2019届一轮复习人教版必修三Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars单元学案设计 11页

‎2019届一轮复习人教版必修三Unit4 Astronomy: the science of the stars单元学案设计 一、知识点总结 ‎1）solid 作名词，表示“固体”。作形容词，表示“固体的，坚固的；实心的，纯的，牢靠的，立体的”。be in solid with sb受某人的重视，与某人关系很好。feel solid about sth对某事心里有底。‎ ‎2）explode 表示“爆炸，（感情）迸发，迅速增加”。explode with/into sth冲动，激动。 ‎ ‎3）surface 作形容词，表示“表面的，水面的”。 作名词，表示“水面，表面，外表”。‎ on the surface在表面上，在外表上。作动词，表示“加表层，重新出现，睡醒”。 ‎ ‎4）dissolve 表示“溶解，融化，分解”。 表示“解散，解除，消除”。 ‎ ‎5）multiply 表示“乘”，multiply A by B表示“A乘以B”。表示“繁殖，增加”。‎ ‎6）generally 表示“一般地，通常地”，可以放在谓语动词之前或者系动词之后。generally speaking表示“一般来说，总的来说”常放在句首作状语。 ‎ ‎7）spread 表示“伸展，展开，传播”。 spread…with…把……铺在……上，把……涂在…上。Spread…on… 在……涂抹……。‎ ‎8）prevent 是动词，后面可以直接跟宾语。Prevent…from…阻止，制止。from可以省略。‎ ‎9）depend depend on/upon依靠，依赖，取决于。 it（all）depends，that depends表示“看情况而定”，单独使用，或用于句首。‎ ‎10）exist 表示“生存，存在”。 exist in存在于„„中。 exist on，exist by都表示“靠„„生活”。但exist o后的宾语通常指食物，收入，薪金。exist by后面的宾语通常是表示行为，职业等抽象名词。‎ ‎11）presence 表示“出席，到场，存在”。 in the presence=in one’s presence获准会见某人。 presence of mind镇定自若。‎ ‎12）disappoint 表示“使失望”，后面直接加宾语。 disappointed是形容词，表示“‎ 失望的失意的，受挫的”。be disappointed at/by表示“对（事物或行为）感到失望”。宾语是名词或者动名词。be disappointed in表示“对（人或者事物）失望”，宾语是名词。‎ ‎13）force 作名词，表示“力量，暴力，军队”。 by force靠武力，强行。 come into force事物开始生效/执行。 join forces with与…会师，联合，合作。作动词，表示“强制，胁迫”。force sb to do sth强迫某人做某事。force sth on/upon sb把事物强加给某人。 ‎ ‎14）cheer 作动词，表示“（使）高兴，（对）欢呼，喝彩”。 cheer up感到高兴，感到振兴。cheer sb on为某人加油鼓劲。作名词，表示“欢呼（可数名词），愉快的情绪（不可数名词）”。 ‎ ‎15）now that 作从属连词，表示“既然”，说明一种新情况，在口语中可以省略that。 ‎ ‎16）in time 表示“及时，不迟”。 表示“迟早，最后”。 in time后接介词for+名词或不定式，但不能接for+动名词。 ‎ ‎17）有关break的短语： break out突发，爆发 break away逃脱，改掉 break down（机器等）坏掉了，失败，垮了，中断 break off突然停止，断绝，折断 break one’s heart使心碎 break out of摆脱，逃出 break up into分成，分解 break through冲破； break up with与„„断绝关系 二、 重点语法 ‎1.主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。‎ 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：‎ ‎（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句 ‎（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句 ‎（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 ‎（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 ‎ 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：‎ ‎ It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …‎ It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… ‎ It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… ‎ 2. 表语从句 ‎ 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。 ‎ ‎【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 【二】单元知识链接高考试题 ‎ 教学目标A. 训练学生阅读技能；B. 培养学生正确把握阅读理解的出题意图及方向；C. 提高阅读理解的得分率和高效率。‎ ‎ 教学重、难点1. 阅读理解的出题方式及方向；2. 各类阅读理解题型的解题思路；3. 各类阅读理解题型的实战演练；‎ 先学任务&Warming up:‎ 读下列语段，选出正确答案。‎ ‎1. As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. ‎ What happened to the author in 2011?( )‎ A. She flew an airplane. B. She entered a competition.‎ C. She went on a hot air balloon ride. D. She moved into a retirement community.‎ ‎2. He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. ‎ What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?( )‎ A. Finding the news value of his stories. B. Giving him financial support.‎ C. Helping him to find issues. D. Improving his good ideas.‎ ‎3. She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.” “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.‎ How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? （ ）‎ A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.‎ Step1: 阅读理解文章体裁分析 ‎ 高考英语阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和议论文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。‎ Step2: 阅读理解命题方式 ‎（一）细节理解题：‎ 细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：‎ ‎1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?(三正一误) ‎ ‎2) The author mentions all of the following except . . . （三正一误）‎ ‎3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?（三误一正） ‎ ‎4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except ______.（三正一误） 5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? （三误一正）‎ ‎6) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? （三误一正）‎ ‎7) The reason for . . .is . . . （三误一正）‎ ‎8) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... （三误一正）‎ ‎9)From the passage we know that ______.（三误一正）‎ ‎10)In the passage, the author states that ______.（三误一正）‎ 当堂导练一：‎ ‎ Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. ‎　 Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. ‎　 “It’s really a hard job for me. I won’t enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.‎ ‎ This time, in Shanghai, I'd love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, " said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q： Which of the following is NOT true? A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.　‎ B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. ‎ ‎（二）主旨大意题 ‎1. 主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种：‎ ‎1）The general/main idea of the passage is about ____． ‎ ‎2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? ‎ ‎3）In this passage the author discusses primarily ____． ‎ ‎4）The passage is mostly about ____． ‎ ‎5）The passage is mainly concerned about ____． ‎ ‎6）What is the main topic of the passage? ‎ ‎7）What is the best title for the passage? ‎ ‎8）The subject discussed in this text is _____ ‎ ‎9）The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …‎ ‎10）The passage is meant to ….‎ ‎11）The purpose of this article is to …‎ ‎2. 在解主题大意题时，可用以下方法：‎ ‎1）认真阅读文章的__________或每段的___________。‎ ‎2）文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的___________，即高频词，也叫做主题词。‎ ‎3）文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。‎ 例如：On the whole , in short, therefore… , I agree with the opinion that…, Given all these points above , I would support the idea that…, For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer… ‎ ‎3. 如何寻找主题句 Sample 1‎ ‎ People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. ‎ ‎（1）主题句在段首：一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 ‎ Sample 2‎ Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. ‎ ‎（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。 ‎ Sample 3‎ Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.‎ ‎（3）主题句在短文中间：当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.‎ ‎（三）推理题 ‎1. 推理题的出题方式常常包括以下类型：‎ ‎1) It can be inferred from the text that ______. ‎2) From the text we know that ______. ‎3) The story implies that ______. ‎4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___.‎ ‎5) The writer’s attitude toward...is ______. ‎6)The author implied（suggested）that．．． ‎ ‎7)It may be concluded from the passage that．．． ‎ ‎8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？ ‎ ‎9)With which of the following does the author agree？ ‎ ‎2. 解推断题应注意： ‎(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点； ‎(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。 ‎ ‎3. 解推断题的方法：根据词义关系推断具体细节。‎ Sample1：‎ ‎“You mean there is no baby who is dying?” said De Vincenzo.‎ ‎“That’s right,” said the official.‎ ‎“That’s the best good news I’ve heard all week.”said De Vincenzo.‎ Q: I t can be inferred that what worried De Vincenzo most was______________.‎ A. the poor woman B.the official’s advice C.the winning check D.the baby’s life Sample2:‎ ‎ One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant, “I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” ‎ “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised.‎ ‎ “Well,”replied the man，“I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”‎ Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was ______.‎ ‎　　A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord ‎　　C. tidy and comfortable  D. dirty and full of insects ‎（四）观点态度题 ‎1. 考查作者观点态度的提问方式有：‎ ‎1)The author seems to think that ______. 2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in ______. 3)The author wants to appeal to _______ . 4)The author’s style is ______ . 5)The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 6)What is the author’s opinion of ______?‎ ‎7)The writer believes that________?‎ ‎8) In the author's opinion_________? ‎ ‎2. 确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：‎ ‎1）问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；‎ ‎2）如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。 ‎ Sample 1 ‎ ‎ Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.‎ ‎ Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He ‎ doesn’t ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I don’t know.”‎ Q： Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude to Mr. Neff? ‎ A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful. ‎ C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. D. He does not like Mr. Neff. ‎ ‎（五）根据上下文判断词语的含义题 ‎1. 如何根据上下文判断词语的涵义这种题型常见的设题方式有： ‎ ‎1）The underlined word（phrase）in the passage means ____． ‎ ‎2）The word "it（them）"in the first paragraph refers to ____． ‎ ‎3）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____．‎ ‎4）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？‎ ‎2. 猜词方法 ‎1）根据常识、经验猜生词 。例如： ‎ The old man put on his spectacles and began to read． （ ）‎ The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel．（ ） ‎ ‎2）根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：‎ ‎(1)根据文中的定义、解释猜生词 。例如： ‎ Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully．（ ） ‎ The harbor is protected by a jetty—a wall built out into the water．( ) ‎ ‎(2)利用事例或解释猜生词 。例如： ‎ The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye．（ ） ‎ ‎(3)利用重复解释的信息猜生词 。例如： ‎ Mr. Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late．（ ）‎ ‎(4)根据同位关系进行判断：‎ 阅读中出现一些难词，有时后面就是一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这种解释有时也用连词“or”连接。 ‎ a）．．．，and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），a Germanic language． （ ）‎ b）The "Chunnel"，a tunnel（ ）connecting England and France，is now complete．‎ ‎3）利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义 ‎ One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizing—saying the words to themselves in a low voice．（ ） ‎ The early scientific study of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries A.D． （ ）‎ ‎4）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择 文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。 ‎ ‎5）根据转折或对比关系进行判断 根据上下句的连接词，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。分号（；）还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。‎ He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated．（ ） ‎ ‎6) 根据因果关系进行判断 根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。 ‎ Biggest power failure in the city's history… All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted．( ) ‎ ‎7）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断 英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是生词，但掌握了一定的构词法知识，就不难猜出它的词义。 ‎ 例如：Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences--but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete． （ ）‎ Step3: 猜答案方法 ‎ ‎1. 绝对词否决法, 答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。‎ ‎2. 怀疑词判断法：选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。‎ ‎3. 关键词对应法 ‎(ABC=ABC法; ABC=A’B’C’法; ABC=CBA法; ABC≠ABD法)‎ ‎4. 选项的全面性判断法 较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。 ‎ A. to be more successful in his career ‎ B. to solve technical problems ‎ C. to be more specialized in his field ‎ D. to develop his professional skill ‎ Step4: 长、难句分析法 Sample: ‎ Twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung (最高的台阶) out of four million ‎ students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tuesday evening at Jintan County, Jiangsu Province.‎ ‎2．找出谓语动词是抓住核心的关键 Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in corals(珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins, corals have tiny plants which act as "dustmen", taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe.‎ ‎3．语法分析法是准确理解细节的有效方法 当堂导练二：‎ ‎1. 主旨大意题：‎ ‎ Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert （警报） system using text messages delivered to cell phones.‎ ‎　　Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless industry's trade association, CTIA, estimates（估计） more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.‎ ‎　　The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission （FCC） with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.‎ ‎　　“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.‎ ‎　　Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless industry.‎ ‎　　The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.‎ ‎　　There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.‎ ‎　　The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abduction （绑架） emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.‎ ‎　　The service could be in place by 2010.（ 2008年高考英语山东卷B篇）‎ ‎　　66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text？‎ ‎　　A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students ‎　　B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Industry ‎　　C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon 答案：D ‎2. 猜测词义题 Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk， burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?‎ 62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.（2012年北京，B篇，62，答案D）‎ A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager 解析：从burning这个词来说，意为“发热的，强烈的，燃烧的”，后面紧跟动词词组“find out”说明在寻找时刻的心情是很紧张和急迫的，最后是一个宾语从句，是我曾经做错过什么，那么这个题目显然就是选择和“渴望的，热切的”词义，显然为D选项。‎ 3. 细节理解题 Life on Land ‎ Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they--the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.‎ ‎ The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce.‎ Which of the following is TRUE?‎ A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years.‎ B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land.‎ C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.‎ D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land.‎ After class:‎ Step5: 自辅落实 Try to finish two reading passages using the reading skills you have learnt.‎