2020届人教版高考英语必修四课堂要点精析讲义：Unit4SectionⅠWarmingUp&Reading 14页

When we communicate with others, we do not only express ourselves through words, but also through our tones of voice, facial expressions and body language. In fact, many scholars believe that far more information is communicated nonverbally (非口头地). Body language is just an important part of nonverbal communication.‎ Learning another language is more than just learning its words and grammar; it also involves learning another culture. We learn much of our body language before we learn to speak from the time we are children. Body language varies from culture to culture, so it’s important for us to pay attention.‎ Sometimes, cultural differences in appropriate (恰当的) body language can cause discomfort or misunderstanding too. For example, there are definite cultural differences in how much distance should be kept between two speakers. If you are used to keeping distance with people, you will feel very uncomfortable when people get closer to you while talking at a party. We call this the “personal comfort zone”．‎ Another common example of misunderstanding is the use of a smile. In some Asian cultures, a smile can show embarrassment (窘迫，难堪) or apology. However, smiling at a teacher who is unhappy with you is probably not a good idea in most Englishspeaking cultures!‎ So it’s worth learning the cultural differences in body language. Understanding any cultural or regional attitudes can help you improve your communicative (交际的) skills.‎ Section_ⅠWarming Up & Reading — Prereading ‎[原文呈现]‎ COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM?‎ Yesterday, another student and I, representing① our university’s student association②， went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year’s international students③. They were coming to study at Beijing‎ ‎University. We would take them first to their dormitories④ and then to the student canteen⑤. After half an hour of waiting for their flight⑥ to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area ⑦looking around curiously⑧. I stood for a minute watching them⑨ and then went to greet them.‎ The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia⑩， closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain⑪. After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised. Tony approached⑫ Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek⑬！ She stepped back appearing surprised⑭ and put up her hands, as if in defence⑮. I guessed that there was probably a major⑯ misunderstanding⑰.Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada.As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student.Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George’s moving hand.They both apologized — another cultural mistake！‎ ‎[读文清障]‎ ‎①represent/ˌreprI’zent/vt.代表；象征 ‎②association/əˌsəʊsI’eIʃn/n.社团；联系；联想 现在分词短语作定语，前后有逗号隔开时，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎③to meet ... 为不定式短语作目的状语。‎ ‎④dormitory/’dɔːmItrI/n.宿舍　⑤canteen/kæn’tiːn/n.食堂 ‎⑥flight/flaIt/n.飞行；航班 ‎⑦现在分词短语looking around curiously作伴随状语。‎ ‎⑧curiously/’kjʊərIəslI/adv.好奇地 curious/’kjʊərIəs/adj.好奇的 ‎⑨现在分词短语watching them作伴随状语。‎ ‎⑩Colombia/kə’lʌmbIə/n.哥伦比亚(南美洲国家)‎ to arrive为the first person的后置定语。‎ ‎⑪过去分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句who was ...。‎ ‎⑫approach/ə’prəʊtʃ/vt. & vi.接近；靠近；走近 n．接近；方法；途径 ‎⑬kiss sb. on the cheek亲吻某人的脸颊。‎ cheek/tʃiːk/n.面颊 ‎⑭现在分词短语appearing surprised作伴随状语。‎ ‎⑮in defence (of)保护；为了保卫；(为……辩护)‎ defence/dI’fens/n.防御；保卫 defend/dI’fend/vt.保护；保卫 ‎⑯major/’meIdʒə/adj.主要的；重要的；大的 ‎⑰misunderstanding n．误解；误会 misunderstand/ˌmIsʌndə’stænd/vt.误解；误会 交际：没有问题了吗？‎ ‎[第1～2段译文]‎ 昨天，我和另外一名学生代表我们学校的学生会，到首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。他们是来北京大学学习的。我们首先会把他们带到宿舍，然后去学生食堂。等了半个小时之后，他们的航班到达了，我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区，他们好奇地向四周张望。站着观察了他们一会儿后，我便走过去向他们打招呼。‎ 第一个到达的人是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是来自英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。在与他们碰面并介绍他们彼此认识了之后，我(对看到的情景)感到很吃惊。托尼走近朱莉娅，摸了摸她的肩，亲了亲她的脸颊！她后退了几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了双手，好像是在自卫。我猜想这里可能有个大的误会。随后，来自日本的永田明微笑着走了进来，同时来的还有来自加拿大的乔治·库克。当我为他们作介绍时，乔治把手伸向了这位日本学生。然而，就在那时永田明鞠了一躬，所以他的鼻子碰到了乔治伸过来的手。两个人都互相道了歉——又一个文化差错！‎ Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan⑱. When we met yesterday, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself.I moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a question and then shook my hand. When Darlene Coulon from France came dashing⑲ through the door⑳， she recognized Tony Garcia’s smiling face.They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know.Ahmed Aziz, on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls.Men from Middle Eastern and other Muslim countries will often stand quite close to other men to talk but will usually not touch women.‎ ‎⑱Jordan/’dʒɔːdn/n.约旦(西亚国家)‎ ‎⑲dash/dæʃ/vi.猛冲；突进 ‎⑳现在分词短语dashing through the door作方式状语，修饰came。‎ smiling face中的smiling是v.ing形式作face的定语。‎ shake hands握手 adult/’ædʌlt；US ə’dʌlt/n.成人；成年人adj.成人的；成熟的 simply/’sImplI/adv.简单地；只 Muslim/’mʊzlIm/n. & adj.穆斯林(的)；伊斯兰教信徒(的)‎ ‎[第3段译文]‎ 另一位国际学生艾哈迈德·阿齐兹来自约旦。我们昨天见面，我进行自我介绍时，他靠我很近。我往后退了一点儿，但他又上前问了我一个问题，然后同我握手。当来自法国的达琳·库隆从门口匆忙进来时，她认出了托尼·加西亚微笑的面孔。他们握了握手，并且在对方的面颊上吻了两下，因为法国成年人见到熟人就是这么做的。相反地，艾哈迈德·阿齐兹只是朝女孩们点了点头。来自中东和其他穆斯林国家的男士在谈话时通常站得离其他男士很近，但一般不会与女士接触。‎ As I get to know more international friends, I learn more about this cultural “body language”．Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.In the same way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings using unspoken “language” through physical distance, actions or posture.English people, for example, do not usually stand very close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet.However, people from places like Spain， Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them.Most people around the world now greet each other by shaking hands, but some cultures use other greetings as well, such as the Japanese, who prefer to bow.‎ These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed. I have seen, however, that cultural customs for body language are very general — not all members of a culture behave in the same way. In general， though， studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads！‎ get to do sth.逐渐做某事，get之后的动词不定式多为表示认知过程或心理变化的动词，如get to know, get to understand, get to realize等。‎ not all表示部分否定。‎ nor are they comfortable为倒装结构，nor或neither放句首时，句子应使用部分倒装结构。‎ spoken/’spəʊkən/adj.口语的 现在分词短语using unspoken “language”作方式状语。‎ posture/’pɒstʃə/n.姿势；体态 Spain/speIn/n.西班牙(欧洲国家)‎ Italy/’ItəlI/n.意大利(欧洲国家)‎ be likely to很可能……，有希望……‎ likely/’laIklI/adj.可能的 in which cultures have developed是in which引导的定语从句，修饰ways, in which还可用that替换，也可省略不用。‎ in general(＝generally speaking)总的来说；通常(写文章或说话时作总结用的插入语)‎ though在此处为副词用法，意为“然而”。‎ 动名词短语studying international customs在句中作主语。‎ crossroads/’krɒsrəʊdz/n.十字路口 at the crossroads (人生或发展)处于关键时刻(可作表语、状语等)‎ ‎[第4～5段译文]‎ 随着认识的国际朋友越来越多，我也了解到更多不同文化背景下的“身体语言”。各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样。用口头语言交流的同时，人们还使用不出声的“语言”，通过身体间的距离、动作或姿势等来表达情感。比如，英国人通常不会站在离别人太近的地方，也不会一见面就(用身体)接触陌生人。不过，来自西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且可能会(用身体)接触对方。现在世界上大多数人见面要握手相互问候，但有些文化(背景的人)也采取另外一些寒暄方式，比方说，日本人就更愿意鞠躬。‎ 这些行为无所谓好坏，它们只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已。然而，我发现身体语言的文化习俗是多元的——同一种(民族)文化中也并非所有成员的行为都一样。但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免交往中的困难！‎ Prereading Please match the words with their proper meanings.‎ ‎1．defence　　 　 A．to come near or nearer to someone or sth.‎ ‎2．likely B．to keep safe from harm; to protect ‎3．represent C．very large or important, when compared to other things or people of a similar kind ‎4．defend D．a big bedroom for a lot of people ‎5．approach E．to say hello to sb. or to welcome sb.　‎ ‎6．greet F．action of defending oneself against an enemy’s attack ‎7．misunderstand G．to be chosen to speak or act in place of someone ‎8．dormitory H．a formal or official account of facts or opinions ‎9．major I．to understand sth. incorrectly ‎10．statement J．very probably ‎1～5　________________　6～10　________________‎ 答案：1～5　FJGBA　6～10　EIDCH Leadin ‎1．Look at the following pictures.What do these gestures mean? What are they trying to tell us?‎ ‎ (1)You’re great！　(2)I’m sorry.　(3)Nice to meet you.‎ ‎(4)Please stop.　　　　(5)I don’t know.‎ ‎2．What do people in different countries usually do when meeting?‎ ‎(1)China and Britain: handshake ‎(2)Japan: bow ‎(3)Some western countries: hug ‎(4)Russia and France: kiss Whilereading Fastreading ‎1．Read the text and then try to write down the main idea.‎ The text is mainly about different body_languages in different countries. In order to avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads, we had better study_international_customs.‎ ‎2．Read the text and match each paragraph with its main idea.‎ ‎(1)Paragraph ‎1　‎　　A．Different people have different body languages.‎ ‎(2)Paragraphs 2－3 B．Summary of body language.‎ ‎(3)Paragraph ‎4 C．Meet the visitors at the airport.‎ ‎(4)Paragraph 5 D．People from different countries express greetings in different ways.‎ ‎(1)～(4)　________________‎ 答案：(1)～(4)　CDAB Carefulreading ‎(Ⅰ)True (T) or False (F)．‎ ‎1．There are seven international students in the story.(F)‎ ‎2．Englishmen often stand close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet.(F)‎ ‎3．People from Jordan will move very close to you as you introduce yourself to them.(T)‎ ‎4．Some body languages in some countries are good while some countries’ body language are bad.(F)‎ ‎5．All members of a culture behave in the same way.(F)‎ ‎6．Learning English well can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads.(F)‎ ‎(Ⅱ)Choose the best answers according to the text.‎ ‎1．Where is Tony Garcia from?‎ A．Britain.　　　　　　 　B．Japan.‎ C．Colombia. D．Canada.‎ ‎2．From Paragraph 2 we know that Japanese prefer to ________ when they are introduced to others.‎ A．bow B．shake hands C．kiss each other D．touch others’ shoulders ‎3．According to the text, men from the Middle East often ________.‎ A．nod heads and wave hands to girls B．touch others’ heads when they first meet C．kiss each other twice on each cheek when they are introduced to others D．stand quite close to other men when they talk ‎4．From the text, we can know that ________.‎ A．people are likely to keep the same distance in different countries B．men from Muslim countries often stand close to others to shake hands C．people from the same culture may greet each other in different ways D．body language has nothing to do with our life and communication ‎5．From the text, we can infer that people ________.‎ A．are facing multicultural communication problems B．are trying to make progress in English learning C．need to know more people and make friends with them D．are doing business with each other 答案：1～5　CADCA Studyreading Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.‎ ‎1．Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university’s student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year’s international students.‎ ‎[句式分析]‎ ‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　昨天，我和另外一名学生代表我们学校的学生会，去首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。‎ ‎2．After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.‎ ‎[句式分析]‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　等了半个小时之后，他们的航班到达了，我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区，他们好奇地向四周张望。‎ ‎3．They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know.‎ ‎[句式分析]‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　他们握了握手，并且在对方的面颊上吻了两下，因为法国成年人见到熟人就是这么做的。‎ ‎4．Most people around the world now greet each other by shaking hands, but some cultures use other greetings as well, such as the Japanese, who prefer to bow.‎ ‎[句式分析]‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　现在世界上大多数人见面要握手相互问候，但有些文化(背景的人)也采取另外一些寒暄方式，比方说，日本人就更愿意鞠躬。‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A In England recently three foreign gentlemen came to a bus stop and waited. About five minutes later, the bus they wanted came along. They were just going to get on when suddenly there was a loud noise behind them. People rushed onto the bus and tried to push them out of the way. Someone shouted at them. The bus conductor came rushing down the stairs to see what all the trouble was about. The three foreigners seemed all at_sea and looked embarrassed. No one had told them about the British custom of lining up for a bus that the first person who arrives at the bus stop is the first person to get on the bus.‎ Learning the language of a country isn't enough. If you want to have a pleasant visit, find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your host country. You will probably be surprised just how different they can be from your own. A visitor to India would do well to remember that people there consider it impolite to use the left hand for passing food at table. The left hand is supposed to be used for washing yourself. Also in India, you might see a man shaking his head at another to show that he doesn't agree. But in many parts of India a shake of the head means agreement. Nodding your head when you are given a drink in Bulgaria will most probably leave you thirsty.‎ 语篇解读：文章以一个小故事作为开头，向我们介绍了英国人的乘车习惯，并进一步向我们介绍了不同国家肢体语言的内涵。‎ ‎1．The British people tried to push the three gentlemen out of the way, because the gentlemen ________.‎ A．were foreigners　　　　B．didn't have tickets C．made a loud noise D．didn't line up for the bus 解析：选D　细节理解题。由第一段的“No one had told them about the British custom of lining up for a bus that ... on the bus.”‎ 可知，英国人因为这三位外国人没有排队而将他们推到一边。‎ ‎2．According to the article, if you want to have a pleasant journey in a foreign country, you should ________.‎ A．learn the language of the country B．understand the manners and customs of the country C．have enough time and money D．make friends with the people there 解析：选B　细节理解题。由第二段第二句话“If you want to have a pleasant ... your host country.”可知，当我们到国外旅行时，应该对目标国的风俗有所了解。‎ ‎3．What does the underlined phrase “at sea” probably mean?‎ A．Tired. B．Disappointed.‎ C．Pleased. D．Confused.‎ 解析：选D　词义猜测题。根据画线短语后的一句话可知，这三位外国人对英国的风俗并不知情，由此可知，当他们面对英国人当时的反应时会感到迷惑。‎ ‎4．In India it is considered impolite to________.‎ A．use the right hand for passing food at table B．pass food with the left hand C．eat food with your hands D．help yourself at table 解析：选B　细节理解题。由第二段的“A visitor to India would do well ... left hand for passing food at table.”可知，在印度用左手递食物被认为是不礼貌的。‎ B Car companies such as Tesla and Nissan have been leading the way in electric car technology. What makes these cars “green” is that because they run on electricity instead of gasoline, they do not give off any polluting greenhouse gases. The Toyota Mirai is also a kind of green car, since it is powered by a hydrogen fuel battery (氢燃料电池)．‎ Hydrogen, as you know, exists in large quantities on the earth. It was used to power gaslights for centuries before electric lights came along. Hydrogen fuel can be made from many sources including solar, natural gas and even rubbish. In terms of energy contained, ‎9.5 kg of hydrogen is equal to ‎25 kg of gasoline. According to Toyota, the two tanks on the Mirai hold ‎5 kg of hydrogen, and can cover a distance of over 300 miles. This is twice the output of gasoline cars.‎ In a hydrogen fuel battery, the one proton (质子) and one electron in a hydrogen atom are broken up. While the electrons power the car, the positivelycharged hydrogen proton combines with the oxygen atom to produce water. The process also produces a lot of heat ‎ which turns this water into water vapor. This is the reason that cars running on hydrogen fuel batteries give off water vapor from their exhaust pipes when running.‎ According to Toyota, it takes only 5 minutes to refill a hydrogen tank, which is much quicker than charging electric cars. However, the biggest challenge for the company is the availability of hydrogencharging stations. California and the New England states are in the process of building a hydrogen superhighway — with charging stations along the way. Countries like Germany, Japan and the UK are also adding more charging stations.‎ The Toyota Mirai began to be available in the US in the second half of 2015 for $57,500. This hydrogenfueled car will probably take the place of gasoline cars in the near future. After all, it is an energysaving and environment friendly car.‎ ‎5．According to the passage, hydrogen ________.‎ A．is a newlydiscovered energy source B．can only be made from limited sources C．provides more energy than an equal amount of gasoline D．will soon become the main fuel for most of Toyota's cars　‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In terms of energy contained, ‎9.5 kg of hydrogen is equal to ‎25 kg of gasoline.”可知，同等量的氢比汽油所提供的能量更多，故选C。‎ ‎6．What can we learn about the Toyota Mirai?‎ A．It runs on both gasoline and hydrogen.‎ B．It has become a great threat to other electric cars.‎ C．It gives off only a few polluting greenhouse gases.‎ D．It may sell well with more charging stations around.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据文中多处提及的该车的优点和第四段中的“the biggest challenge ... the availability of hydrogencharging stations”可知，如果将来能够配备足够多的充气站，那么该车的销量可能会很好，故选D。‎ ‎7．What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A．A new wave of green cars B．The benefits of electric cars C．Tesla：a leading car company D．Hydrogen: a future energy source 解析：选A　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了丰田公司推出的一款新能源汽车——Mirai。这款利用氢燃料电池来驱动的汽车有着诸多靠汽油驱动的汽车所不具备的优点，故A项作文章标题最恰当。‎ C I was in the Santa Cruz‎ ‎Mountains not long ago, speaking and singing at a women's conference. We were focusing on the theme of loving others in practical ways through our gifts, and something in particular happened during one of the sessions will remain imprinted in my memory.‎ A young Syrian woman (Lilith) was invited to the conference at the last minute, and everyone seemed surprised and delighted that she'd actually come. Just a few days earlier, Lilith had fled her country and found refuge with one of the women attending the conference. As an Orthodox Christian in Syria, she and her loved ones had become attacked targets of violent terrorist groups in the country's ongoing civil war.‎ Lilith had witnessed horrors no one of her young age should ever see. Despite the further danger it presented, she'd decided to leave her home and her family to find safety here in America. Knowing some of her story, and seeing her sitting through the sessions at_the_retreat — head, covered in a scarf, bowed toward the floor — broke my heart.‎ Lilith's story touched all of us, including Pam, who was a quilt maker. Pam had just finished a beautiful quilt, and had brought it with her. She, along with a few of the leaders, decided to give it to Lilith as a symbol of their comfort and love. Lilith had left her own mother behind in her homeland, and I can't imagine how frightened and alone she felt. But I could see there were lots of “mamas” in this community of women who were more than ready to love her.　‎ During our last session, Lilith was called forward and prayed over, hugged, and wrapped up in that beautiful quilt. I thought of the many hours Pam undoubtedly spent working on it, and the terrible events that led Lilith to this moment — surrounded by the beauty and love the quilt embodied. I wept. When they told her it was for her, she wept.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者叙述了自己参加爱心妇女大会的经历。叙利亚女子Lilith为了躲避恐怖分子的袭击，来到美国寻求庇护，并得到了作者及其他女士的帮助。‎ ‎8．Why did Lilith go to America?‎ A．To attend the women's conference.‎ B．To find safety.‎ C．To find her family.‎ D．To find a better job.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“she'd decided to leave her home and her family to find safety here in America”告诉我们，她离开家乡去美国是为了寻找安全。‎ ‎9．The underlined phrase “at the retreat” is most closest to “________” in meaning.‎ A．hang back B．hide from others C．bravely enough D．full of sadness 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据该短语后面的内容——头上包着围巾，头压得很低可知，她在会议上畏缩不前。所以该短语的意义是hang back。‎ ‎10．From this passage, we know that the writer is ________.‎ A．enthusiastic B．sympathetic C．intelligent D．talented 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“broke my heart”和文章最后的“I wept”可以推知，作者富有同情心。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 Questions to Ask Before Getting Your Child a Cellphone At what age should you get your child a cellphone? __1__ However, before you decide to add your child to your family plan, ask yourself these questions.‎ ‎__2__‎ If you and your child are not often apart beyond school hours, a cellphone may not be a serious necessity, but if he is independent or involved in extracurricular (课外的) activities outside your home, a cellphone could be useful, especially during emergencies as a convenient means of communication with you.‎ Does your child understand the cost?‎ Make sure your child understands the cost of having a cellphone. __3__ Some options to help control costs include prepaid and postpaid phones, setting a monthly budget for your child.‎ How can you keep your child's phone usage safe and under control?‎ Before you get your child a phone, you should discuss what it can be used for, rules he is expected to follow, and consequences if he fails to follow them. __4__‎ ‎__5__ If you prefer to take an extra step towards monitoring his phone use, these application programs allow you to track your child's mobile activity.‎ A．Who needs a cellphone?‎ B．How can you determine whether or not to buy a cellphone for your child?‎ C．You ask your child to make use of his cellphone for learning.‎ D．Also be sure that he can be trusted to stay within his limits from month to month.‎ E．Also, educate yourself on what social media apps are popular with teens.‎ F．According to Pew‎ Research ‎Center, the average age is between 12 and 13.‎ G．For example, is the phone only to be used to call family, or can it be used socially?‎ 1.选F　根据文章的大意和本段首句中的关键信息词“At what age”可知，回答的问题涉及孩子的年龄，故选项F符合语境。‎ ‎2．选B　根据下一段中的两个if条件句，“如果你孩子不常离开你们……”和“‎ 如果你孩子很独立或常参加课外活动……”来确定该不该买手机，由此可推断出该段的标题为“How can you determine whether or not to buy a cellphone for your child”。‎ ‎3．选D　由上一句提出的“the cost of having a cellphone”和后一句分析的几种选择的方式可知，此空该填入D项合适。此外，“Also be sure”与“Make sure”相呼应。‎ ‎4．选G　由前一句中的关键信息“discuss what it can be used for, rules ... and consequences if he fails to follow them”即可推断出，“For example, is the phone only to be used to call family, or can it be used socially”符合语境。G项举例说明了孩子该如何使用手机。‎ ‎5．选E　由空格后一句中的关键信息“these application programs allow you to track your child's mobile activity”即可推断出E项符合语境。E项中的“social media apps”与下文中的“these application programs”相照应。‎