高考阅读理解中对长难句的理解 6页

高考阅读理解中对长难句的理解 高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。‎ ‎1Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa．‎ ‎ 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 ‎ 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的：‎ so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。‎ ‎ 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【例2】We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating． ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【例4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head，and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw (缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【例5】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 【例6】Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with their ballalators through the circle, These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply can't think of．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 二、抓主干、剔从句 ‎ 一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，则长难句就好对付了。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个 长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。如：‎ ‎【例1】 One tiny 9 inch-plant bought for $ 1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door. ‎ ‎ 【例2】 Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 【例3】 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.. ‎ ‎ 【例4】 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation． ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 【例5】 First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able t study at the Ecole polytechnique. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 三、抓关键词 ‎ 关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息，抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。‎ ‎ 【例1】Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the program and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet，whether it be cat, dog or snake! ‎ ‎ 【例2】After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 【例3】The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees (白领雇员), who can afford the new service, in other words, Shanghai’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white—collar employees．‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 四、恢复原来面貌，理解创新句型 ‎ 难句的另一种形式是各种创新句型，主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调、被动、双重否定等结构。我们可以利用还原法和消原法，还复杂句型以本来面目，以求顺利理解。‎ ‎【例1】Excused from recycling (回收利用)because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道) ‎ ‎ 【例2】 “Most women, ”says Rubin, “identified (认定) at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives．‎ ‎ 【例3】 Betty and Harold have been married for years. But one thing still puzzles old Harold. How is it, he wonders, that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame，come back three and a half hours later, and they’re still sitting on the sofa ,talking?‎ ‎ 【例4】 What in the world ,Harold wonders ,do they have to talk about ? Betty shrugs .Talk ? We’re friends.‎ 练一练 Part A 1. Jenner discovered that people who worked with cattle often suffered from a harmless disease which they caught from the cattle, but these people never seemed to get smallpox. (上海1997 B篇)‎ 2. My parents wanted to know if I was sure, if I knew what it meant and whether I realized that if I gave up my job training，it would be very difficult to get a good job． (上海1997 A篇)‎ 3. Victor Prozorov’s disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present，some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the computer---a better chess player． ( NMETl991 C篇)‎ 4. Decision is not unlike poker – it often matter not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET2000C篇) ‎ 5. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. ‎ 6． Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used.‎ ‎7．In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.‎ ‎8. Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help.‎ ‎9. I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.‎ ‎10. However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them..‎ ‎11. His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.‎ ‎12. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.‎ ‎13. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.‎ ‎14. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.‎ ‎15. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.‎ ‎16. What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.‎ ‎17. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.‎ Part B 1. Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. 　　The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes. 　 .According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______. 　　A. cannot be as effective as codeine 　　B. can be harmful to people’s health 　　C. cannot be separated from chocolate 　　D. can be a more effective cure for coughs 　　2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet. 　 Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is______. 　　A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere 　　B. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere 　　C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphere 　　D. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes 　　3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization. 　　(1) Kids F.A.C.E is______. 　　A. a program to help students with writing 　　B. a project of litter recycling 　　C. a campaign launched by President Bush 　　D. a club of environmental protection 　　(2) What can we learn about Poe? 　　A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil. 　　B. She donated billboard across the country. 　　C. She got positive responses for her efforts 　　D. She joined the National Park Service. 　　4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care about studies was the power of his peer(同龄人) group. 　 Why did Tom give up studying? 　　A. He liked his classmates. 　　B. His peer group no longer supported him.      C. It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies. 　　D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school. 　　5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted. ‎ Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety? 　　A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product. 　　B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion. ‎ ‎　　C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items. 　　D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice. 　　6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate. 　 Which of the following is TRUE about the girl in her childhood? 　　A. She had seven brothers. 　　B. She felt herself a nobody. 　　C. She was too shy to go to school. D. She did not have any good teachers. 　　7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. 　 Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text? 　　A. They eat too much for lunch. 　　B. They sleep too little at night. 　　C. Their body temperature becomes lower. 　　D. The weather becomes a lot warmer. 　　8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women were needed to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research. 　 Which of the following do you agree with according to the paragraph? 　　A. Young boys may be stronger than young girls. 　　B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skills 　　C. Women may have stronger feelings than men. 　　D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills. 　　9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.‎ This practice has now taken the world by storm,dramatically affecting the way in which we view IP rights　‎ ‎(1) What do we know about the Internet according to the passage? 　　A. It makes IP rights harder to protect. 　　B. It sells songs and films. 　　C. It does not affect the way we understand IP rights. 　　D. It prevents the production of artwork. 　　(2) According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”? 　　A. Intellectual property rights. 　　B. The Internet. 　　C. Free downloading. 　　D. The large number of songs，films and books. 　　10.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.‎ According to the paragraph，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ . 　　A. be able to work without stress 　　B. be more talented than other people 　　C. be more important than anyone else 　　D. be busy working without time to rest 　　11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account ‎ those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often. 　 People with fair skin and freckles______. 　　A. seldom use sunscreen 　　B. are more in danger of skin cancer 　　C. can be free from the harm of the sun 　　D. often expose themselves to the sun 　　12.Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less money. .It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______. 　　 A. benefited a lot from pulling down the roof 　　 B. turned more old buildings into art galleries 　　 C. got inspiration from decorating their old building 　　 D. paid more attention to the outside of the gallery ‎