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专题03形容词和副词(教学案)-2019年高考英语热点题型和提分秘籍

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往年考查的重点是形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法。近三年来考点开始涉及多个形容词作前置定语的排列顺序、形容词及形容词短语作状语,形容词和副词的词义比较和具体运用。要复习好这一块的知识,考生不仅要弄清其词形、词义、功能等基础知识,还要掌握同义词辨析和一词多义等重点知识。‎ 热点题型一 形容词、副词的比较等级 例1、 —How was your recent trip to Sichuan?‎ ‎—I’ve never had ________one before.‎ A. a pleasant       B. a more pleasant C. a most pleasant D. the most pleasant ‎ 【答案】B ‎【提分秘籍】‎ ‎1.形容词或副词的as...as结构 两者相比,当A=B时,用“as+adj./adv.原级+as”来表示。如:‎ Jack runs as fast as Tom.杰克和汤姆跑得一样快。‎ 双方相比,当A≠B,或指A的程度较低时,用“not as/so+ adj./adv.原级+as”表示。如:‎ He does not work as/so hard as his sister.‎ 他不如他妹妹学习努力。‎ ‎2.形容词或副词的比较级+than 当双方比较,A>B时,用“比较级+than”结构。当A不及B的程度时,用“less+adj./adv.原级+than”的结构。如:‎ I don’t think maths is more important than physics.=I think maths is less important than physics.‎ 我认为数学没有物理重要。‎ ‎【特别提醒】 ‎ ‎(1)quite只可用于quite better结构中,表示“病已经好多了”。‎ ‎(2)by far与far的区别:far只用于“far+比较级”结构中,其他情况下都用by far来加强语气。如:‎ ‎①He is far better today.‎ ‎②He is better by far today.‎ ‎③He is by far the best student in our class.‎ ‎(3)many与much的区别:‎ 修饰可数名词复数时,用many,其他情况下都用much。如:‎ ‎①The hens have laid many more eggs than before.‎ 这些鸡产的蛋比以前多多了。‎ ‎②There is much more water in this river.‎ 这条河里有更多的水。‎ ‎③He is much cleverer.‎ 他更加聪明了。‎ ‎4.“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构表示“越……越……”‎ The more tickets you sell ,the more money you will get.‎ 你票卖得越多,你得到的钱就会越多。‎ ‎5.当三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用最高级 这种句式中一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语;最高级可被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really, nothing like等词语修饰。如:‎ The building being built now is by far the highest in the city.‎ 目前在建的那座大楼是本市最高的大楼。‎ ‎6.比较级表示最高级含义 ‎(1)比较级+than any other+可数名词单数。如:‎ The Changjiang River is longer than any other river in China.‎ 在中国,长江比其他任何一条河流都长。‎ ‎(2)比较级+than all(the)other+可数名词复数。如:‎ China is larger than all the other Asian countries.‎ 中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。‎ ‎(3)no/never/nothing...+比较级。如:‎ Nothing is more valuable than time.‎ 时间比任何东西都珍贵。‎ ‎(4)“否定词+不定冠词+形容词的比较级+名词”或“否定词+副词的比较级”表示“从未……;未曾……”。如:‎ This film is very moving. I have never seen a better one.‎ 这部电影很感人,我从没有看到过比它更好的了。‎ ‎【举一反三】 ‎ The staterun company is required to make its accounts as________as possible for its staff to monitor the use of money.‎ A. transparent B. reasonable C. secure D. formal ‎【答案】A 热点题型二 形容词修饰名词 ‎ 例2、 She has bought herself ____ ____ dress.‎ A. a cotton purple expensive ‎ B. an expensive purple cotton C. a purple expensive cotton ‎ D. a cotton expensive purple ‎【解析】根据多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序的顺口溜:限数描、大长高,形状年龄和新老。颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。限定词an,描绘性形容词expensive,颜色purple,材料cotton,所以答案是B。‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【提分秘籍】 ‎ ‎1.多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序 如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词,如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。它们的顺序是:限定词(冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词)+数词(序数词+基数词)+描绘性形容词(nice,good,interesting,beautiful...)+特征形容词(大小、长短、高低+形状+年龄、新旧)+颜色形容词+国籍、出处+物质、材料+用途、类别+中心名词。我们可以用下面的一段顺口溜帮助记忆:‎ 限数描、大长高,形状年龄和新老。‎ 颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。‎ 在实际运用中,很少会同时出现这么多修饰词,但我们必须记住以上规则。此外,还应当多阅读,多体会,以增强语感。如:‎ another three English books另外三本英语书;all these last few days最近的这些日子;a beautiful white Chinese military jeep一辆漂亮的白色中国军用吉普车 形容词作定语时,我们尤其要记住下列两种特殊结构:‎ ‎(1)so/how/as/too/that+adj.+a(n)+单数名词 ‎(2)rather/quite/what/such+a(n)+adj.+单数名词 ‎2.形容词作定语后置的几种情况 ‎(1)当形容词修饰由some,any,no,every构成的复合词,如something,anything,nothing等时形容词须后置。如:‎ Is there anything new in today’s newspaper?‎ 今天的报纸上有什么新的东西吗?‎ ‎(2)当“形容词+介词/不定式”构成的短语作定语时。如:‎ There is a bag full of rice on his table.‎ 他的桌上有满满一袋米。‎ ‎(3)当两个意义相反的形容词用both...and...,and,or或so连接在一起作定语时。如:‎ People in the village, young and old, men and women are fond of singing and dancing.‎ 村里的男女老幼都喜爱唱歌跳舞。‎ ‎(4)当old,long,high,wide,deep等词附有数量词短语作定语时。如:‎ The peasants dug a well about fifty metres deep.‎ 农民们挖了一口约五十米深的井。‎ ‎(5)有些表语形容词作定语。如afraid,alone,awake,asleep,alive,ashamed,worth等。如:‎ Tom was the only boy awake at that time.‎ 汤姆是那时唯一醒着的男孩。‎ 热点题型三 形容词、副词的辨析 例3.[2017·江苏卷] Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smartphones defeated ________PCs in sales.‎ A.controversial B.contradictory ‎ C.confidential D.conventional ‎ ‎【答案】D 【解析】考查形容词辨析。根据题意“智能手机击败个人电脑”可知,conventional传统的,符合句意。controversial有争议的;contradictory矛盾的;confidential机密的。句意:仅仅在史蒂夫乔布斯去世五年后,在销售中击败了传统的个人电脑。‎ ‎【提分秘籍】‎ ‎1.形容词主要用来修饰名词,也可修饰something,nothing等不定代词,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。作状语时表示伴随、原因等,或是对主语进行解释,可以看作是“being+形容词”,位于句首、句中或句尾,表示伴随时通常用逗号与其他成分隔开 ‎①He lay in bed,wide awake.‎ 他躺在床上,完全清醒着。‎ ‎②He went to bed, cold and hungry.‎ 他上床睡觉,又冷又饿。‎ ‎2.副词主要用作状语,修饰动词、形容词、从句或整个句子。修饰整个句子时,可置于句首、句中或句尾 Fortunately,he escaped from the fire.‎ 他幸运地从大火中逃了出来。‎ ‎3.有些副词有两种形式,其中一种形式与形容词形式相同,另一种是在形容词后加ly。这两种形式的副词在意义上有所不同 不带ly的副词往往表示的是具体概念(也就是词的本义);加ly的往往表示的是抽象概念(也就是词的引申义)。close接近(指距离)→closely仔细地,密切地;free免费→freely自由地,自如地;deep深地→deeply深刻地,深入地;hard努力地→hardly几乎不;wide充分(张开)地,宽阔地→widely广泛地;high高地→highly高度地,‎ 非常;late迟,晚→lately最近,近来;near邻近地→nearly几乎;most最→mostly主要地。如:‎ He jumped that high in the sports meeting in our school and is highly thought of by his classmates.‎ 他在我们学校运动会上跳得那么高,赢得了他的同学们的高度赞扬。‎ 一般说来,形容词+ly构成的是副词,如:deeply,highly,widely等;名词+ly构成的是形容词或名词,如:‎ friendly,brotherly,lovely,weekly,monthly等。‎ ‎4.rather,very,quite,fairly的区别 ‎(1)rather常用于不愉快的场合,用来修饰贬义的形容词或副词,如bad,poor,badly等;fairly常用于较愉快的场合,用来修饰表示赞美的褒义形容词或副词,如nice,well,clever等。如:‎ She is fairly clever, but does rather badly in her lessons.‎ 她很聪明,但功课相当差。‎ ‎(2)如果修饰中性的形容词或副词,如easy,fast,thin等,fairly表示肯定概念,即说话人的态度是赞美的、满意的;而rather表示否定概念,即说话人是不满意的。如:‎ ‎①The soup is fairly hot.‎ 这汤还算热。(表示喜欢热汤)‎ ‎②The soup is rather hot.‎ 这汤太烫了。(表示讨厌太烫的汤)‎ rather可用在similar,different,too以及介词like,形容词、副词的比较级之前,也可修饰动词,而fairly,quite则不能,但可以说quite better。如:‎ 今天比昨天暖和得多。‎ ‎[误]It is fairly warmer today than yesterday.‎ ‎[正]It is rather warmer today than yesterday.‎ ‎(3)quite表示的程度比fairly深,表示主观看法,可理解为“十分”。如:‎ The news is quite amazing.‎ 这消息十分惊人。‎ ‎(4)fairly只能用在不定冠词之后;而quite和rather位于不定冠词前、后皆可。如:‎ This is a fairly heavy/rather a heavy/a rather heavy/a quite heavy/quite a heavy job for us.‎ 对我们来说,这真是一项相当繁重的工作。‎ 另外,rather有时跟褒义词尤其是表示“好”的词连用时,强调被修饰词的程度,可与fairly,quite互换。如:‎ Your English is rather/fairly/quite good.‎ 你的英语相当好。‎ 在高考试题中,经常会考查形容词同义词和副词同义词的辨析,所以我们在学习中要注意它们在不同语句中的用法差异。以下是常见的几组同义词:alone,lonely;calm, quiet, silent, still; older, elder; farther, further; fast,quick, soon, rapid; living, alive, live, lively; real, true; high,tall; ill, sick; likely, possible, probable; no more than, not more than; no less than, not less than;‎ ‎ too much, much too;yet, still; no longer, no more; almost, nearly;just, very。‎ ‎【举一反三】 ‎ Be ________—you can’t expect me to finish all this work in so little time. ‎ A.reasonable B.confident ‎ C.creative D.grateful ‎ ‎【解析】 选A。考查形容词辨析。A项reasonable表示“合理的;公平的”;B项confident表示“自信的”;C项creative表示“有创造力的;创造(性)的”;D项grateful表示“感激的”。由破折号后面的关键信息可知说话者对“finish all this work in so little time”很不满,要求讲道理。be reasonable为祈使语气,意为“要讲道理”。句意:要讲道理——你不能期望我在如此短的时间里完成所有这些工作呀。 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1.[2017·江苏卷] Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smartphones defeated ________PCs in sales.‎ A.controversial B.contradictory ‎ C.confidential D.conventional ‎ ‎2.[2017·江苏卷] The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But ________explanations are hard to find.‎ A.alternative B.aggressive ‎ C.ambiguous D.apparent ‎ ‎【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。alternative供选择的,符合句意。aggressive好斗的,有进取心的;ambiguous模糊不清的;apparent显然的。句意:恐龙的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起的。但是很难找到可供选择的解释。‎ ‎3.[2017·天津卷] —I want to see Mr White. We have an appointment.‎ ‎—I'm sorry, but he is not ________ at the moment, for the meeting hasn't ended.‎ A.busy B.active ‎ C.concerned D.available ‎【答案】D 【解析】考查形容词。根据回答“…for the meeting hasn't ended.”可知怀特先生现在没空,故选D项。available可表示“(人)有空的”。busy忙碌的;active活跃的;concerned担忧的。句意:“我想见怀特先生。我们有一个约定。”“很抱歉,此刻他没空,因为会议还没有结束。”‎ ‎【2016·江苏】31.His comprehensive surveys have provided the most__________statements of how, and on whatbasis, data are collected.‎ A. explicit B. ambiguous C. original D. arbitrary ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。形容词explicit明晰的,清楚的;ambiguous模棱两可的,含糊不清的;original原始的,最初的;arbitrary任意的,专制的;句意:对于如何以及在什么基础上收集数据,他的综合调查提供了最清晰的说明。故A正确。‎ ‎【考点】考查形容词词义辨析 ‎.【2016·浙江】13. A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience , ______ if you are travelling at high speed.‎ A. eventually B. strangely C. merely D. especially ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意:突然停止可能是一个可怕的经历,尤其是如果你以高速运行的时候。A.最终;B.奇怪地;C.仅仅地;D.尤其地。故选D。‎ ‎【考点】考查副词辨析。‎ ‎【2015·浙江】14. Listening is thus an active, not a , behavior consisting of hearing, understanding and remembering.‎ A. considerate B. sensitive C. reliable D. passive ‎【答案】D ‎【2015·四川】9.Little Tom sat watching the monkey dancing in front of him.‎ A. amaze B. amazing C. amazed D. to amaze ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本句考查形容词作状语。本句考查形容词作伴随状语,意为:小Tom坐在那儿看着小猴子在他面前跳舞,很吃惊。主要考查B、C之间的区别,选项B意为:令人吃惊的,常修饰物;而选项C意为:感到吃惊的,常修饰人。根据句意,本题选择C。‎ ‎【2015·四川】7.Andy is content with the toy. It is he has ever got.‎ A. a better B. the better C. a best D. the best ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查最高级和比较级。根据上一句话可知,Andy对这个玩具很满意,故选择D,意为:这是他曾得到的最好的玩具。‎ ‎【2015·福建】23.It was________of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.‎ A. careless B. considerate C. patient D. generous ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查形容词辨析A.careless不小心的;B.considerate体贴的;C.Patient有耐心的;D.generous慷慨的。该句意思为:麦克真是体贴,他通知我们他会迟点来以防我们着急。故选B ‎【2015·江苏】31.The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and _______ review of the case.‎ A. comprehensive B. complicated C. conscious D. crucial ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意:警官决定对这起案件进行一次彻底全面的审查。A项“综合的,全面的,有理解力的”;B项“复杂的”;C项“有意识的”;D项“至关重要的”。故选A项。‎ ‎【2015·安徽】26.I’m so ______ to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.‎ ‎ A. special B. superior C. grateful D. attractive ‎【答案】C ‎【2015·安徽】31.They gave money to the old people's home either ______ or through their companies. ‎ A. legally B. sincerely C. personally D. deliberately ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意:他们给那位老人的家里送钱,有的是一个人的名义,有的则是通过他们的公司。A合法地;B真诚地;C亲自,当面地,个人而言;D故意地。故选C。‎ ‎【2015·湖北】27.Even though the conference hall is near his apartment, he has to hurry a little if he wants to be_____.‎ A. accurate B. punctual C. efficient D. reasonable ‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意:尽管会议大厅靠近他的公寓,如果他想要准时的话,还是必须快点。A项“精确的”;B项“守时的,准时的”;C项“有效率的”;D项“合理的”。故选D项。‎ ‎【2015·湖北】28.I don’t think what he said is _____ to the topic we are discussing . He has missed the point.‎ A. faithful B. parallel C. relevant D. similar ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意:我认为他所说的和我们今天讨论的话题无关。他没有抓住要点。A项“忠实的,忠诚的”;B项“与……平行”;C项“和……相关”;D项“和……相似”。be relevant to“和……相关”。故选C项。‎ ‎1.(2014·江苏卷)I can't meet you on Sunday.I'll be________occupied.(also, just, nevertheless, otherwise)‎ ‎【答案】otherwise ‎ ‎2.(2014·浙江卷)Joe is proud and________,never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.(strict, sympathetic, stubborn, sensitive)‎ ‎【答案】stubborn ‎ ‎【解析】本题结合形容词词义辨析考查语境选词。句意:乔既骄傲又________,从不承认他错了,而且总是找别人来承担责任。strict严格的;sympathetic有同情心的;stubborn固执的;sensitive敏感的。由后面的关键词never admitting he is wrong可知,乔很固执(stubborn)。‎ ‎3.(2014·浙江卷)The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others________.(blindly, unwillingly, closely, carefully)‎ ‎【答案】blindly ‎ ‎【解析】本题结合副词词义辨析考查语境选词。句意:教育的目的是教会年轻人自己思考,而不要________仿效别人。blindly盲目地;unwillingly不愿意地,不情愿地;closely密切地;carefully认真地,仔细地。由前面的关键信息think for themselves可知,空格处表示“不要盲目地(blindly)仿效别人”。‎ ‎4.(2014·福建卷)With online shopping increasingly popular,the Internet is seen as a(n)________way of reaching target customers.(temporary, complex, accurate, efficient)‎ ‎【答案】efficient ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查语境选词。句意:随着网上购物变得越来越流行,网络被看作是一种吸引目标顾客的________的方法。temporary暂时的;complex复杂的;accurate准确的,精确的;efficient有效率的,效率高的。根据句中的关键词increasingly popular(越来越受欢迎)可知,网络是一种吸引目标顾客的有效的(efficient)方法。‎ ‎5.(2014·安徽卷)My good performance in the job interview left me________about my future and about what I can do here.(puzzled, sensitive, optimistic, embarrassed)‎ ‎【答案】optimistic ‎ ‎6.(2014·江西卷)Thanks for your directions to the house;we wouldn't have found it ________.(nowhere, however, otherwise, instead)‎ ‎【答案】otherwise ‎ ‎【解析】考查副词辨析。句意:谢谢你给我们指明方向,否则我们不可能找到这栋房子。otherwise表示“否则”,符合语境。而nowhere“无处”,however“然而”,instead“取代”,均不符合句意。‎ ‎7.(2014·大纲全国卷)Raymond's parents wanted him to have________(good) possible education.‎ ‎【答案】the best ‎ ‎【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意:Raymond的父母想让他拥有可能的最好的教育。根据句意可知,此处应用“the+形容词最高级”来表示三者或三者以上程度最高。‎ ‎8.(2014·湖北卷)What was so ________(impress) about Jasmine Westland's victory was that she ‎ came first in the marathon barefooted.‎ ‎【答案】impressive ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查形容词。句意:关于Jasmine Westland的胜利让人印象如此深刻(impressive)的是她光着脚丫在马拉松比赛中夺得了第一名。‎ ‎9.(2014·湖北卷)Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase,she gave him a ________(tolerate) smile and let him go.‎ ‎【答案】tolerant ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查形容词。句意:她没有责备那个打碎了花瓶的孩子,而是给他一个宽容的(tolerant)微笑,并让他走了。‎ ‎10.(2014·湖北卷)Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said ________(sharp),“Don't be so mean,” pointing a finger of warning at her.‎ ‎【答案】sharply ‎ ‎【解析】本题考查副词。句意:萨布丽娜的话音刚落,艾伯特就很尖刻地(sharply)说:“别那么小气。”并冲她伸出一根手指表示警告。‎