高三英语一轮复习必备精品SB1B(Unit13——Unit22)专题四：语法 18页

‎ ‎ ‎2010届高三英语一轮复习必备精品SB1B(Unit13——Unit22)‎ 专题四：语法 高考解读 ‎【高考导航】‎ ‎2010高考命题趋向分析：‎ ‎1.三大非谓语动词是英语语法的重点和难点,它们是:不定式、现在分词、过去分词。它们的用法特别的多，同时有特别的复杂，掌握起来还是有一定难度的。所以，2010年的高考备考中它应该是复习的重中之重，它在高考单选中所占的比例是很高的，同学们复习备考是要特别的重视 ‎2. 倒装句和强调句也是高考单选中经常会出现的题目,一般会在一套考题中考查一到两个题目,它们是公式化的东西,只要记住它们的规律就可以了 ‎3.主谓一致在单选中考查的频率不是很高,但在每年的高考题目中也都有考查.它也是有一定的固定规律可遵循的 ‎【真题品析】‎ ‎(2009江苏)21. The population of Jiangsu __ to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million. A. has grown B. have grown C. grew D. are growing 【答案】A考查时态和语态和主谓一致 【点拔】 The population在这里是单数“人口”。而它又表示过去对现在的结果就应用现在完成时 ‎ ‎(2009江苏)26. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year,_________ reduce unemployment pressures. A. help B. to have helped C. to help D. having helped 【答案】C考查非谓语 【点拔】 China are expected to help reduce unemployment pressures. to help 与to hire 位置相同。 【考点定位】 句子的复杂结构 (2009江苏)32.Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school, the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.___________. A. Attend B. To attend C. Attending D. Having attended 【答案】C 考查非谓语 【点拔】主句 .Distinguished guests and friends are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad. Attending the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning 作伴随状语 ‎ 知识网络 语法知识 ‎(I):倒装句和强调句 ‎（2）省略和插入语 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎（3）主谓一致 ‎（4）非谓语动词 精讲点拔 一、强调句和倒装句 ‎【基础过关】‎ 强调句和倒装句 倒装是一种语法手段。 在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时谓语的全部或一部分却提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做倒装。倒装的原因，一是语法结构的需要，一是为了强调。 强调句为了使句子的某一个成分受到强调，改变句子结构  高考重点要求： 1、掌握部分倒装，全部倒装的句型及倒装形式 2、掌握倒装句的都中使用方式 知识点概述 一、强调句 为了突出某一部分重要信息，常常借用语法中的变换句子的正常语序，将某个成分置于句首或句末，或者通过词汇手段突出句子的某个成分 1. it 为先行词的强调结构 It was Li Ping who told me the news. (强调人时才能用who) It was in the park that I met him. (强调地点不能用where，只能用that) It was yesterday that I saw him off at the airport. (强调时间不能用when，只能用that) 2. 助动词do 的强调作用 在行为动词作谓语的句子中，常用“助动词do或did” + 谓语“动词原形”表示强调语气 例如：She did go to see him yesterday. We do have four lessons in the morning. 二、倒装句 句子的排列顺序，通常是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序，谓语在前，主语在后。陈述句一般都是自然语序，一般疑问句都是倒装语序 例如：He speaks English.(陈述句，自然语序) Does he speak English?(疑问句倒装语序) 倒装语序： 全部倒装，整个谓语放在主语之前 部分倒装，谓语中需要强调的是一部分放在主语之前，其他部分仍放在主语之后 倒装语序的作用，着重强调部分放在句首，引人注目。变化句子，使句子生动活泼 例如：The bus comes home.(自然语序) Here comes the bus.(倒装语序) 倒装句除疑问句及“there + be “句之外，陈述句为了强调谓语或谓语某个部分也常可用倒装句，另外so, neither, no等词经常用于对话简略答语的句首，用倒装语序避免重复 【拓展延伸】‎ 一、复习时需注意的要点 1. 全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装 例如：Here he comes. Away they went. 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此" ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ 例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. —It's raining hard. —So it is. 2、only在句首要倒装的情况 例如：Only in this way, can you learn English well. Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 3、在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装 例如：Were I you, I would try it again. 4、只有当Not only…but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only…but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构 例如：Not only you but also I am fond of music. 【典型例题】 例1、The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________with each other. A. they had quarrelled B. they have quarrelled C. have they quarrelled D. had they quarreled 【答案】C。‎ ‎【点拨】  考部分主谓倒装。否定句(如该句中的never)在句首时，应用部分主谓倒装。这类副词有：never ,hardly ,seldom ,scarcely，little等。这句话的意思是：那对老夫妇结婚已经四十年了，连一次架也没吵过 例2、Never before ____ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today. A. has this city been B. this city has been C. was this city D. this city was 【答案】A 。‎ ‎【点拨】： 表示否定含义的副词never 放句首用部分倒装 例3、Only in this way_________ to make improvement in the operating system. A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope 【答案】C。‎ ‎【点拨】  在含有only+状语的句子中，谓语动词要进行倒装。这句话的意思是：只有用这种方法，才能改善操作系统 例4、I feel it is your husband who _______ for the spoiled child. A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame 【答案】A 。‎ ‎【点拨】be to blame是固定短语，意思是“该受责备”。这是一个强调句，强调主语your husband。这句话的意思是：我感觉惯坏孩子该怨你的丈夫。一些考生只注意到blame是及物动词，误选了is to be blamed,这表示将要发生的事，与语义不符 例5、—You forgot your purse when you went out. —Good heavens, _______. A. so did I B. so I did C.I did so D.I so did 【答案】B。‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【点拨】 “so+正装句”的意思是“是的”，表示同意别人所说的话。所提供的情境Good heaven说明自己确实在出门时忘了带钱包，所以回答说：“so I did.”。so I did的意思是“我确实忘了带钱包。”注意区别so I did, so did I, I did so。例：①“He sang this song just now.”—“So did I.”(我也是)②The doctor told me to breathe deeply.“I did so”. (我照着医生的吩咐做了深呼吸)③“You forget to post the letter for me.”—“So I did.”(我的确忘了邮信了) 例6、Not only ________interested in football but ________ beginning to show an interest in it. A. the teacher himself is…all his students are B. the teacher himself is…are all his students C. is the teacher himself…are all his students D. is the teacher himself…all his students are 【答案】D。‎ ‎【点拨】 Not only… but…引导的句子前一部分要用倒装。这句话的意思是：不仅老师对足球感兴趣，学生们也开始对足球感兴趣了 例7、So difficult ________it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well. A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel 【答案】D。‎ ‎【点拨】以“so+形容词”开头的句子要倒装。此句变为不倒装句为：I felt it so difficult to live in an English country that I determined to learn English well.这句话的意思是：在一个说英语的国家里生活那么困难，我决定学习英语 例8、_______can you expect to get a pay rise. A. With hard work B. Although work hard C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard 【答案】C。‎ ‎【点拨】】Only+介词短语(副词、状语从句)+部分倒装 同步练习 ‎1. Mary never does any reading in the evening, _______.‎ A. so does John B. John does too C. John doesn’t too D. nor does John ‎2. _______ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.‎ ‎ A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious ‎3. _______, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. ‎ A. A quiet student as he may be ‎ B. Quiet student as he may be C. Be a quiet student as he may ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ D. Quiet as he may be a student ‎ ‎4. In the dark forests _______, some large enough to hold several English towns. ‎ A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakes ‎ C. many lakes lie D. many lakes stand ‎5. Only after my friend came _______. ‎ A. did the computer repair B. he repaired the computer C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired ‎ ‎6. They have a good knowledge of English but little _______ they know about German. ‎ A. have B. did C. had D. do ‎7. Never before _______ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today. ‎ A. has this city been B. this city has been C. was this city D. this city was ‎8. _______, Carolina couldn’t get the door open. ‎ A. Try as she might B. As she might try ‎ C. She might as try D. Might she as try ‎9. It wasn’t until nearly a month later _______ I received the manager’s reply ‎ A. since B. when C. as D. that ‎10. —_______ that he managed to get the information?‎ ‎—Oh, a friend of his helped him. ‎ A. Where was it B. What was it ‎ C. How was it D. Why was it 参考答案 ‎1. D。当前者的否定情况也适合于后者时，通常用否定副词nor/neither开头引起倒装句（部分倒装），并将助动词与前句的谓语动词保持一致 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2. B。so…that句型的倒装结构。so + 形容词或副词 + 助动词 + 主语 + that 从句。‎ ‎3. B。此题考查as引导的一种特殊倒装句。连词as作“虽然”讲时，引导的让步状语从句通常可与although起首的从句通用，但as所引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，并且倒装的方式比较复杂，其中之一是：（形容词 +）可数名词单数（其前不可加冠词）+ as +主语 + be+主句 ‎4. B。此题考查完全倒装句：地点状语+谓语(be, stand, lie, sit, come)+主语。又因为句子主语是lakes,故谓语应用lie.可翻译为：在森林里有许多湖泊，有些大得能装下几个英国的市镇。‎ ‎5.C 。此题考查only引起倒装句：Only + 状语（从句）+助动词 + 主语 + 谓语动词其余部分 + ……‎ ‎6. D。以否定副词little开头的句子应该部分倒装，即把助动词do放在主语之前 ‎7. A。否定副词短语Never before开头，它所在的句子应该部分倒装，把助动词has放在主语之前 ‎8. A。此题考查as引导特殊倒装句。其结构是：谓语+as+主语+情态动词或助动 ‎ 词+主句。Try as she would=Although he tried或者 However hard he tried, “她虽然尽了最大努力，仍打不开门” ‎ ‎9. D。在强调句型：“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分”中，如果被强调部分不是人，通常只用that。该句被强调部分是not until nearly a month later。‎ ‎10. C。此题考查强调句的疑问式，how是被强调部分 二、主谓一致 ‎ ‎【基础过关】‎ 主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数，需仔细推敲。处理主谓一致要注意语法一致，意义上一致和就近一致 高考重点要求： 1.根据主谓一致的三个原则(语法一致,意义一致，就近一致), 判断和确定句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致 2.掌握固定词组作主语,谓语动词的数与主语保持一致 知识点概述 一、语法上的一致 一个句子的主语是单数时，谓语动词也应是单数形式，主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式例如： Learning English is very important. 学习英语是很重要的 The girl together with her two sisters has left for Nanjing. ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ Both Bob and Tom are my friends. 但如果并列的主语指的是同一个人，同一类物，谓语动词要用单数形式 例如：A singer and dancer is going to attend our meeting. 由and连接的并列单数主语前，如果分别有each, every等修饰时，谓语要用单数 例如：Every boy and every girl was given a present. Each word and each phrase in the dictionary is important. 二、意义上的一致    主语形式是单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词根据意义要用复数；反之主语形式为复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词也用单数。如表示一笔钱，一段时间，一定重量时，这些单位虽是复数形式，但谓语动词是单数形式 例如：It seems to me that five years is so short a time. Two hundred dollars was spent on the books. 有些集体名词，如family, group, class等作主语时，作为整体看待，谓语动词要用单数，就其中一个个成员而言，谓语要用复数 例如：My family is a happy one. My family are watching TV. 三、就近一致    出现几个主语时，谓语动词的人称单复数须和最近的主语保持一致 There be, Here be句型中动词的单复数必须与后置的第一个主语保持一致。当be后面的主语有两个或两个以上的并列成分时，be动词往往与最邻近的一个一致 例如：There is an orange, two apples and many bananas on the table. There are two books and a dictionary on the desk. 两个做主语的名词或代词由either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also等连接时，谓语动词用靠近原则 例如：Neither you nor I am right. Not only the students but also the teacher is going to attend the meeting. 但如果用as well as连接两个主语用靠前原则 例如：Mary as well as you is my friend. 【拓展延伸】 一、复习时需注意的要点 1、集体名词看作整体时，谓语动词用单数，看作各个成员时，谓语用复数 例如：His family isn’t large. His family are all fond of music. 2、些名词如news, maths, physics等虽然有词尾“s”但意义上是单数，谓语动词要用单数 例如：The news is wonderful. Physics is an interesting subject. 3、由数词+表示重量、里程、时间、金钱等名词所构成的复数名词主语，是当作一个整体看待的，后面用单数动词 例如：Five minutes is too short. Ten dollars is enough. 4、主语后面跟有介词with或together with 引导的短语时，谓语动词一般与前面的主语的人称和数一致 ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ 例如：The teacher together with ten students is doing an experiment in the lab. 5、主语前有every或each修饰时，无论有几个主语，谓语动词用单数 例如：Every teacher and every student in our school has been to the Century Park. 【典型例题】 例1、He is the only one of the students who _______a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been 【答案】D。 【点拨】  这是一个定语从句。在one前是否有定冠词决定定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式：one of the students中的先行词是the students，定语从句中的谓语动词要用复数形式。the only one of the students中的先行词是the only one，定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。又因“for three years”是完成时的标志 例2、Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. A. work B. working C. is working D. are working 【答案】C 。 【点拨】 Professor Smith决定谓语动词的数；his assistants和谓语动词的数无关 例3、Not only ______interested in football but ______beginning to show an interest in it. A. the teacher himself is … all his students are B. the teacher himself is …are all his students C. is the teacher himself …are all his students D. is the teacher himself …all his students are 【答案】D. 。 【点拨】not only …but (also )连结两个句子，用部分倒装 例4、----“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _____ to go to university.” ----“So do I.” A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped 【答案】B. 【点拨】“each of +名词复数”谓语用单数 例5、E-mail, as well as telephone, ______ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. hoped 【答案】A. 。 【点拨】本题考察主谓一致，当主语后面跟有as well as短语时，其后的谓语动词不受as well as之后的名词影响，仍然和主语在人称和数上保持一致 例6、Books of this kind ______ well. A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold 【答案】A. 。 【点拨】“kind(s) of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数依kind 单复数而定；“复数名词 + of this/that kind ”作主语时，谓语动词的数依of 前面的名词而定。本题中sell 用作不及物动词表示“销售” 例7、Every possible means ______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used 【答案】C 。 【点拨】mean单数复数一个形式。在本题中代表单数 例8、When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ______ yet. ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided 【答案】D 。 【点拨】不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ 同步练习 1. His “Selected Poems” ______ first published in 1965. A. were B. was C. has been D. were 2. All but one ______ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were 3. Seventy percent of the students here ______ from the country side. A. is B. are C. comes D. has come 4. More than 60 percent of world’s radio programmes ______ in English. A. is B. was C. are D. be 5. The whole class ______ the teacher attentively. A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening 6. The United States of America ______ one of the most developed countries in the world. A. is B. are C. was D. were 7. The air in big cities ______ very dirty by factories. A. are often made B. is often made C. have often made D. has often made 8. A large number of students of this school _______ fond of playing football. A. are B. was C. is D. be 9. Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China. A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study 10. I, who ______ your teacher, will try my best to help you with your lessons. A. be B. am C. are D. is 11. Ten dollars ______a big sum for a small child , and they will go a long way . A. are B. being C. have D. is 12. The rich ______ not always happy. A. are B. is C. has D. have 13. Apples of this kind _______. A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well 14. The Olympic Games _______ held every _______ years. A. is…four B. are…four C. is…five D. are…five 15. No one but her parents ______ it. A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. are knowing 16. ______ a good enough price for this book. A. Two yuans are B. Two yuan are ‎ C. Two yuans is D. Two yuan is 17. No bird and no beast _______ in the lonely island. A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees 18. The news of victories ______ spreading far and wide. A. is B. are C. have been D. were 19.Few of his family ______ with his imaginative ideas. A. agree B. agrees C. are agreed D. is agreed ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎20. The paper for books and newspapers _____ made of wood. A. are B. is C. has D. have 答案1.B2.D3.B4.C5.A6.A7.C8.A9.C10.B11.D12.A13.C14.B15.B16.D17.B18.A19.A20.C ‎ 三、非谓语动词 ‎【基础过关】‎ 非谓语动词 动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词  高考重点要求： 1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用 2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同 3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语，不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构 4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式 5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式 一、动词不定式 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点 （一）动词不定式的特征及用法 1.动词不定式的构成及特征 “to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征 2.动词不定式的用法 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语 1.作主语 例如：To learn English well is not easy.  或  It is not easy to learn English well. 动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型： It is + adj.+ 动词不定式 如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用for It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth. 2.作表语 My wish is to become a teacher. 3.作宾语 Most of us like to watch football matches. 4.作宾语补足语 He told me to be here on time. 5.作定语 I have nothing to say about that thing. 6.作状语 He stopped to have a look. ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3.动词不定式的否定形式 动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形 例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake. 4.动词不定式与疑问词连用 疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分 例如：(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine.（不定式作宾语） (2) How to use the machine is a question.（不定式作主语） (3) The question is when to go there.（不定式作表语） （二）动词不定式的时态和被动形式 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种： 1．一般式to do 例如：I like to read English. 2．进行式to be doing 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time. 3．完成式to have done 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room. 4．被动式to be done 例如：The work is to be done soon. 5．完成被动式to have been done 例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday. 二、分词 分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成 （一）分词的作用 分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语 例如： 1．作定语 Do you know the boy standing at the gate? Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？ 2．作表语 We are excited at the news. The news he told us is exciting. 3．作宾语补足语 I heard him singing a song in the classroom. We found the ground covered with snow. 4．作状语 While lying in bed, he listened to some music. Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful. 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语 （二）分词的时态 现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。 现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生 例如： Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations. 现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 常用作状语。例如： ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ Having finished his homework, he went to bed. （三）现在分词的被动式 被动一般式  being done 被动完成式  having been done This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine. （四）分词的否定形式 分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如： Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again. Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help. （五）分词独立主格结构 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用 例如： Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.    The meeting being over, they all left the room. 三、动名词 动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。 动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语 例如： ⑴ Smoking does great harm to people’s health.（作主语） ⑵ My job is looking after children.（作表语） ⑶ I have finished reading the novel（作宾语） ⑷ We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语） 动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成 例如： He made me angry by not taking the medicine. 动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成 例如： Would you mind my opening the door? 动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。 例如： We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生) Do you remember meeting me there?（在谓语动词前发生） 动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作 例如： I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child. She attended the party without being invited. 【拓展延伸】 一、复习时需注意的要点 1．动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生 例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生） I hope to go there next time.（之后发生） 2．不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生 例如：I’m sorry to have broken your glasses. 3．不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生 例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table. 4．不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做 例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large. ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ The cinema is said to have been built last year. 5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式 例如：I hate eating the same food every day. Would you like to watch TV in the evening? 6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义 例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first. 7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to” 例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.‎ I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop. 8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句 例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious. 9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。 例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park. 10. 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。 例如：Having finished his composition, he went home. While looking through the paper, he found some errors. 【典型例题】 例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 【答案】C。 【点拨】 lead to这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to，look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等 例2、Though _______money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 【答案】C。 【点拨】  lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学 例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 【答案】B 。 【点拨】 risk后面只能带动名词做宾语，含义为“冒……之险” 例4、_____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 【答案】C 。 【点拨】在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，will 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ do是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与one's skin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处 例5、____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 【答案】A 【点拨】put sth. into use “让……投入使用”。显然，put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系，所以用表示被动的过去分词 例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at ‎ the sports stars.‎ A. had B. having C. to have D. have 【答案】C 【点拨】 动词不定式充当目的状语 例7、With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 【答案】C 【点拨】动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题 例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken 【答案】A 【点拨】 take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A 同步练习 ‎1. _____ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual. A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing 2. —Have you decided when_____? —Yes, tomorrow morning. A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 3. I really enjoy_____ that kind of job. A. do B. doing C. to do D. to be doing 4. —There’s a hole in your bag. —l know. I am going to have it_____. A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended 5. The next morning she found the man in bed, _____ dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 6. Tell him_____ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 7. The furniture ______on October 15 was seriously damaged because of a road accident. A. being delivered B. having delivered C. having been delivered D. delivered 8. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday. ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking 9. I can’t imagine_____ that with them. A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing 10. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 11. —Good morning. Can I help you? —I’d like to have this package_____, madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed 12. Slowly she opened the letter, _____. A. her hands trembled slightly B. slightly her hands were trembled C. her hands slightly trembling D. trembling her hands slightly 13. All ______will be present at the conference . A. parties concerned B. parties concerning C. concerned parties D. concerning parties 14. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 15. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 16. Last summer I took a course on_______. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 17. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 18. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 19. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed 20. —The light in the office is still on.‎ ‎—Oh, I forgot_____. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 21. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 22. Not having finished his homework, _____ to watch the game. A. so he was forbidden B. he forbade C. he was forbidden D. mother forbid him 23. The _____ world population is the result of recent advances in medical science. A. increased B. increase C. being increasing D. Increasing 24. _____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave 25. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay 答案 1.D2.A3.B4.C5.A6.B7.D8.B9.D10.A 11.D12.C13.A14.A15.C16.A17.D18.B19.C20.C 21.C22.C23.D24.D25.C 四、省略和插入语 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【基础过关】‎ 省略 为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况： （一）简单句中的省略 1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法 e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同） (I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter. 2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him? 3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to e.g. ---- Are you going there?---- I’d like to (go there). He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). 注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be. ---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have. 4、省略表语 e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty). 5、同时省略几个成分 e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. ---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet. （二）并列句中的省略 两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分 e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school. （三）主从复合句中的省略 1、主句中有一些成分被省略 e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill. (It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance. 2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so. ---- Is he feeling better today? --- I’m afraid not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。 【拓展延伸】‎ 其它省略 1、连词that的省略： ①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。 ②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略 ③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。 2、不定式符号to的省略 ①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment. ②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原 e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree. ③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to e.g. The boy did nothing but play. 3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分） 4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分） 5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略 e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).‎ 插入语  英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语” （一）插入语的类型： 1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等 e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康 I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语 e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours. By the way, where are you from? 3、句子 e.g. He is an honest man, I believe. Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever. （二）插入语的位置 通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开 e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了 What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？ （三）插入语在句中的作用 一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分 e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的 （四）插入语的特殊用法 下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等 e.g. How long did you say she would stay here? When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was （五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语 by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果 ‎ 18‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 同步练习 1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____. A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have 2. ---- I won’t do it anymore. ---- ____? A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do 3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____. A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so 4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____. A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to 5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something. A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is 6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president. A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were 7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again. A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When 8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home. A. Should B. Would C. When D. If 9. I like sports and ____ my brother. A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes 10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri. A. was B. He was C. who is D. although 11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? --- No, and I ____. A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t 12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____. A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going 13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（标准） ‎ ‎— ____, you failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time 14. How long ____ she would stay here? A. did she say B. she said C. did D. / 15. ____ could do such thing? A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think ‎ C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who 参考答案 1~5 ACDBA 6~10 DCABD 11~15 CBCAB 18‎