2019年度高考英语人教版必修三课堂要点精析讲义：Unit4SectionⅠWarmingUp&Reading 13页

If you watch the sky about an hour after the sun goes down, you may see some “moving stars”. But they're not real stars. They are man­made satellites. And the biggest of all is the International Space Station (ISS 国际空间站)． From now until July is the best season to watch the ISS flying over the earth, and people can see it just with their eyes. The ISS is the biggest man­made satellite because scientists want to live on it. They think that the best way to learn more about space is to live there. When the space station is finished, it will be like a city in space. People will stay and study there with many of the things they have at home. Laboratories, living rooms and power stations are being built. The ISS is the most ambitious and expensive space program ever. Billions of dollars are being spent on it every year. Scientists hope that the ISS will be a stepping­stone for future space exploration. “The ISS will help us better understand the human body, explore space and study the earth. It can help us make life on the earth better，” said Kathryn Clark, an ISS scientist. China is not an ISS country, but it has helped with some of the experiments. China sent some rice up to the ISS to find out what space would do to it. The ISS is not finished yet. More than 100 parts need to be put on. Scientists hope it will be finished as soon as possible. After it's finished, more than 90% of the world's population will be able to see the Space Station. So keep looking up, and maybe you'll see it get bigger. Section_Ⅰ Warming__Up_&_Reading_—_Pre­reading [原文呈现] [读文清障] HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago①. However, according to② a widely accepted③ theory④ ， the universe began with⑤ a “Big Bang⑥” that threw matter in all directions⑦. After that, atoms⑧ began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. For several billion⑨ years after the “Big Bang”， the earth was still just a cloud of dust⑩. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe ⑪ . The earth became so violent ⑫ that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not ⑬ . It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to ⑭ produce carbon dioxide ⑮ ， nitrogen ⑯， water vapour ⑰ and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere ⑱. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down ⑲， water began to appear on its surface. ①as it happened so long ago 是 as 引导的原因状 语从句。 ②according to“根据”，后跟名词、代词等，不 跟 me, us, view, opinion 等词。 ③widely accepted 广泛接受的 ④theory/'θIərI/ n．学说；理论 ⑤begin with (＝start with) 从……开始，起源于 ⑥Big Bang 宇宙大爆炸；创世大爆炸 ⑦in all directions (＝in every direction)朝四面八 方 ⑧atom/'ætəm/ n．原子 ⑨billion/'bIlIən/pron.&n.&adj.〈英〉万亿；〈美〉 十亿 ⑩a cloud of dust 一团尘埃 a cloud of 一般用来修饰不可数名词。 ⑪globe/ɡləʊb/ n．球体；地球仪；地球 global/'ɡləʊbl/ adj.全球性的；全世界的 ⑫violent/'vaIələnt/ adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴 的 ⑬it 为形式主语，whether 从句为真正的主语。 ⑭in time to do sth./for sth.及时做某事；来得及做 某事 in time 及时；终于 ⑮carbon dioxide 二氧化碳　 carbon/'kɑːbən/ n．碳 dioxide/daI'ɒksaId/ n．二氧化物 ⑯nitrogen/'naItrədʒən/ n．氮 ⑰water vapour 蒸气；水蒸气 vapour/'veIpə/ n．水蒸气；蒸气 ⑱atmosphere/'ætməsfIə/ n．大气层；气氛 ⑲cool down 凉下来，冷却 地球上生命的起源 [第 1～2 段译文] 没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始的，因为在很久以前它就形成了。然而，根据一种普遍 为人们所接受的理论，宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。然后， 原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。 大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了，地球还只是一团尘埃。(随后)它变成什么没人确定，直到 45～38 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固态的球体。地球变得如此激烈动荡，以至于 不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。它(地球)猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火和岩石，最终产 生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。更重要的是，随着地 球冷却了下来，地球的表面开始出现了水。 Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike ⑳ the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental○21 to the development of life○22 . What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water○23 allowed the earth to dissolve○24 harmful○25 gases and acids○26 into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction○27 ， which made it possible for life to develop. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied○28 and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen○29 ， which encouraged○30 the later development of early shellfish○31 and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, ○32 called amphibians○33 ， were able to live on land as well as○34 in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles○35 appeared for the first time. They produced young generally by laying eggs○36 . After that, some huge animals, called ⑳unlike/ʌn'laIk/ prep.与……不同；不像 反义词 like prep.与……相同 ○21 fundamental/ˌfʌndə'mentl/ adj.基本的；基 础的 be fundamental to 是……的基础 ○22 It was not immediately obvious that ..., it 为 形式主语，that 引导的从句为真正的主语。 ○23 the continued presence of water 水的长期存 在 continued adj.持续不断的 presence/'prezns/ n．出席；到场；存在 ○24 dissolve/dI'zɒlv/vt.&vi.溶解；解散 ○25 harmful/'hɑːmfl/ adj.有害的 be harmful to 对……有害(＝do harm to) ○26 acid/'æsId/ n．酸 ○27 a chain reaction 连锁反应 chain/tʃeIn/n.链子；连锁；锁链 in chains 戴着镣铐 reaction/rI'ækʃn/ n．反应；回应 ○28 multiply/'mʌltIplaI/vi.&vt.乘；增加 ○29 oxygen/'ɒksIdʒən/ n．氧 ○30 encourage vt.鼓励；激励；促进；激发 ○31 shellfish/'ʃelfIʃ/n.水生有壳动物 dinosaurs○37 ， developed. They laid eggs too and existed○38 on the earth for more than 140 million years. However, 65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs○39 ended. Why they suddenly disappeared○40 still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals○41 on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to○42 young baby animals and produced milk to feed them. ○32 called amphibians“被称为两栖动物”，过去 分词短语 called ...作后置定语。 ○33 amphibian/æm'fIbIən/ n．两栖动物 ○34 as well as 也；还；与……一样好 ○35 reptile/'reptaIl/n.爬行动物；爬虫 ○36 lay eggs 下蛋；产卵 ○37 dinosaur n．恐龙 ○38 exist/Ig'zIst/vi.存在；生存 ○39 the age of the dinosaurs 恐龙时代 ○40 why 引导的主语从句。 ○41 the rise of mammals 哺乳动物的兴起 mammal/'mæml/ n．哺乳动物 ○42 give birth to 产生；分娩 [第 3～4 段译文] 在其他行星像火星上也出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。水对生命 的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。很多科学家相信，地球上长期有水存在，使地 球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为 可能。 好几百万年以后，水的表面开始出现了第一批极小的植物。它们繁殖起来使得海洋充满 了氧气，这为早期的贝类及各种鱼类后来的进化创造了条件。接着，绿色植物开始在陆地上 生长。随后，陆地上出现了动物，其中有一些是昆虫，另外一些叫两栖动物，它们既能在陆 地上生活，也能在水里生活。后来，当这些植物长成森林时，爬行动物第一次出现了。它们 一般是通过孵蛋来繁衍后代的。再后来，一些叫恐龙的巨型动物出现了。它们也生蛋，在地 球上生存了一亿四千多万年。然而，六千五百万年前，恐龙时代结束了。它们为什么会突然 灭绝至今仍是个谜。恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的兴起成为了可能。这些动物不同于以往 所有的生命形态，因为它们从体内生产出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳。 Finally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus○43 they have, in their turn○44 ， become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping○45 from the earth into space. As a result of○46 this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on○47 . So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on ○48 whether this problem can be solved. ○43 thus/ðʌs/ adv.因此；于是 ○44 in one's turn 轮到某人；接着 ○45 prevent ...from doing 阻止/制止……做 ○46 as a result of 由于……的结果 ○47 too hot to live on 太热而不能在上面居住 too ...to ...太……而不能……； live on 中的 on 不能省略，因为 the earth 是 其逻辑上的宾语，而 live 是不及物动词， 后须加介词才能跟宾语。 ○48 depend on 取决于；依靠 [第 5 段译文] 最后，大约 260 万年前，一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了，它们散布在地球的各 个地方。于是，他们接着成了这个行星上最重要的动物。然而，他们并没有照顾好地球，他 们把过多的二氧化碳排放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。因此，许 多科学家相信地球可能会变得太热而不适合(生物的)生存。所以，在未来的数百万年中，生 命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。 Pre­reading Please match the words with their proper meanings. 1．astronomy　　　　　　　　 A．学说；理论 2．system B．猛烈的；激烈的 3．theory C．大气层；气氛 4．violent D．基本的；基础的 5．atmosphere E．乘；增加 6．fundamental F．谜；(使)迷惑 7．harmful G．存在；生存 8．multiply H．有害的 9．exist I．天文学 10．puzzle J．系统；体系；制度 11．unlike K．宗教；宗教信仰 12．religion L．与……不同；不像 1～5________　6～10________　11～12________ 答案：1～5　IJABC　6～10　DHEGF　11～12　LK Lead­in Look at the pictures below and answer the following questions. 1．Are you interested in astronomy？What can you see in the following pictures? 答案：A.The Solar System B．The Milky Way　C．The Black Hole 2．Each religion and culture has its own ideas about how life began on the earth. What do you know about the origin of life on the earth? (1) 　In Chinese culture， Nüwa made human beings. (2) 　 In western countries， God created the world and all living things. While­reading Fast­reading 1．First look at the title and the pictures of the text, and then skim the first sentence of each paragraph and finish the following question. What's the main idea of the text? The passage mainly tells us the_formation_of_the_earth_and_the_development_of_life_on_it. 2.Match the main idea with the proper paragraph. (1)Paragraph 1　 A ．How humans appeared and what effects they had on the earth. (2)Paragraph 2 B．Water is very important to life on the earth. (3)Paragraph 3 C．How the earth formed. (4)Paragraph 4 D．How the plants and animals on the earth developed. (5)Paragraph 5 E．It is widely accepted that the universe began with a “Big Bang”． 答案：(1)～(5)　ECBDA Careful­reading Choose the best answers according to the text. 1．This passage is mainly about ________. A．the earth's atmosphere B．the solar system C．the development of life D．the difference between the earth and other planets 2．What happened shortly after the “Big Bang”？ A．The earth was just a cloud of energetic dust. B．The earth became a solid ball quickly. C．The earth's atmosphere appeared. D．Water stayed on the moon. 3．What makes the earth different from other planets? A．It's quite warm on the earth. B．There is plenty of atmosphere. C．Small plants growing on the surface of the water appeared. D．The first oceans and seas were filled with oxygen. 4．When ________， reptiles appeared. A．the first green plants began to appear on land B．land animals appeared C．the plants grew into forests D．early shellfish developed 答案：1～4　CACC Study­reading Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text. 1．No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. [句式分析] [尝试翻译]　没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始的，因为在很久以前它就形成了。 2．What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. [句式分析] [尝试翻译]　随后它变成什么没人确定，直到 45～38 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成 了一个固态的球体。 3．What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. [句式分析]　这是一个复合句。what 引导主语从句；that 引导表语从句；as 在表语从句 中引导状语从句。 [尝试翻译]　更重要的是，随着地球的不断冷却，地球表面出现了水。 4．So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. [句式分析] [尝试翻译]　所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能 否得到解决。 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Edmund Halley was an English scientist who lived over 200 years ago. He studied the observations of comets (彗星) which other scientists had made. The orbit of one particular comet was a very difficult mathematical (数学) problem. He could not figure it out. Neither could other scientists who dealt with such problems. However, Halley had a friend named Newton, who was a brilliant mathematician. Newton though he had already worked out that problem, but he could not find the papers on which he had done it. He told Halley that the orbit of a comet had the shape of an ellipse (椭圆)． Now Halley set to work. He figured out (解决；计算出) the orbits of some of the comets that had been observed by scientists. He made a surprising discovery. The comets that had appeared in the years 1531, 1607, and 1682 all had the same orbit. Yet their appearances had been 75 to 76 years apart. This seemed very strange to Halley. The different comets followed the same orbit. The more halley thought about it, the more he thought that there had not been three different comets, as people thought. He decided that they had simply seen the same comet three times. The comet had gone away and had come back again. It was an astonishing idea! Halley felt certain enough to make a prediction (预言) of what comet would happen in the future. He decided that this comet would appear in the year 1758. There were 53 years to go before Halley's prediction could be tested. In 1758 the comet appeared in the sky. Halley did not see it, for he has died some years before. Ever since then that comet has been called Halley's comet, in his honor. 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了200多年前英国科学家哈雷以及他的发现。 1．Halley made his discovery ________. A．by doing experiments B．by means of his own careful observation C．by using the work of other scientists D．by chance 解析：选 C　细节理解题。由文中第三段“He figured out (解决；计算出) the orbits of some of the comets that had been observed by scientists.”可知应选 C。 2．Halley made a surprising, but correct prediction in the year ________. A．1704　　　　　　　　　 B．1705 C．1706 D．1707 解析：选 B　数字计算题。第五段中的“He decided that this comet would appear in the year 1758. There were 53 years to go before Halley's prediction could be tested.”这句话告诉我们：他 预言彗星出现的时间是 1758 年，而这个预言还要经过 53 年才能验证，由此可以推断出哈雷 做出这个预言的时间是 1705 年。 3．This passage in general is about ________. A．Halley and other scientists B．the orbit of a comet C．Newton and Halley D．Halley and his discovery 解析：选 D　主旨大意题。文章的中心就是哈雷以及他的发现。 4．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Edmund Halley was an American scientist. B．Halley made his discovery by doing experiments. C．Newton was a famous mathematician. D．The orbit of a comet had the shape of a circle. 解析：选 C　细节理解题。从文章首句可以看出 A 项错误；从第 1 题的分析中可知 B 项也错误；牛顿告诉哈雷彗星的轨道是椭圆形的，可排除 D 项。 B The plan：turn the Mars into a blue world with streams and green fields, and then fill it with creatures from the earth. This idea may sound like something from science fiction, but it is actually being taken seriously by many researchers. This suggests the future for the “red planet” will be the main topic for discussion at an international conference hosted by NASA this week. Leading researchers as well as science fiction writers will attend the event. It comes as NASA is preparing a multi­billion­dollar Mars research programme. “Turning the Mars into a little earth has long been a topic in science fiction ， ”said Dr.Michael Meyer, NASA's senior scientist. “Now, with scientists exploring the reality, we can ask what are the real possibilities of changing the Mars.” Most scientists agree that the Mars could be turned into a little earth, although much time and money would be needed to achieve this goal. But many experts are shocked by the idea. “We are destroying our own world at an unbelievable speed and now we are talking about ruining another planet，” said Paul Murdin from the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK. Over the past months, scientists have become increasingly confident they will find Martian life forms. Europe and America's robot explorers have found the proof that water, mixed with soil, exists in large amounts on the planet. In addition, two different groups of scientists announced on March 28 that they had found signs of methane (甲烷) in the Martian atmosphere; the gas is a waste product of living creatures and could be produced by microbes (微生物) living in the red planet's soil. But scientists such as Dr.Lisa Pratt, a biologist at Indiana University, say that these microbes will be put in danger by the little earth project. “Before we have even discovered if there is life on the Mars, we are talking about carrying out projects that would destroy all these native life forms, all the strange microbes that we hope to find buried in the soil，” said Dr. Pratt. Monica Grady, a planetary scientist at the Natural History Museum, London, shares this view.“We cannot risk starting a global experiment that would wipe out the precious information we are looking for，” she said. “This is just wrong.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇科普说明文。在太空开拓人类新的生存领地一直是科幻小说的主 题，也是人类一直希望实现的梦想。如今，美国的一部分科学家想把红色火星改造成蓝色的 “生命天堂”。就这一提议科学家们展开了讨论。 5．The passage is about ________. A．a plan turning the Mars into a little earth B．the necessity of changing the Mars C．finding water on the Mars D．the Mars supporting life 解析：选 A　主旨大意题。由第一段可以看出，人们计划将火星变为一个小地球。后文 就这一计划是否应该实施进行了探讨。故文章是围绕将火星变为小地球这一话题展开的。 6．Why is Dr. Lisa Pratt against the plan? A．Water has been found on the Mars. B．It will cost too much money and work. C．The native life forms on the Mars would be destroyed. D．The earth is being destroyed at an unbelievable speed. 解析：选 C　细节理解题。由倒数第三段中的“... these microbes will be put in danger by the little earth project.”可知，莉萨博士反对该计划的原因是担心火星上的微生物会受到破坏。 7．What could prove the existence of microbes living in the Mars' soil? A．Liquid water on the Mars. B．Some creatures on the Mars. C．A lot of good soil on the Mars. D．Signs of methane in the Mars' atmosphere. 解析：选 D　推理判断题。由倒数第四段可以看出，科学家在火星上发现了甲烷，而甲 烷是生物排放出的一种气体。由此科学家认为火星上有生物存在。 C My friend Tim was one of five children. His father was an alcoholic and died very young, and his mother was unable to support the family. Unfortunately, the children were separated and placed in foster homes (收养家庭)． Tim dropped out of school and did nothing to further himself. He eventually went through a divorce. Tim's brother, although experiencing the same childhood, educated himself and got a good job. He has a happy family and a wonderful home. Both brothers gave a similar answer when asked why their lives turned out the way they did. They said, “You'd turn out this way too if you had a childhood like mine.” Neither of the brothers could change his past, but one of them adjusted (调整) his sail. It doesn't take much to find an excuse whether that is our family background, our lack of education, or that we live in the wrong city, or do not know the right people. Each one of these excuses has a solution. However, if you believe that there is nothing you can do to turn your life around, then you won't be able to change your life for the better. If you really desire to turn your life to a new course, to set your sail to a different port, it is a matter of choice. If you choose to move forward, the easiest way is to find a solution to your today's situation. Solutions are there if you want to go after them. Sure, it may take some hard work, or the willingness to take a risk. But if you do not, then you will never have a different or happy life. Do not limit yourself by finding an excuse; only limit yourself by refusing to have an excuse. 语篇解读：本文为夹叙夹议文。我们的过往是什么样子并不是很重要，因为未来掌握在 我们自己手里。 8．Why does Tim's brother have a happy life? A．He had a happy childhood. B．He tried hard to change his life. C．He had a wonderful foster home. D．He was the smartest of his family. 解析：选 B　推理判断题。由第二段“Tim's brother, although experiencing the same childhood, educated himself and got a good job.”可知，Tim 的哥哥努力改变自己的命运。 9．What did Tim think led to his unhappy life? A．His laziness. B．Not adjusting his sail. C．His unhappy childhood. D．Not having any opportunities. 解析：选 C　细节理解题。由第三段“They said, ‘You'd turn out this way too if you had a childhood like mine.’”可知，Tim 将自己的不幸归咎于自己不幸的童年。 10．What is the best title for the text? A．Adjust your sail B．Say “no” to excuses C．Move toward a happy family D．How we live our life is a choice 解析：选 D　标题归纳题。由最后一段“If you really desire to turn your life to a new course, to set your sail to a different port, it is a matter of choice”可知，本文旨在告诉我们，想 过什么样的生活在于我们自己怎么选择。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五 It is often seen that in many homes young children ask their parents for a pet, and yet their parents refuse due to the fear of spreading illnesses and the responsibility that comes with owning a pet. __1__ Here are some things that kids can learn from pets： Empathy (移情) and calmness. __2__ These lessons will help them in the future when they deal with other humans. And as they take care of their pets, children learn how to be calm, gentle, and caring, eventually growing up to be open and compassionate (有同情心的) adults. Companionship. Once you have a pet, your kid can always depend on having a friend and companion who will love and support him unconditionally. This makes him more self­confident and also helps in developing an active lifestyle. __3__ Responsibility and discipline. __4__ Research shows that training of pets also develops discipline in kids. Appreciation of such achievements is sure to encourage them, and this will help them in the future. Reading skills. __5__ It is because while kids might be unwilling to read aloud in a formal setting, like a school, they are more confident to read out to animals, as the fear of being judged is not present. A．Proper care leads to good relationships with the animals. B．Pets can help with the educational development of children. C．Having a pet will help kids learn about the circle of life and death. D．But getting a pet is actually a good idea due to the various benefits. E．Tasks like feeding and walking the dog teach children to be responsible. F．This is especially important for only kids who don't have friends to play with. G．Being with pets, kids learn that animals feel pain and want love just like humans. 答案：1～5　DGFEB