高考英语备考写作专题 21页

高考英语备考专题——书面表达 知识方法·点睛 一、考纲研究 书面表达的体裁、题材、情景具有多样性、实用性。近年来，书面表达取材比较广泛，内容较为丰富，题材多为日常生活和一般交往所涉及的内容。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文，命题的方式多种多样，主要有文字提示、图画提示和图表提示三种。‎ 考试大纲对高考英语书面表达的要求是“要求考生根据所给情景，用英语写一篇100~150个单词的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等等，提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等”；要求考生能：①准确使用语未能和词汇；②使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。英语课程标准中关于高考写作的要求为：①能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写出短文或报告；②能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度；③能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。‎ 综观近几年的高考英语发展势态，书面表达旨在训练学生对所学语言知识的实践应用，是测试学生的语言交际能力和语言知识的活用能力的必考题型，也是高考中重要且难度较大的题型。历年来，高考英语书面表达到目的 主要有以下特点：‎ 文体的常用性。所涉及的文体有：①议论文，以摆事实、讲道理的方式表述观点，事物，方法的原则，须具备论点、论据、论证三大要素；②说明文，用说明作主要表达方式来说明某个事物的形状、性质、功能或形成原因、发生发展过程等；③应用文，有书信、日记、便条、广告、启示、请柬、贺卡、海报等形式，其中信的形式又包括求职信、感谢信、商务信函等；④记叙文，以记人、叙事为主要内容，以叙述为主要表达方式的一种文体，包括介绍人物生平事迹、记叙事情发展过程、说明前因后果等。‎ 题材的熟悉性。取材主要涉及中学生所体验到的日常生活。‎ 内容的控制性。通过图画、表格、要点等来限定考生的写作内容，使得考生在写作时自由发挥的余地较小。‎ 题型的稳定性。命题形式芳要以文字提示要点、提纲、图画或表格形式出现。‎ 要求的渐进性。高考对作文要求在逐年提高，由原来的要求写对，到以前的要求写好，再到现在的要求写出文采，使用高级词汇和复杂结构等。‎ 二、命题方式 在高考中，书面表达按照命题方式可以分为文字信息类，图画、图表类和开放、半开放类三种类型。‎ ‎1. 文字信息类作文（又称提纲式作文）‎ 命题人通过汉语、英语给定写作提纲，要求考生根据给出的提纲，确定文章的中心，然后紧紧围绕中心表达提纲的主旨。‎ 提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段大体的内容，为考生提供了一条思路，稍加思索、计划、整理即可成文。但缺点是，如果审题不当，反而容易丢分。另外，它的限定性较大，不理解提纲所展现的内容或词汇，就会感到难以下笔。‎ 这种作文一般要求按照下列4个步骤完成：‎ ‎（1）列全要点，即提纲要点化。‎ ‎（2）扩展成精确的句子，即要点句式化。这是体现一个考生写作水平的关键：要避免英语汉语化和句式单一重复，尽可能正确地使用中、高级词汇和复杂的句式。‎ ‎（3）连句成文。注意要有承上启下的过渡句和紧扣主题的收尾句。句子之间，段落之间要有合理的过渡衔接。‎ ‎（4）整理誊写。要书写工整、卷面整洁。‎ 典例：高三快结束了，你们即将毕业。在毕业晚会上，作为班长的你准备了一篇英语演讲稿。‎ 要点：‎ ‎1. 同学间的友谊是最纯洁的。参加工作后，人与人之间的关系会因为利益关系的存在而变得复杂。‎ ‎2. 同学之间，特别是相对较好的同学之间能敞开心扉，而以后要和同事之间做到这点就不容易了。‎ ‎3. 我们即将走向不同的地方，但是以后，当我们相遇时，还是能感觉到那份亲近和友善。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 词数100左右；‎ ‎2. 演讲稿的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入你所写词数。‎ My dear classmates,‎ At this special moment, I would like to say something to you all.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Let's treasure our friendship forever!‎ 思想点拨：针对这篇文章，在写作时要注意：（1）文章必须要点齐全，层次清楚。首先要写出演讲的主题：同学间难得的友谊；其次，要对提示信息中的要点进行归纳与阐述，指出同学间的关系与同事间的关系的区别；最后，谈对同学间友谊的展望。（2）适当润色。可采用一些复杂的句子结构，如定语从句、宾语从句以及非谓语动词形式等；过渡时可适当地采用一些连接成分，如once, but等。（3）文章的时态要以一般现在时和将来时为主。‎ 参考范文：‎ My dear classmates,‎ As this special moment, I would like to say something to you all.‎ As we all know, the friendship among classmates is the purest. Once we get to work, the relation you establish with others is more complicated because of the existence of interests. You can unlock your heart to your classmates especially those who you get on well with, but it will be hard for you to do that to your colleagues. In the future, we may go to different places to work or study and have little contact. But when we come across one another one day, we can still have a great sense of familiarity and kindness.‎ Let's treasure our friendship forever!‎ ‎2. 图画、图表类作文 命题人将写作任务隐含在一幅或者多幅图画中，或者将信息用图表或者表格的形式呈现。要求考生通过观察图表确定写作方向。较提纲式作文，这类书面表达在审题上加大了难度。但通常遵循下面的原则：一方面要图表要点化、要点短语化、短语句子化以及句子短文化；同时还要注意要点全面、短语多样、句子正确以及短文通顺连贯。‎ 典例：现在父母越来越重视孩子的教育，然而学校教育，家长的言传身教最为重要。请根据下面的两幅图写一篇文章。‎ 要求：‎ ‎1. 适当发挥，表达自己的感受和看法；‎ ‎2. 词数不少于100；‎ ‎3. 标题已经给出。‎ A Mother's Mistake ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 思路点拨：写此篇书面表达时应该注意：‎ ‎1. 确定人称和时态：一般采用第一人称，如果是以讲故事的形式来写，则采用第三人称。不过不管用哪种人称，全文都必须一致，同时也要根据内容确定文章的时态。2. 联想合理、适度。这类文章一般都要求作适度的联想，但一这下要根据图画内容合情合理的发挥。3. 虚实结合，详略得当。对于图画中的内容，该详细描写的，就必须要详细、具体，可一笔带过的就一笔带过。比如图画中与内容紧密相关的时间、数字或对话内容一般应在文章中表达清楚。4. 最后，要特别注意一上结表达自己情感和结论性的语句是必不可少的。‎ 参考范文：‎ A Mother's Mistake The two pictures tell us story. One day, on the bus a little girl wanted to tell a man a thief was stealing his wallet, but her mother stopped her and said,“Don't do that, otherwise the thief will beat you.”A few days later, the mother was shocked at finding that her purse was gone. At this moment, the girl said,“I saw a thief steal it, but I was afraid of being beaten by the thief. So I didn't dare to tell you.”‎ I think the mother made a big mistake. We can see that the little girl is upright and willing to help others. It's a pity that her mother didn't encourage her to do so. There is no doubt that parents should set a good example to their children and tell them that it's everyone's duty to help others when they are in trouble.‎ 典例：假如你是某校学生，2011年暑假，你就老百姓普遍关心的民生问题进行了一次问卷调查，下面是这次问卷调查的结果。请据此写一篇调查报告。‎ 要点：‎ ‎1. 调查时间、调查的问题；‎ ‎2. 最满意的方面（教育）及其原因（大部分学校让学生免费入学，部分学校甚至提供免费午餐）；‎ ‎3. 最不满意的方面（就业）及其原因（金融危机的影响）；‎ ‎4. 人们对物价的满意程度及看法（房价太高，大部分人买不起房）；‎ ‎5. 你对政府在民生问题方面所做工作的评价。‎ 注意：词数100左右。‎ 参考词汇：民生—people's livelihood 思路点拨：写作时，首先要把所给出的信息进行整合，形成需要表达的意思。然后每一层意思用相应的句子来表达。‎ 写作时要在保证表意准确的前提下，适当地多使用一些词组（conduct a survey, according to, supply sb. with sth., make great efforts）和习语来增加文采，增强语句的表现力；另外如果遇到同一意义需要多处表达时，用短语替换单词也是有效的方法。‎ 参考范文：‎ During the summer holiday, I conducted a survey on the people's livelihood in my hometown. According to the questionnaire, most people express the satisfaction with education, because most pupils needn't pay the education fees, and some students are even supplied with free lunch at school. While only 40％ of them are satisfied with the goods' prices because houses are so expensive in the city that families with low incomes can't afford to buy one. Employment gets the lowest satisfaction rate—only 30％, which is affected by the global financial crisis.‎ In a word, the government has been making great efforts to improve the people's livelihood, but some work remains to be done.‎ ‎3. 开放、半开放类作文 开放类作文包括开放和半开放两种。开放类如2009年的北京卷和江西卷。而其他省市目前大多采用半开放类型。它要求考生根据一定的材料（包括图、文或图文结合）进行作文，这样既限制了考生随心所欲的思维，又给予考生适当的发挥空间。这种命题方式能较好地考查考生的语言组织能力、书面表达能力以及思维能力。‎ 典例：请根据下面的一幅漫画《父与子》，写一篇100词左右的文章。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 抓住对话的中心思想进行写作，内容可以适当发挥；‎ ‎2. 标题已经给出。‎ The Gap between Children and Parents ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 思路点拨：这是一篇开放式作文。题目仅提供了一幅漫画，只要考生能够根据漫画的内容充分地发挥自己的想象力，写出能体现漫画所提供的信息即可。此篇文章可以这样构思：‎ ‎（1）观察漫画的内容：父亲和儿子的谈话。注意不要对汉语提示直接进行翻译。（2）文章可以分为三段来写：第一段点明漫画的内容，并对内容进行合理的联想；第二段可以由漫画联想到生活实际；第三段发表自己的看法。（3）注意在表达上尽可能多地采用一些复杂的句型。‎ 参考范文：‎ The Gap between Children and Parents After seeing the picture, I couldn't help laughing. This father takes a song for something to drink. From this, we can learn that there is a big difference between them, which is called the generation gap.‎ We know that young people have many chances to choose their own ways of life in the modern society. They are interested in new things, such as pop music, the Internet, foreign movies and so on, while their parents are conservative and don't like these.‎ In my opinion, parents should pay more attention to their children's lives and try to find something in common with their children if they want to understand them better.‎ 三、写作体裁 书面表达按体裁可以分为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文四种类型，其中应用文在近年的高考中涉及的比较多，如书信、演讲稿、留言条、电子邮件、新闻报道等。对此我们要给予足够的注意。‎ ‎1. 记叙文 英语记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物发展变化的过程为主的一种文体。一般要求考生根据试卷中提供的情景，组织语言材料，编写成文。它主要是记人叙事，用来说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果等，即我们通常所说的五个“W”（what, who, when, where, why）和一个“H”（how）。记叙文通常是按照事情发展的先后顺序来表达内容的。记叙文的重点在于“述说”和“描写”，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。‎ 在记叙文体的高考书面表达中，命题形式主要是提纲式或图表式。通常要求考生以第一人称或第三人称来写作，第一人称主要是写自己的经历，第三人称主要是写他人的经历或事迹。由于记叙文叙述的事情通常发生在过去，因而，其时态主要用一般过去时。‎ 记叙文特点：‎ ‎（1）叙述的人称。英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。例如：‎ The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.（作者以当事人的口吻，即第一人称来叙述，把文段中的事民用工业以“我”的所见所闻的形式告诉读者，用主观的表现手法，给读者一种亲切自然的感觉，如同亲身经历一样，加强了事件的可信性，直接抒发作者的思想情感，从而引起读者的共鸣。）‎ Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella. for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.（作者从旁观者的角度来叙述事件，以客观的写作方法，充分反映事件中各人的感受及见解，以全知的视角来叙述，文章的客观性很强。）‎ ‎（2）叙述的内容。在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去式，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语记叙文写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。应注意文章一般多采用一般过去时，交代清楚事情的始末及细节（五个“W”和一个“H”），注意事件和人物描述的侧重点。‎ ‎（3）叙述的方法和顺序。一般叙述的线索可分为以下几种：以时间为线索，按时间的顺序展开；以地点为线索，以地点的转移为顺序来展开；以事件发展的过程为线索，或以人物出现的先后次序来展开，以人物的思想行为及认知的过程为绕过来展开。同时记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。顺叙最容易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。‎ ‎（4）叙述的过渡。过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述中。例如：‎ In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart from doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.‎ The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.‎ What a moving and unforgettable scene!‎ ‎（5）叙述与对话。引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是提高记叙文表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果：‎ I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking at the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.‎ 这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式，没有人物语言，把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整：‎ I was in the kitchen cooking something.“Crash!”A loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked,“Who?”No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor.“It's you.”I said, quite released.‎ ‎2. 说明文 说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁明了的语言来解释说明事物，阐明事理，从而给读者提供知识的一种文体。在高考书面表达中，其主要命题形式为图表式作文，有时也以图画式和提纲式作文来呈现写作材料。它要求语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明了过程讲究层次性和条理性。这种文体通常用第三人称，时态以一般现在时为主。‎ 说明文的写作相对于议论文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。例如说明“现象”的文章，可以用下列模板：‎ 第 一 段 Recently , what amazes us most is , it is true that .There are many reasons explaining . The main reason is .‎ 第 二 段 What is more, . Thirdly, . As a result, . Considering all three, .‎ For one thing, ；for another, . In conclusion, .‎ 此外，说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：‎ ‎（1）语言谢意明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。‎ ‎（2）说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。‎ ‎（3）说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。‎ ‎（4）由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。‎ 典例：‎ 根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。‎ 注意：1. 今昔对比，要点齐全。‎ ‎ 2. 参考词汇：通讯communication n. （与某人）联络communicate（with sb.）vi. 互联网 the Internet n.‎ 思路点拨：‎ 从材料的呈现方式（两幅图对比）及材料所提供的要求“描述变化及影响”可知，本文应该用说明文体来写作。时态的把握是本文的一大难点，一般情况下，说明文应用一般现在时，但本文描述的是今昔通讯方式的变化，所以在描写过去通讯方式的时候要用一般过去时。例如：In the past, people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone. 及It used to take several days to hear from each other…。在描写过去发生动作对现在造成的影响时，谓语动词要用现在完成时，例如本文的起始句可用“Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people's life in recent years.”及讲述影响的过渡句“With these changes, people's pace of life has been quickened and people's work has been made more efficient.”。相对来说，本文用第三人称容易把握。‎ 参考范文：‎ Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people's life in recent years.‎ In the past, people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone. But now almost everyone has his own mobile phone. People can communicate with each other almost at any place and at any time. What's more, people have easy access to the Internet, which enables them to send and receive e-mails whenever they like. With these changes, people's pace of life has been quickened and people's work has been made more efficient. It used to take several days to hear from each other, but now it takes only several minutes, even if they are in two different continents.‎ In a word, people have an easier life nowadays.‎ ‎3. 议论文 议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。‎ 议论文往往结合社会热点话题。议论文的写作观点鲜明，层次分明，即一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。最后一段总结，得出结论。多使用一般现在时。语言应简洁有力，一般不采用口语。‎ 英语议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分：‎ ‎（1）引言（introduction）。由于英语作文受时间、词数的限制。因此，审清题意之后在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么、支持什么、反对什么。‎ ‎（2）主体段（main body）。主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据（adequate proofs）来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个论据，并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述。‎ ‎（3）结论（conclusion）。结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话。‎ 常见高考话题可以分为下面3种模板：‎ ‎（1）看图（表）作文 通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。‎ 图表类作文有其较为固定的表达方式和使用频率较高的词汇以及写作套用模板。‎ ‎①表示数据变化的单词或短语 in the case of（在……的情况下）；in terms of（在……方面）；increase/raise/rise/go up（增加）；decrease/grow down/drop/fall（减少）；increased by（增长了）；increased to（增长到）；the number sharply goes up to（数学急剧上升至）‎ significant（重大的），steady（平稳的），gradual（逐渐的），slow（慢慢的），stable（稳定的），rapid（快速的）‎ ‎②表示从图表得知的信息的句型 The table/chart/graph shows that…（这个图表告诉我们……）‎ According to the table/chart/graph, we can see that…（根据图表，我们可以看出……）‎ It can be concluded from the graph that…（从图表中可以得出结论……）‎ The table shows the changes in the number of… over the period from… to…（该表格描述了在……期间……数量的变化）‎ We can see from the chart that…‎ As can be seen from the chart…‎ As is shown in the chart…‎ According to the figures given in the picture…‎ ‎③图表类作文的结构通常是三段式 第一段分析图表中的数据变化及其反映出的问题或趋势，简要概述图表所提示的信息；‎ 第二段分析原因；‎ 第三段提出解决问题的办法或建议。例如：Studying the table carefully, we can see…（仔细研读表格，我们可以看出……）；In my opinion, the reasons why… are as follows. Firstly… Secondly… Thirdly…（在我看来，……的原因在于以下几点：第一……第二……第三……）；To sum up…（总而言之……）‎ 可套用下列模板：‎ 第 一 段 As is shown by the figure in the table, （题目内容）has been on rise/decrease from （数据）in （时间）to （数据）in （时间）.‎ 第 二 段 There are at least two reasons accounting for . On the one hand, . On the other hand, . Maybe there are some other reasons to show （题目内容），but it is generally believed that the above-mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.‎ 第三段 From my point of view, I think . The reason is that .（第三段也可能是你解决问题的办法）‎ 写作时注意直截了当、尽快入题，适当加入自己的议论，力争做到观点明确，不要拐弯抹角，拖泥带水，使人读后一头雾水。‎ 典例：中学生的心理健康状况越来越引起人们的关注。下面这个条形图（bar chart）显示了你们学校的社会团对你所在城市不同年龄段孩子的心理健康状况所进行的调查情况。‎ The percentage of students having psychological problems age group 请根据上图信息，以“Psychological problems of children”为题，用英语写一篇短文。要求如下：‎ ‎1. 简要描述图中信息；‎ ‎2. 说明原因（如学业上的压力、缺乏正确的引导等）；‎ ‎3. 谈谈你的看法。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 词数100~120；‎ ‎2. 开头已给出，不计入总词数。‎ Psychological problems of children The bar chart shows what we have found out about psychological problems of children.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 思路点拨：‎ 这是一篇条形图的书面表达素材，文章开头已经给出。从写作要点看，首先要看懂条形图所包含的信息，但不能逐一叙述图中的内容，而是要将这些信息进行简单的归纳和对比，这是本文写作的第一步。写作时使用第三人称和一般现在时进行叙述。‎ 图中显示的是四个年龄组的孩子存在心理问题的百分比。从写作素材看，本篇写作包括三个要点：‎ ‎1. 图表阐述的事实：随着年龄的增长，青少年出现心理问题的比例越来越高。‎ ‎2. 原因：引起这一现象的原因很多，首先是随着年龄的增长，学生的学习压力越来越大，当他们没有得到足够的正确引导时，就会出现心理问题。同时，可以进行适当拓展：还有很多其他问题也会造成他们的心理问题。‎ ‎3. “我”的看法：青少年的心理问题应该引起足够的重视，这样他们才能健康成长。‎ 参考范文：‎ Psychological problems of children The bar chart shows what we have found out about psychological problems of children. We can see from the chart that more and more students have psychological problems as they become older. For example, only about 10% of children aged 5 to 6 may have psychological problems, while the figure has shot up to about 60% when they reach the age of 17 to 19.‎ In my opinion, many reasons may contribute to the sharp increase, For one thing, as the children grow older, more and more pressure is put in their studies. If they don't have enough instructions from their teachers or parents, the pressure may lead to psychological problems.‎ To solve this problem, teachers and parents should pay enough attention to it. Besides, the students themselves should seek proper ways to let out their pressure before it becomes too serious.‎ ‎（2）“一分为二”的观点 从两方面去分析一个问题，然后阐述自己的观点。例如：关于广告（about advertisements）。‎ 第 一 段 Nowadays more and more people…/…plays and important part in…/like everything else,… has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects/both advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows.‎ 第 Firstly…Secondly…In addition/What's more…‎ 二 段 第 三 段 Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects/disadvantages are also apparent/obvious. To begin with…; To make matters worse…;Worst of all…‎ 第 四 段 Through the above analysis/All things considered, we can see that the positive aspects/advantages outweigh the negative ones/disadvantages. Therefore…‎ 典例：假如你叫李华，是一位高中生。随着科技的发展，iPod已成为中学生的新宠。用iPod既可听音乐，阅读纯文本电子书，又可玩电子游戏。请你用英语给某英语报社写一封信，谈谈中学生使用iPod的情况。信的内容须包括以下几点：‎ ‎ 1. 使用iPod对学习的好处；‎ ‎2. 对课堂纪律和学习可能产生的负面影响；‎ ‎3. 提出自己的建议并说明理由。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 词数不少于100；‎ ‎2. 信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。‎ Dear Editor,‎ I'm a senior high school student, named Li Hua. ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Yours sincerely,‎ ‎ Li Hua 思路点拨：这是一篇文字信息类议论文，表达“一分为二”的观点。此类作文应首先说明现象，再列出两种不同的观点及理由，然后阐明个人建议及理由。使用iPod好处提示中已列出，而对课堂纪律和学习可能产生的影响，以及个人的建议和理由均要求考生自由发挥，因此这又属一篇半开放作文。‎ 参考范文：‎ Dear Editor,‎ I'm a senior high school student, named Li Hua. Now many students have iPods and think it's a fashion to use them. Using an iPod, we can listen to music, download a lot of learning materials and read them on the screen. Apparently, it's helpful to our study, especially to our English listening.‎ Some students, however, bring their iPods to classroom and listen to music with earphones, which makes the teacher and other students greatly annoyed. Some of them even waste precious time in class playing video games.‎ In my opinion, as a student, we should make good use of iPods to help achieve academic success. Classroom is a place for students to study, and therefore concentration is awfully needed for us to learn our lessons. Furthermore, the school should make a rule to guide the students to use iPods in a proper way.‎ ‎ Yours sincerely,‎ ‎ Li Hua ‎（3）“两者选一”的观点 分析两种事物优劣势，阐述自己的观点。例如：有的人喜欢往城里挤，有的人喜欢往乡下搬。你以为如何？哪里住更好？（Where to live?）‎ 第 一 段 Some people hold the opinion that（A）is superior to（B）in many ways. Others, however, argue that（B）is much better. Personally, I would prefer（A）because I think（A）has more advantages.‎ 第 二 段 There are many reasons why I prefer（A）.‎ The main reason is that…Another reason is that…（赞同A的原因）‎ 第 三 段 Of course, choosing（B）also has advantages to some extent.（列出1~2个（B）的优势）‎ 第 四 段 But if all these factors are considered,（A）is much better than（B）. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that…（总结观点）‎ 典例：近年来有很多中学生到国外留学学习，请你以“Shall We Send Children to Study Abroad?”为题目写一篇英语短文。‎ 思路点拨：‎ 文无定法。不能过于迷信模板，应根据实际话题有所侧重和变动。文章要求对送孩子到国外留学这一现象发表见解，属于议论文。第一段：议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水。第二段为开放式，可以赞同也可以反对，甚至可以折中，要视情况而定。议论时可以采用不同的方法，在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。同时注意连接词和过渡词等词语的使用，以增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。常用的过渡词和连接词包括：first, second, third, finally, in addition, furthermore, besides, what was worse, more importantly,in contrast, because, since, now that, therefore, consequently, in that case, as a result/consequence, in conclusion, to sum up等等。再如不同观点之间的衔接：However…of them hold a defferent view./… of them hold the opposite opinion. /People who are against it don't think so. /However, each coin has two sides. /Different from those… ,… people think…/On the other hand… people object that…等等。‎ 参考范文：‎ Shall We Send Children to Study Abroad?‎ With more and more people becoming rich in recent years, it is a new tendency for them to send their children to study abroad.‎ But I don't think it is a good idea. First of all, children are too young to look after themselves. Second, the language barrier is a serious problem. Many children are not proficient in the foreign language before going abroad. As a result, they have difficulty in understanding what the native speakers are talking about. Third, they may get into trouble when dealing with various situations for lack of knowledge of the customs in the strange land. Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, which might cause a heavy burden to the family.‎ In conclusion, there are more disadvantages in sending children to study abroad. So we'd better not do it.‎ ‎4. 应用文 近几年的高考书面表达，很多以应用文为载体，努力构造英语情境的真实性和交际性。其特点是注重内容，淡化格式。下面着重介绍书信、日记、演讲稿和通知。‎ ‎（1）书信 纵观近几年的高考英语书面表达试题，书信文体考查越来越受到命题人的重视。在命题形式上主要侧重于书信格式和正文的考查，而且题目也不是单一地考查书信知识，而往往是借助于灵活的话题、多变的形式考查考生的审题能力 实际操作文体的能力。‎ 由于文化背景和风俗习惯的不同，英语书信在格式、表达方式以及写作风格等方面都异于汉语书信。作为书面表达最常见的应用文考查形式，英语书信尽管应包括收集人的姓名与地址、寄信人的姓名、寄信人的地址、写信的时间等，但考查重点仍是书信的内容。它要求考生用所学词汇、语法和句型来组织语言进行表达。‎ 不同内容的书信在用词和语气上有一定的差异。一般私人信件比较随便，用词讲究不大，而求职信、申请信、道歉信、感谢信、邀请信等则要求语言较为正式，措辞得当，档式完整。‎ 书信常用语：‎ 邀请信 It is my pleasure/a great honor for me to invite you to…‎ I am sure that you will enjoy yourself here.‎ I hope that you won't decline my invitation.‎ 感谢信：‎ It was kind and generous of you to do this for me and I do appreciate it more than I can say.‎ Thank you from the bottom of my heart for…‎ 道歉信：‎ I am terribly sorry that I have done…‎ I hope that the settlement of the matter will meet your wishes.‎ I regret to inform you that I am unable to do…‎ 询问信：‎ I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain…‎ I shall be grateful if you can offer me the information about…‎ I would like some detailed information about…‎ 求职信：‎ I wish to apply for a position with your company.‎ I am very interested in exploring a position as a… with your company.‎ I trust myself that I have the appropriate qualifications and experience for this post.‎ 投诉信：‎ I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at…‎ I am completely disappointed to find…‎ 以求职信为例。求职信属于公务信函，格式和用词比较正规。信的内容大体上分为三部分：①写信的目的；②自我介绍；③要求。‎ 写求职信要注意下面几点：‎ 写信的目的要直截了当地在信的开头提出；自我介绍部分主要介绍自己的学历、工作经历、解决问题的能力等等。在行文、用词上要表现出自信、恳切的态度，语言简明扼要，突出介绍自己的优点、与众不同的特长或有利条件。还要紧扣用人单位的需求，巧用词语，有力地服对方，此职非你莫属；最后提出进一步联系的途径，如时间、地点等。还可以主动提出接受面试或考核等。求职信在写作特点上主要用第一人称以及动词的一般现在时。‎ 求职信常用语及短语：‎ 开头用语：‎ ‎①It gives me much pleasure to learn that waitresses are wanted in your company. I'd like to be a waitress of yours. Could you let me have a position?‎ ‎②I was very delighted to hear that your hotel is looking for a secretary. This is a job I am interested in.‎ ‎③As I am going to graduate from the university, I would like to apply for a position with your company.‎ ‎④After reading the advertisement for a secretary in today's China Daily, I want to offer myself for the position.‎ 自我介绍：‎ ‎⑤I am twenty years of age, female and have had two years' experience in teaching.‎ ‎⑥I am a girl, aged 23. I am single and healthy.‎ ‎⑦I am a good… and have a thorough knowledge of the English language.‎ ‎⑧I won the first prize in… competition.‎ ‎⑨In my spare time I enjoy…‎ ‎⑩be good at, do well in, like…best I can speak English as well as French.‎ I majored in…‎ graduate from… /after graduation Since graduating in 1994, I have held a job as a secretary in a trade company.‎ 结束用语：‎ It shall be appreciated if you believe that my qualifications are satisfactory to you.‎ I do hope that my qualifications and experience meet your demands.‎ I look forward to hearing from you soon.‎ I can be reached by telephone at 62551131.‎ 典例：假如你是王林，李明是你的好友，他对Brown先生的公司感兴趣，打算到该公司谋职。请根据下面李明的简历表，用英语写一封推荐信。‎ 姓名：李明 性别：男 国籍：中国 出生地：山东淄博 出生日期：1984.5.1‎ 通讯地址 淄博市人民路148号 联系电话 ‎6600537‎ 教育、职业 大学文化程度，擅长英语，懂些日语 职业：律师 其他 已婚，有三年工作经验，办事认真，待人诚恳，‎ 与人相处和睦 Dear Mr. Brown,‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 思路点拨：‎ 这是一封推荐信，与直接为自己求职略有不同。应多写被推荐人的优点，肯定其成绩。但内容应真实可信，语言热情得体。根据李明的简历表写，信息不应当出现遗漏，同时注意语言连贯。‎ 参考范文：‎ Dear Mr. Brown,‎ My friend Li Ming wants to apply for a position with your firm. Now, I'd like to introduce ‎ my friend to you. Li Ming graduated from a college three years ago and since then he has worked as a lawyer. He is good at English and knows some Japanese. He works hard and is careful in everything he does. He is honest, kind and easy to get on with. He was born on May 1, ‎1984 in Zibo, Shandong Province, China. He is married and lives at No. 148 Renmin Road‎, ‎Zibo City. He shows great interest in your firm. If he is accepted, he will do his best. I'm sure he will be fit for the position. If you agree with him, please write a letter to him. His telephone number is 6600537.‎ ‎ Yours truly,‎ ‎ Wang Lin ‎（2）日记 日记多属于记叙文的范畴。日记多采用第一人称I或we来叙述当天所发生的事，所记之事是已经发生的，多用过去时态来记述。‎ 典例：你和李明参加一次野外生存训练。以下5幅图画表现了野外训练活动的过程，请根据图示写一篇英文日记。‎ 注意：1. 要点齐全；‎ ‎2. 日记的开头与结尾已为你写好。‎ 参考词汇：指南针compass 手电筒：flashlight 急救箱first-aid kit 宿营地 campsite Saturday, May 8,2010 Cloudy Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival programme yesterday, and it was one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school. ‎ ‎ ‎ It was quite an experience for us both, which I'll never forget for the rest of my life.‎ 思想点拨：‎ 本题考查学生的读图能力和运用逻辑讲述故事、主旨的能力。内容要点：出发（set out/set off）、背包中的物品、爬山、过河（cross the river）、找路（find one's way）和宿营。‎ 参考范文：‎ Saturday, May 8, 2010 Cloudy Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival programme yesterday, and it was one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school.‎ The two of us were to reach the campsite by evening. We set out early in the morning, eager to face the adventure. I was carrying a camp and a compass in my bag, while Li Ming loaded him with some bread, matches, candles, a map, a knife, a first-aid kit, a flashlight, and some clothes. We followed the marked route until we reached a brook. We had to swim across it, floating our supplies on a piece of wood in order to keep them dry. What's worse, we lost sight of the signs on the other side of the brook! Thanks to the compass, we finally arrived at the campsite on time, and ‎ managed to make the camp and a fire.‎ The two of us spent the night in the forest. We learned to use knowledge gained in classroom training to solve problems in the field. It was quite an experience for us both, which I'll never forget for the rest of my life.‎ ‎（3）演讲稿/发言稿 英语演讲稿和发言稿是近年来高考书面表达命题常采用的载体之一，属于论说文。‎ 演讲稿的开头要抓住听众的注意力，引人入胜；主体要环环相扣，层层深入，要用各种方法和所准备的材料说明、支持你论点，感染听众，然后在结尾加强说明论点或得出结论，结束演讲。‎ 发言稿是参加会议者为了在会议上表达自己意见、看法和汇报思想、工作情况而事先准备好的文稿。发言稿的写法比较灵活，结构形式要求也不像演讲稿那么严格。‎ 典例：即将高中毕业，你校拟举办毕业典礼，你将代表全体毕业生在毕业典礼上发言。请你按以下内容要点准备一篇英文发言稿。‎ ‎ 1. 毕业前的感受；‎ ‎2. 现在要做的事情（如：发奋学习、为母校做些事情等）；‎ ‎3. 对将来的向往。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 词数100左右；‎ ‎2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；‎ ‎3. 发言稿的开头与结束语已给出，但不计入总词数。‎ Good morning, everyone!‎ The topic of my speech today is“Days before graduation”.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Thanks for your attention.‎ 思路点拨：‎ 这是一篇以发言稿为体裁的文字信息类作文。高中毕业，即将踏入大学的校门或走向社会的学子们心中必会万分感慨，这一主题的作文考生易于有感而发。题目要点给予考生很大自由发军空间，但要注意适当发挥，讲求逻辑，突出重点。‎ 参考范文：‎ Good morning, everyone!‎ The topic of my speech today is“Days before graduation”. Time flies! Now we are going to finish our study and leave school. I value my senior school life, my nice teachers and lovely classmates. So before leaving school, I will do as much as I can to help my classmates and respect our teachers. At the same time, I will study even harder to pass the college entrance examination and enter a good university. Most importantly, I will lay a good foundation for my future life, because graduation not only means the end of a period but also means a new start for the future.‎ Thanks for your attention.‎ ‎（4）通知 通知是校园生活中常见的应用文之一，可分为两类，即书面通知和口头通知。‎ 口头通知往往要有呼语，如Boys and girls, Ladies and gentlemen, Dear friends, Comrades等。通知正文所使用的语言应尽量简明扼要。口头通知开始往往要用上“Attention, please.”或 ‎“May I have your attention, please?”或“Be quiet, please.”，其后可以加上I have an announcement to make. ，结束时可加上“That's all.”，“Thank you!”之类的客套话。‎ 书面通知，常用“sth. Will/is going to be help+地点+时间”或“There will/is going to be +sth.+地点+时间”结构。结束语前常用“Please attend it on time.”，“Do be present on time.”或“Everyone is/All are welcome/expected to attend it.”，“Don't be late.”之类的句子。‎ 典例：你所在中学决定举行一次万米赛跑活动，请你以学生会的名义用英文写一个书面通知。具体内容如下：‎ ‎ 1. 为推动全民健身活动，学校决定举行万米赛跑活动。‎ ‎ 2. 时间：‎5月4日下午2:00（风雨无阻）。‎ ‎3. 参加人数：每班10人（欢迎教师参加）。‎ 注意事项：1. 1:30前在学校操场集合，请不要迟到。‎ ‎2. 长跑路线：沿人民大街跑到交通信号灯向右转，一直跑到邮局再向右转；在第二个拐弯处右转，饶有兴趣后沿着河跑，最后回到学校。‎ ‎3. 通知发出时间为‎2011年4月28日。‎ 思路点拨：‎ 这是一篇书面通知（Notice）。其要点如下：‎ 目的：为了推动全民健身运动：in order to carry out the keep-fit program…；‎ 学校决定举行万米长跑比赛：our school has decided to hold a 10,000-metre race;‎ 比赛时间：‎5月4日下午：on the afternoon of May 4;‎ 集合地点：学校操场：the school playground;‎ 报名人数：每班10人：ten students of each class are asked to…;‎ 愿参加者到……集合：those who want to…gather on…;‎ 长跑路线：run along…and turn right/go on running until… /take the second turning on…‎ 欢迎参加：be welcome to…‎ 参考范文：‎ NOTICE In order to carry out the deep-fit program throughout the country, our school has decided to hold a 10,000-metre race on the afternoon of May 4. Whether it rains or not, the race will start at 2:00 p. m. Ten students of each class are asked to take part in the race. Those who want to take part in the race should gather on the school playground at 1:30. Don't be late. All the runners will run along Renmin Street to the traffic lights and then turn right. Go on running until reaching the post office and turn right again. Take the second turning on the right. Go along the river and finally return to the school. All the teachers in our school are welcome to join us.‎ ‎ The Students'Union ‎ April 28,2011‎ 四、写作步骤 写作步骤可以归纳为五个字——审，列，写，润，查。‎ 审——审题。审清题目要求，审体裁，审人称，审时态。‎ 列——列要点。注意要点全面，不得遗漏，同时要有主次，无关内容一律不要。‎ 写——即连点（要点）成文。基础好可以直接书写句子，基础差，则采用“译”。‎ 润——即润色。一口气写完后，要注意加工润色，运用“焊接”词汇，使文章连贯流畅，要有意识地将一上结“低级词汇”处理成“高级词汇”，一些“简单结构”处理成“‎ 复杂结构”。‎ 查——即检查。写完后，要从头至尾读一遍，从语感，语法，行文逻辑，习惯表达等方面检查，有错就改。还有就是字数要求。‎ 注意：要先打草稿，然后抄写——磨刀不费砍柴功。‎ 五、写作对策 ‎1. 用词造句要扬长避短：有明确题意，抓住要点构思以后，就必须在用词和造句上下功夫。要做到“用词有疑，另找代替，某句困惑，寻求意合；一法不成，另寻他途”。对于同一个意思，英语可以有多种表达方式。所以，必须选择自己最熟悉的词语和句型以及自己最有把握的表达方式。‎ 例如：他因年纪太小而不能参军。‎ ‎①He is so young that he can't join the army.‎ ‎②He is too young to join the army.‎ ‎③He is not old enough to join the army.‎ ‎④He is young, so he can't join the army.‎ ‎⑤Because he is young, he can not join the army.‎ ‎⑥Being too young, he can not join the army.‎ ‎⑦The reason why he can not join the army is that he is too young.‎ 又如：一见到它，她就意识到那一定是吉姆的。‎ ‎①As soon as she saw it, she knew that it must be Jim's.‎ ‎②On seeing it, she knew that it must be Jim's.‎ ‎③The moment she saw it, she knew that it must be Jim's.‎ ‎④At the first sight of it, she knew that it must be Jim's.‎ ‎⑤As soon as she caught sight of it, she knew that it must be Jim's.‎ ‎⑥No sooner had she seen it than she knew that it must belong to Jim.‎ ‎2. 行文连贯：要想文章通顺，连贯得体，句子之间过渡自然，在写作时要学会运用以下常用的“过渡词汇”进行“焊接”。英语特别注重句子之间的关系。‎ ‎（1）时间顺序：first, second, third, and then, finally/ at last/in the end, before, after a few days, at that time, later, meanwhile, at present, from now/ then on, at the same time, the other day, ahead of time, in advance, all of a sudden, at first, in a couple of days, as soon as possible等。‎ ‎（2）表示列举：for example/instance, that is to say, that is, take… for example/ instance, such as, on the one hand… on the other hand等。‎ ‎（3）表示递进/补充：besides, in addition, moreover, furthermore, also, what's more/ worse, especially/ particularly, again, and等。‎ ‎（4）表示对照比较：but, however, yet, on the other hand, in spite of, even though, compared to /with, on the contrary, in the same way等。‎ ‎（5）表示承启：as far as I know, to the best of my knowledge, in my opinion, as we all know, as is known to all, as is often the case, as is mentioned above, generally speaking, frankly speaking, from my point of view, of course等。‎ ‎（6）表示事实：in face, in reality, as a matter of fact, in truth/ practice, truly, actually等。‎ ‎（7）表示结果/原因：because, since, so, as a result, otherwise, then, so… that, therefore, now that, because of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。‎ ‎（8）表示总结/结论：in conclusion, in a word, in short, in brief, finally, as has been stated等。‎ ‎（9）表示让步：though/although, whenever, wherever, whoever, whatever, however, no matter + wh-, even if, after all, instead等。‎ ‎（10）表示空间顺序：near（to），in the front of, beside, behind, above, below, to the right/left, at the back of等。‎ ‎3. 善于使用高级词汇和复杂句型：高级词汇主要是一些常用固定短语或者是一些地道英语表达单词，比如I share the room with Jim. 就比I live in the same room with Jim. 要高级。复杂句型是指各种固定句型（例如too…to…, the more… the more…等句型，倒装，强调，感叹句）和各类复合句（主语/表语/状语/定语从句）。‎ 例如：我生病了，明天不能上学。‎ ‎（1）I'm ill. I can't go to school tomorrow. （太简单！句子松散）‎ ‎（2）I'm so seriously ill that I can't go to school tomorrow. （so…that句型）‎ ‎（3）I'm ill, as a result, I can't go to school tomorrow. （固定短语）‎ ‎（4）Being ill, I can't go to school tomorrow. （用分词作原因状语）‎ ‎（5）I can't go to school tomorrow. That's because I'm ill. （用表语从句）‎ ‎（6）I'm ill. That's why I can't go to school tomorrow.（用表语从句）‎ ‎（7）I can't go to school tomorrow. The reason is that I'm ill. （用表语从句）‎ ‎（8）The reason for my absence from school tomorrow is that I'm ill.（用表语从句）‎ ‎（9）I'm seriously ill, which makes me unable to go to school.（用定语从句）‎ ‎（10）I'm seriously ill, which makes it impossible for me to go to school.（用定语从句）‎ ‎（11）I'm ill That's the reason why I can't go to school tomorrow. （用定语从句）‎ ‎（12）It is because I'm ill that I can't go to school tomorrow.（强调句型）‎ ‎（13）My illness prevents me from going to school tomorrow.（prevent… from doing结构）‎ ‎（14）I catch/get a disease, which prevents me from going to school tomorrow.（定语从句，prevent… from doing结构）‎ ‎4. 避免出现“低级错误”：所谓低级错误即指：基本单词拼写，标点符号，动词时态语态，非谓语动词，形容词/副词的比较级，基本句式，行文逻辑，习惯表达等方面的错误。阅卷时低级错误扣分特别严重。‎ ‎（1）My mather is always complain something.（低级错误：最基本单词拼写；进行时态；动词complain误用作及物）‎ ‎（2）In my opinion, The growing population is the most serious problem.（低级错误：字母大小写不分）‎ ‎（3）So why not to read as many book as possible when we are young?（低级错误：固定句型；名词可数不可数不分）‎ ‎（4）I am very like English.（低级错误：系动词+动词原形；very与much误用）‎ ‎（5）She decide to go to abroad for further study.（低级错误：谓语动词仅用动词原形；习惯表达）‎ ‎（6）So our life became more better and better as a result of mother's perseverance.（低级错误：比较级）‎ ‎（7）Listen to music is one of my favorites.（低级错误：动词用作主语）‎ ‎（8）There were a lot of people attended the meeting.（低级错误：there be句型出现两个谓语动语）‎ ‎（9）His father was died five years ago.（低级错误：语态）‎ ‎（10）He came at six, the sun was setting.（低级错误：句子之间仅用逗号）‎ ‎（11）She left me alone in the room made me very angry.（低级错误：主从句不分）‎ ‎（12）Please you to let me to stand for me whole family.（低级错误：汉式英语）‎ ‎5. 书写工整规范，卷面整洁：‎ 作文写完后应认真阅读，检查文章中的拼写和标点错误、语法错误、逻辑错误等；检查词数是否符合要求；检查内容要点是否全面，删繁就简，使表达更加精炼，措辞更加恰当。定稿后应认真誊写，要求书写规范、正确、美观，并保持卷面整洁。参加高考阅卷者都有这样的体会：要在比较短的时间里，阅读一篇作文，看到那些字迹潦草、卷面不整洁的，心情就特别烦，评分可能比想象的要低；而看到那些书写规范、卷整洁的，就倍感赏心悦目，有可能得到比较高的分数，这也是情理之中的事情。因此，在训练时，学生要养成书写工整规范，卷面整洁的习惯，在做高考题时，才不致书写潦草、卷面不整洁，从而导致丢失本来不该丢的分。‎ 六、六项原则 ‎1. 长短句原则 写英语作文时，有长句，也要有短句，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫。‎ 例如：‎ As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.‎ ‎2. 主题句原则 写议论文时要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头或者结尾，让读者一目了然。例如：‎ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.‎ ‎3. 一二三原则 写作时要做到条理清楚，方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加彷到你所要列出的要点就可以了。‎ ‎（1）first, second, third, last（一般用法）‎ ‎（2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（一般用法）‎ ‎（3）the first, the second, the third, the last（一般用法）‎ ‎（4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（一般用法）‎ ‎（5）to begin with, then furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）‎ ‎（6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）‎ ‎（7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）‎ ‎（8）most important of all, moreover, finally（强烈推荐）‎ ‎（9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）‎ ‎（10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）‎ ‎4. 短语优先原则 写作时要注意使用一些短评来增加文章的亮点。例如：‎ should → be supposed to use → make use of, put sth. To use, take advantage of want → look forward to, have a strong desire for remember → keep sth. In mind see → come into view ‎5. 多实少虚原则 写文章时要考虑实词的准确表达，避免使用意义空洞的词汇。例如：‎ 走出房间，一般表达是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room ‎6. 多变句式原则 同一思想内容可以用不同的句式来表达，而句式不同，表达的效果也不同。只有采用多变句式，文章才显得生动有趣，充满活力。英语的基本句型是S+V+O，写作时要注意在此基础上可以通过改变句子的开头、巧用连接词，运用倒装等方式，使得句式富于变化。‎ 试对比：‎ ‎（1）People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food.‎ ‎（2）There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food.‎ 第一句以主语people开头，是许多学生写作时的一种倾向，把文章的每一句话的主语用与人有关系的句词或代词；第二句则用there be句型开头，改变了“主语+谓语+宾语”这一单调句型，又把想强调的意思突出出来。‎ 七、考场经验 下面是一位参加高考阅卷的老师关于“书面表达”的手记，它概括了考场作文存在的普遍问题：‎ ‎1. 文章基本能按要求完成写作任务，结构合理，但反复用同一个句型——简单句。在句子方面，英语句式具有多变性，而汉语句式则较为固定。英语句子常以主谓宾结构为其核心，用各种连词、短语和从句进行修饰、扩展，句子结构复杂，但读起来形象、生动。由于受汉语句式影响，中国学生在写作中往往使用一连串的简单句或句式雷同的复杂句，造成句式的单一，读起来单调、乏味。‎ ‎2. 句法方面的欠缺。英语与汉语在句子结构方面最基本的差异是：汉语句子重意合，英语句子重形合；汉语句法关系主要靠词序和语义关系表达，并不追求形式上的完整，往往只求达意。而英语句法重句子结构形式的完整性和逻辑上的合理性。多数生在这方面有欠缺，主要表现为句与句之间连贯不够，缺乏体现句与句之间逻辑关系的连接词。‎ ‎3. 有些文章虽然在语法上表达正确，要点也基本齐全，但难以令阅卷老师给高分。这主要是考生的书面表达篇章结构松散，还有部分考生乱用连接词，致使文章的逻辑关系混乱。有些考生在写文章时，没有总体的构思，即兴发挥，结果有些要点写得过于简单或由于时间原因一笔带过，甚至漏写要点内容。还有的学生遗漏“自己的观点”。‎ ‎4. 偏离主题，随意发挥。要点写得不全，发挥得却不少，洋洋洒洒地写了一些与要点无关的话，不仅不能多得分，相反还会因离题而失分。‎ ‎5. 因为中文提示简洁，在写作时没有进行适当的发挥，导致字数不够。‎ ‎6. 在写作时明显受汉语思维模式的影响。‎ ‎7. 这迹不清，书写潦草。有些考的作文或者龙飞凤舞，或者涂涂改改，或者大小写不分，或者标点符合乱用。对于这种潦草马虎的考卷，阅卷老师不会有好的心情去阅读，自然影响作文的得分。‎ 以下是针对上述情况给出的对策，或许对你的日常写作训练有帮助。‎ ‎★高考书面表达评分标准对书写有较高要求，一个定要认真、清楚、规范地书写。单词与单词之间的距离要适中，能写下一个小写字母a即可。单词中字母之间的距离也要适当。字母不可过大或过小，一般情况下每行可写8~10个单刻画 。此外，卷面一定要整洁，这既是学生学习态度的反映，也是对阅卷老师的尊重。‎ ‎★从一定意义上讲，作文即“作秀”，应把自己多年的语言知识积累通过书面表达展现出来。‎ ‎★短文最好分段，以使条理清晰、层次分明，但最多不宜超过三段。‎ ‎★写作要求中一般都有“可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯”，但由于受词数限制，应适可而止。‎ ‎★标点符号切忌一点到底，都使用句号。‎ ‎★如没有特别要求，不要写题目。‎ ‎★根据表达需要，可适当调整内容要点顺序。‎ ‎★遇到陌生的汉语提示要转变思维角度，用同义词（句）进行表达。‎ ‎★如有生词提示，一定要用上。‎ ‎★写作时要避免用词重复现象，可用同义词或同义短语代替。如可用moreover, in addition, on top of that代替司空见惯的besides等。‎ ‎★根据实际需要可在最后抒发自己的感情，但一定要言简意赅，这样才可升华主题，画龙点晴。‎ ‎★平时要留意写作中经常用到的词汇和表达方式。如：星期、月份、环境（environment）、政府（government）、奥运会（the Olympics/ the Olympic Games）等。这些词汇看似简单，却不一定能拼写正确。‎