundreds of locations on the body.
Title: Molecules Found on Phones Reveal Lifestyle Secrets
Research result
Your mobile phones convey a large amount of information on your personal health and lifestyle
(71)______ research
People who had not washed for three days still had lots of traces of health and beauty products on their skin
Research (72)______
●Molecules, chemicals and bacteria can be traced on mobile phones (73)______ the habit of washing hands thoroughly
●With the help of a (74)______ researchers tested 500 samples from 40 phones
●(75)______ the samples with molecules identified in a database, scientists produced a “lifestyle profile” of each phone owner
●Based on the (76)______ of the molecules, scientist could tell a person's gender, habits, hobbies, etc
Practical application
●The testing method can tell an object's owner's (77)______ in the absence of fingerprints
●Information about a person's medication can be checked
●How much a person is (78)______ to pollution can be traced
(79)______ research
The researchers want to have a better (80)______ of bacteria covering our skin
【答案】71. Previous 72. details/information 73. despite
74. technique 75. Comparing 76. analysis/analyses
77. identity/identification 78. exposed 79. Future
80. understanding/knowledge
【分析】
71.考查原词重现题，由第四段Previous research by the same team found that people who had not washed for three days still had lots of traces of health and beauty products on their skin.可知答案。
72.考查概括总结题，由原文二段和第三段可知答案，应该是有关研究的细节或信息。
73.考查同义句转换，由第二段We leave traces of molecules, chemicals and bacteria on everything we touch. Even washing hands thoroughly would not prevent the transfer to everyday objects, the researchers said.可知答案。
74.考查原词重现题，由第二段Using a technique called mass spectrometry (光谱测定), the University of California San Diego research team tested 500 samples taken from 40 adults’ mobile phones and hands.可知答案。
75.考查词性转换，由第二段They then compared them withmolecules identified in a database and produced a “lifestyle profile” of each phone owner.可知答案。
76.考查词性转换，由第三段By analysing the molecules they left behind on their phones, …可知答案。
77.考查词性转换，由第五段The study said the testing method could identify an object’s owner without fingerprints.可知答案。
78.考查词性转换，由第五段Besides, it could provide useful information about a person’s exposure to pollution.可知答案。
79.考查概括总结题，由最后一段可知答案。
80.考查语言转换能力，由最后一段可知答案。
15.【南通市、泰州市2017届高三第二次调研测试】
第四部分：任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
The Science Behind Smiling
Not only does smiling reward our brain's feel-good system, it also makes us look more attractive and lowers stress levels. In stressful situations, smiling is a great way to relieve extreme levels of stress and to keep your cortisol(皮质醇) levels under control.
Naturally happiness can result in smiling. Also, smiling can actually create happiness. Smiling tricks our brains into believing we are happy, and one way it does this is by making us think of happier memories, which improve our moods.
When the smiling muscles in our face contract, it sends a signal to the brain to encourage the reward system that further increases our levels of endorphins, or happiness hormones(荷尔蒙). It can have the same effect on our happiness as eating chocolate or receiving a monetary prize.
Even though the exact relationship behind facial expression and mental state is largely unknown, it has been suggested that smiling reduces levels of the stress-inducing hormone cortisol. Increased levels of cortisol could potentially lead to cardiovascular disease, mental illness, and obesity, so it' s worth every effort to try to decrease our cortisol levels.
Research shows that when you smile, people treat you differently. Smiling instantly makes you appear more reliable, relaxed, sincere, and attractive. A study found that people who smiled more were rated as more attractive than those who avoided eye contact and didn't smile at all.
Perhaps this is why celebrities(名人) invest in perfect smiles, often looking for porcelain veneers to give them flawlessly straight, white teeth. According to a cosmetic(化妆用的) dentistry practice in Boston, broken and stained teeth can make a person look older, while a brighter smile gives a look of health and
youthfulness. Anyone you spot on television will more likely than not have a perfect smile. This gives them a youthful shine while at the same time making them look more attractive.
Smiling is an act that many of us may have to practice in order to make a regular habit. However, it's a habit worth investing in, as smiling, happiness, and health have a scientifically proven link to one other. If you find it hard to smile, try being around people who tend to smile a lot. According to a Swedish study, it is difficult to keep a straight face when constantly faced with people who are smiling at you.
Title: The Science Behind Smiling
【答案】71. benefits/rewards/pays 72. appearance 73. true
74. reduces/decreases/relieves 75. health
76. appreciated/loved/liked/trusted/respected 77. invest/spend
78. deserves 79. habit 80. easy/easier
【分析】71题填pays/rewards/benefits。答案在原文第一句，reward为原词。
72题填appearance。答案在原文第一句，italso makes us look more attractive。
73题填true。答案在第二段，微笑也可以创造快乐，因此题目中说快乐产生微笑，反过来讲也是正确的。
74题填reduces/decreases/relieves。答案在第四段第二行，reduces为原词。
75题填health。答案在第四段，cardiovasculardisease, mental illness, obesity都是身体和心理上的疾病，因此影响的是mental and physical health。
76题填appreciated/liked/loved/trusted/respected。答案在第五段，微笑让你被其他人不同对待，让你看起来更可靠、放松、真诚、有魅力。总结一下就是答案。
77题填spend/invest。答案在第六段第一句，invest为原词。
78题填deserves。答案在最后一段，微笑是需要大量练习的，但是又是worth investing in的，因此微笑deserves我们的努力。
79题填habit。答案在最后一段第一句，habit为原词。
80题填easy/easier。答案在最后一段最后几句，如果觉得hard to smile，那就待在经常微笑的人身边吧。言下之意就是这么做会让微笑更easy。
16.【南京市2017届高三第三次模拟考试】
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Issues around children learning to read are rarely out of the news, which is hardly surprising—becoming a successful reader is of vital importance in improving a child's life chances. Nor is it surprising that reading creates a virtuous circle: the more you read the better you become. But what may come as a surprise is that reading to dogs is gaining popularity as a way of addressing concerns about children's reading.
Underachievement(学业不良) in groups of children in the UK is recognized in international studies—and successive governments have sought to address the issues in a range of ways. Reading to dogs, so far, has not been among them, but it's time to look at the strategy more seriously.
Many children naturally enjoy reading and need little encouragement, but if they are struggling, their confidence can quickly decrease—and with it, their motivation. This brings about the destructive cycle, and therefore reading ability fails to improve.
So how can dogs help?
A therapeutic(疗法的) presence
Reading to dogs is just that—encouraging children to read alongside a dog. The practice originated in the US in 1999.
The presence of dogs has a calming effect on many people—hence their use in Pets as Therapy schemes (PAT). Many primary schools are becoming increasingly pressurized environments and children(like adults) generally do not respond well to such pressure. A dog creates an environment that
immediately feels more relaxing and welcoming. Reading can be an independent activity, but can also be a pleasurable, shared social event. Children who are struggling to read benefit from the simple pleasure of reading to a loyal, loving listener.
Children who are struggling to read, for whatever reason, need to build confidence and rediscover a motivation for reading. A dog is a reassuring, friendly audience who will not mind if mistakes are made. Children can read to the dog, uninterrupted; comments will not be made. Errors can be addressed in other contexts at other times. For more experienced or capable readers, they can experiment with intonation and “voices”， knowing that the dog will respond positively—and building fluency further develops comprehension in readers.
For children who are struggling, reconnecting with the pleasure of reading is very important. As Marylyn Jager Adams, a literacy(读写) scholar, noted in a seminal review of beginner reading in the US, “If we want children to learn to read well, we must find a way to attract them to read lots.”
Reading to a dog can create a helpful balance, supporting literacy activities which may seem less appealing to a child. Children having difficulty with reading, for example, need focused support to develop their understanding of the alphabetic code(字母代码). But this needs to be balanced with activities which support independent reading and social enjoyment or the child can become less motivated.
Creating a virtuous circle
Breaking a negative cycle will inevitably lead to the creation of a virtuous circle—and sharing a good book with a dog enables children to apply their reading skills in a positive and enjoyable way.
Research evidence in this area is rather limited, despite the growing popularity of the scheme. A 2016 systematic review of 48 studies—“Children Reading to Dogs: A Systematic Review of the Literature” by Hall, Gee and Mills—demonstrated some evidence for improvement in reading, but the evidence was not strong. There clearly is more work to do, but interest in reading to dogs appears to have grown through the evidence of case studies. The example, often given in the media, is that of Tony Nevett and his pet dog Danny. Tony and Danny's involvement in a number of schools has been transformative, not only in terms of reading but also in promoting general well being and positive behavior among children with a diverse range of needs.
So, reading to dogs could offer many benefits. As with any approach, it is not a cure all but set within a language rich literacy environment, there appears to be little to lose and much to gain.
Title: How Dogs Could Make Children Better (71)________
Introduction
●Reading is so important that issues around children learning to read remain hot. But (72)________， reading to dogs becomes an increasingly popular way to address concerns about it
●Struggling to read will decrease children's confidence and motivation and gets in the (73)________ of their reading ability building
●Governments in the UK haven't employed the strategy of reading to dogs to help underachievers, which needs serious (74)________ in the near future
Benefits of reading to dogs
A therapeutic presence
●Reading to a dog can help children (75)________ down, feel relaxed and get pleasure, for dogs are loyal and loving listeners
●Reading to a dog can help children build confidence, as children can read without being interrupted or being (76)________ on
●Reading to a dog can also create a helpful balance, making children (77)________ to participate in literacy activities
Creating a virtuous circle
●Sharing a good book with a dog likely enables children to apply their reading skills positively and enjoyably, though more work remains to be done to (78)________ it
●More case studies of reading to dogs indicate it might (79)________， both promoting children's reading interest and positive life
Conclusion
With so little to lose and so much to gain, it (80)________ to read to dogs, although it is not a cure all
【答案】71. Readers 72. surprisingly 73. way 74. study/attention
75. calm 76. commented 77. motivated/willing/ready
78. support/prove/confirm 79. work/help 80. pays
【分析】
71.
【答案】readers
【解析】词形转换，本篇主题是说“对着宠物狗读书对孩⼦子良好的读书习惯的养成很有帮助”，对应原⽂文“becoming a successful reader is of vital importance in improving a child’s life chances”中的找到中⼼心词“read”，再加上有make+sb+n的形式得出正确答案：readers,让孩⼦子们成为更好的阅读者。
72.
【答案】surprisingly
【解析】词形转换，定位到原⽂文“But what may come as a surprise is that reading to dogs is gaining popularity as a way of addressing concerns about children’s reading.”中找到核⼼心短语：come as a surprise. 表格中空格句因逗号后句型完整，所以but后缺⼀一个副词：surprisingly。
73.
【答案】way
【解析】概括题，根据实词 decrease，confidence, motivation 和 struggle 等定位到原⽂文“if they are struggling, their confidence can quickly decrease--and with it, their motivation. This brings about the destructive cycle, and therefore reading ability fails to improve.”. 得知struggle to read会让孩⼦子们失去阅读兴趣和动⼒力，不利于孩⼦子阅读能⼒力的培养。答案in the way of 是妨碍的意思，get in the way of their reading ability building 阻碍他们阅读能⼒力的形成和提升。
74.
【答案】study/attention
【解析】概括题，由seriously对应原⽂文“Underachievement （学业不良）in groups of children in the UK…Reading to dogs, so far, has not been among them, but it’s time to look at the strategy more seriously”可知给宠物狗读书这个⽅方法尚未⼴广泛推⼴广，其是否有效还有待考
察，所以需要更多的研究调查和社会的关注，答案：study/attention。
75.
【答案】calm
【解析】词性转换，根据⽂文章“The presence of dogs has a calming effect on many people”
可得到中⼼心词：calming，缺词空需要动词：calm down冷静
76.
【答案】commented
【解析】词性转换，分析缺词空需要填done动词过去分词的形式，再定位到原⽂文的句⼦子“Children can read to the dog, uninterrupted; comments will not be made”和表格句进⾏行⽐比较找到核⼼心词：comment，改名词为动词，也就是本⾝身，变成其过去分词形式：commented。
77.
【答案】motivated/willing/ready
【解析】概括题，根据实词“literacy activities”对应细节“As Marylyn Jager-Adams, a literacy（读写）scholar, noted in a seminal review of beginner reading in the US:”If we want children to learn to read well, we must find a way to attract them to read lots.””可知读写专家也表⽰示让孩⼦子们给狗狗读书这个举动也更能吸引孩⼦子们阅读，从⽽而愿意参加到读写的活动中。
78.
【答案】support/prove/confirm
【解析】概括题，通过⼩小标题和positively, enjoyably对应到原⽂文“Research evidence in this area is rather limited, despite the growing popularity of the scheme；but the evidence was not strong. There clearly is more work to do”可知⽬目前已知的证据很有限还需要更多的研究⼯工作来⽀支持证明（support/prove/confirm）这⼀一个做法。
79.
【答案】work/help
【解析】概括题，对应原⽂文“Tony and Danny’s involvement in a number of schools has been transformative, not only in terms of reading but also in promoting general well-being and positive behavior among children with a diverse range of needs”更多学校的调研成果都暗⽰示了reading to dogs这⼀一做法可能奏效，得出答案：it might work/help。
80.
【答案】pays
【解析】概括题，对应⽂文章最后⼀一段“So, reading to dogs could offer many benefits. As with many approach, it is not a cure-all but set in a language-rich literacy environment, there appears to be little to lose and much to gain.”可以概括出作者对reading to dogs这⼀一做法持肯定的态度，对应表格句需要写出褒扬某事的句式：it pays to do sth值得做某事。
17.【苏锡常镇四市2016～2017学年度高三教学情况调研二】
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
When It's Not Quite a Wonderful Life
A 2011 study by researchers might make you think twice about holiday difficult emotions. They followed dozens of bus drivers for two weeks, looking to see when they flashed fake versus sincere smiles at their passengers. The results showed that on days when the drivers tried to put on an act and pretend to be in a good mood, their actual moods got worse. This was especially true for women. And another research suggests that people who really want to be happy actually obtain less happiness from positive experiences, apparently because their expectations are too high. Again and again, trying to gain happiness despite no preference seems to have the opposite result.
The results of the bus driver study can be explained by researchers Oliver John and James Gross, who found that negative feelings like sadness or anger only intensify when we try to suppress(压制) them. That's because we feel bad about ourselves when our outward appearance contradicts how we truly feel inside. What's more, when we suppress emotions like sadness, we deny them the important function they serve. If we don't recognize sadness we might not take the necessary steps to improve the situation. Expressing our sadness can also get comfort and compassion from those who care about us, strengthening our bonds.
Recently, scientists have also been paying special attention to the benefits of mindfulness. When you respond mindfully to an emotional trigger(诱因), you pause rather than reacting, and then you can escape getting troubled by thoughtfulness. Rather than scold yourself, you simply notice what you're feeling without judging that response as right or wrong. Studies suggest that a mindful response to a negative event reduces the amount of sadness we experience, is associated with less depression and anxiety, and may even carry physiological benefits, such as lowering our heart rates.
Unavoidably, the holidays will bring a mix of highs and lows. Perhaps the most important lesson to keep in mind is that this variety of emotions might be the best thing possible for your overall well being.
That was the key insight from a study published in 2014 by a team of researchers from Yale University. Their survey of more than 37，000 people found that, after experiencing a greater variety and abundance of emotions consistently linked to lower depression, people took less medication, visited doctors less frequently, spent fewer days in hospitals, practiced better dietary and exercise habits, and smoked less.
In other words, sadness, anger, and other difficult emotions are like so many other parts of the holidays, they're nothing to fear. Just make sure you're balancing them with lighter experiences.
Title: When It's Not Quite a Wonderful Life
Main Content
Detailed information
Research findings
about negative
feelings
●A study on bus drivers shows pretending to be in a good mood leads to an (71)________ result
●Another research suggests the (72)________ expectations we have, the less happiness we obtain
●Two other researchers found suppressing negative feelings only intensify them, due to the (73)________ between outward appearance and inward feelings
●If we (74)________ the function negative feelings serve, we won't recognize them or take measures to improve the situation
●Expressing negative feelings makes us feel comforted and sympathized, thus betters our relationship
A (75)________ to
dealing with
negative feelings：
a mindful
response to them
●The (76)________ of mindfulness：
1. When we respond mindfully to an emotional trigger, we pause rather than reacting
2. We simply notice what we're feeling without judging that response as right or wrong, instead of (77)________ ourselves
●The benefits of mindfulness：
1. It (78)________ us from trouble
2. It reduces the amount of sadness, depression and anxiety
3. It brings in physiological benefits, such as lowering our heart rates
A correct attitude
towards negative
feelings
●A study published in 2014 found experiencing various emotions results in less medication, fewer doctor (79)________， fewer days in hospitals, less smoking and better dietary and exercise habits. In other words, it does good to our overall well being
●Consequently, we should not fear negative feelings. Just be sure to (80)________ them with lighter experiences
【答案】71. opposite/opposing 72. higher 73. contradiction
74. deny/refuse/reject 75. solution/key
76. interpretation/meaning/explanation
77. scolding/blaming 78. saves/frees 79. visits 80. balance
【分析】
71. 第一段的最后一句话，同时第一段第四行也可以概括出来。
72. the +adj 比较级，the +adj 比较级结构，第一段倒数第二行出现了high.
73.第二段第三行，出现动词contradict
74.第二段第五行，出现原词deny
75.段落标题题，需要记好结构the solution to doing ,其次是概括表格右边内容。
76.接下来的内容都是对mindfulness进行进一步的解释说明，我会用explantion ,此词并不陌生，在2015年江苏省的任务型真题中曾经出现。
77.在第三段第三行，这属于龚露考前预测的逻辑介词之前的同义替换 rather than 代替instead of 后面取scold 就好了。
78.同义替换和固定搭配的高级考点，第三段第三行，escape doing = free sb from sth
79.原词重现，倒数第二段的倒数第二行。
80. 最后一段最后一句话。
18.【南通市、扬州市、泰州市2017届高三第三次调研测试】
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
We all need to feel understood, recognized and affirmed(证实) by our friends, family and romantic
partners. We all need to find our tribe.
Research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group, feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning. When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter, you believe you matter, too.
Though we all share a need to belong, in the first decades of the 20th century, many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature. The idea that children needed parental love and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous, it was dismissed as immoral and disgusting.
As behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to child raising, this view shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life. They discovered that people, whatever their age, needed more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives.
But, sadly, many of us lack close ties. At a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before, rates of social isolation(孤立) are rising. The results of an Age UK poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day alone, and it's not unusual for another half a million people to go five or six days without seeing or speaking to someone.
All these figures reveal more than a rise in loneliness—they reveal a lack of meaning in people's lives. In surveys, we list our close relationships as our most important sources of meaning. Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.
While close relationships are critical for living a meaningful life, they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate(培养). Psychologists have also discovered the value of small moments of intimacy(亲昵行为). “High quality connections，” as one researcher calls them, are positive, short term interactions between two people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic(移情作用的) conversation on a plane. High quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances, colleagues and strangers.
We can't control whether someone will make a high quality connection with us, but we can all choose to start one. We can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away. We can choose to value people rather than devalue them. We can invite people to belong.
Passage outline
Supporting details
The need to belong
●Everyone hopes to develop a (71)________ of belonging in a group
●People's self respect is (72)________ by other people's opinion
The changing
(73)________ to belonging
●Many famous experts in the first decades of the 20th century (74)________ that people had the need to belong
●Experts later came to realize that people, regardless of their age, needed (75)________ to enjoy full and healthy lives
Consequences of
(76)________ close ties
●Many people are cut off from the world and feel (77)________
●People who do not have enough close relationships find their life has less (78)________
Another way to meet
the need
●High quality connections make a (79)________ in helping satisfy our need to belong
●We should (80)________ to make a high quality connection
【答案】71. sense/feeling 72. influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided 73. attitudes 74. denied 75. attachment/love/care
76. lacking 77. lonely/isolated 78. meaning 79. difference
80. offer/start/try/attempt
【分析】
71．根据文章第一段可知，我们所有人都需要被理解，被认可和被别人接受。我要做的就是找到接受我们的这一群体。因此，此处指一种归属感。故填sense/ feeling。
72．根据文章第二段最后一句话：当别人认为你重要的时候，就会重视你，同时你也会认为自己很重要。因此，此处自尊是受别人的观点影响或决定的。故填influnced
73．根据第三段可知，这种归属感在20世纪前十几年是被否认的；根据第四段可知，随着行为心理学专家的流行和学术心理专家注意力转移到抚养孩子上来，归属感才被认可并认为很重要。所以此处讲的是对归属感态度的改变。故填attitudes。
74．根据第三段第一句话“did not acknowledge”可知，此处指”不承认”。故填denied。
75．根据第四段的最后一句可知，仅仅食宿已经不能让人们过充实健康的生活了。再根据上一句中的“affirm the vital importance of attachment ”可知，归属感起着至关重要的作用。故填attachment。
76．根据第五段第一句“But, sadly, many of us lack close ties.”可知，此处指的是“但是，可悲的是我们许多人缺乏密切的联系。”。故填lacking。
77．根据第五段的第二句“At a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before, rates of social isolation (孤立) are rising.”和第六段的最后一句“Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.”可知，此处是isolated复现。故填isolated
78．根据第六段最后一句““Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.”可知，此次说的是帮助别人是很有意义的。故填meaning。
79．根据倒数第二段最后一句“High-quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances, colleagues and strangers.”可知，高质量人的联系接触，在和熟人，同事和陌生的互动中有着重要的作用。故填difference。
80．根据最后一段的中的“我们应该在大街上和陌生人打招呼而不是避开他们”可知，此处应为我应该主动或尝试建立这种联系。故填offer。
19.【徐州市、连云港市、宿迁市2016～2017学年度高三第三次质量检测】
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
How to Be Wiser?
Wisdom is something that's hard to define and yet somehow we know it when we see it. The wise people can be thoughtful and self reflective. They can recognize the limits of their own knowledge, consider alternative perspectives, and remember that the world is always changing. The wise people tolerate uncertainty and remain optimistic that even tricky problems do have solutions. They can judge what is true or right.
Wisdom isn't an innate quality—we can be wise and unwise in different situations. Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Canada found that some people appeared to be wise in one situation, but not in another. So why are there differences in different situations? People were wiser when they were with their friends. It made them more likely to have the bigger picture, to think of other perspectives and to recognize the limits of their own knowledge. When people were alone they seemed to get so involved in a situation that they didn't even think about alternatives. This means wisdom might be more common than we think.
Some people still displayed more wisdom than others and some were more foolish, but not across every situation. This provides hope. If we can be wise sometimes, maybe we can learn to be wise more often. The question is how to do it. For Cornell University psychologist Robert Sternberg, wisdom is all
about balance. Following Sternberg's model, what you need to do is to remember to work out what all the different interests are in a given dilemma, both in the short and long term and to pay attention to the changing environment and how it might be shaped. Talking about yourself with another person can help. In a kind of school of wisdom, Grossman has experimented with different strategies in the lab. People were taught to take a different perspective by imagining they were taking a bird's eye view of the situation. The idea is to try to distance yourself from the immediate experience. So when I have a dilemma, I should be asking what others would do?
So can you set out to be wise? Yes, but there are lots of factors to remember. You need to take into account that people will have different goals, priorities and responses to your own. If you can juggle all that, you probably are showing wisdom. But the complexity shouldn't stop us from trying. As Grossman told me, “It's not that you suddenly become the next Buddha, but you do become a little bit wiser.”
Title: How to Be Wiser?
(71)________ of
wise people
●They consider things carefully and have a reflection by themselves
●They have a good (72)________ of their limits, alternative perspective, and the ever changing world
●They tolerate (73)________ things and believe they can solve the tricky problems
●They can make a (74)________ about what is true or right
Situational
changes
●When staying with friends, people tend to be wiser and more (75)________
●When (76)________， people get too involved in a situation to think of alternatives
Suggestions from
experts
●Be clear what the various (77)________ are and pay attention to the changing environment
●Take a different perspective to (78)________ yourself from the present dilemma
Reminders from
the author
●You should (79)________ for the different goals, priorities and responses
●(80)________ as it is, you should have faith in becoming a wiser
【答案】71. Features/Characteristics/Qualities
72. knowledge/understanding/recognition
73. uncertain/ambiguous 74. judgement/judgment 75. thoughtful 76. alone 77. interests 78. distance 79. allow
80. Complex/Complicated
【分析】
71. Features/ Characteristics/ Qualities 从第一段“they can recognize the limits …”可总结出。
72. knowledge/understanding/recognition 从第一段recognize the limits of 归纳得出。
73. uncertain/ambiguous 从第一段“uncertainty” 得出。
74. judgement/judgment 从第一段“ judge” 转换词形。
75. thoughtful从第二段“think of” 转换词形而来。
76. alone 从第二段找出原词。
77. interests从第三段第五行“all the different interests”处找到原词。
78. distance从第三段“the idea is to try to distance...” 处找到原词。
79. allow 从第四段 “take into account that”可总结得出。
80. Complex/Complicated 从最后一段“complexity”词形转换。
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