【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题短文改错设题特点解读及解题指导（13页word版） 13页

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题短文改错设题特点解读及解题指导 ‎[高考大数据]‎ ‎[考情精分析]‎ 一、短文改错命题原则表——高考就考这些点 短文改错题涉及词法、句法以及行文逻辑等方面的错误，考查点主要集中在名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词或连词等方面的错误，其中考查重点涉及动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、连词方面的错误。同时也需要注意，短文改错的错误类型一般不涉及标点符号，单词的拼写以及带汉语注释的超纲词汇等方面的错误。‎ 着眼点 具体思考点 词法 动词 时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气 名词 可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格 代词 主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词 形容词、副词 原级、比较级、最高级 冠词 不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词 介词 基本用法、固定搭配 词性误用 形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词 句法 连词(并列连词和从句引导词)、主谓一致，there be句型与特殊句式 行文逻辑 时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致 二、短文改错意识原则表——答题就按此法办 短文改错10处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词2～3个，错词7～8个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。‎ 类型 总数(10)‎ 具体思考点 多、缺词 ‎2～3‎ be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词 错词 ‎7～8‎ 连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等 ‎[分类例析]‎ 错多缺中查冠词 短文改错对冠词的考查主要集中在冠词的多余、冠词的缺失和冠词的错用这三个方面。考生在平时要牢固掌握定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的使用规律，平时留意冠词的使用，努力培养语感，并熟记固定结构中冠词的使用情况。‎ ‎[典题感悟]‎ ‎[例1]　(2016·四川高考)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.‎ ‎[分析]　kitchen前加the　此处应指我们家的厨房，故在kitchen前加the。‎ ‎[例2]　(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy in a shop window ... A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.‎ ‎[分析]　第三个a→the　特指上文提到的商店，因此要用定冠词the。‎ ‎[例3]　(2014·辽宁高考)Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.‎ ‎[分析]　第一个a→an　average 以元音音素开头，前面的不定冠词应为an。‎ ‎[例4]　(2016·东北三校第一次联考)Mr Smith, the head of the group, will plan for the whole trip.‎ ‎[分析]　去掉第一个the　表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词作同位语时，其前面不用冠词。‎ 左顾右盼查名词 考生应注意搜寻名词本身出现的错误，还要看该名词前面是否缺限定词、该用何种限定词，尤其要查名词前冠词的使用情况。当名词前面有形容词修饰时更要加倍注意。‎ ‎[典题感悟]‎ ‎[例1]　(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Since then — for all these year — we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.‎ ‎[分析]　year→years　these“这些”后修饰可数名词的复数，故应该用years。‎ ‎[例2]　(2013·全国卷Ⅱ)This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.‎ ‎[分析]　grow→growth　此处grow要作介词for的宾语，应用名词形式。‎ ‎[例3]　(2014·辽宁高考)We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking.‎ ‎[分析]　time→times　此处time表示“次数”为可数名词，前面有several，应用复数。‎ ‎[例4]　(2016·天水一中模拟)But the problem is that there are not enough sports facilities to meet the public growing demand.‎ ‎[分析]　public→public’s　此处表示“满足公众的日益增长的需求”，应用所有格。‎ 与时俱进查动词 考生应认真分析动词时态、语态的使用是否正确，是否应用非谓语动词形式。尤其要根据上下文所提供的时间信息，仔细推敲，从而确定正确的动词时态。同时还需要考虑主谓一致与虚拟语气。‎ ‎[典题感悟]‎ ‎[例1]　(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. ‎ ‎[分析]　think→thought　前句是一般过去时，且本复合句的从句用了过去将来时，故此处应用一般过去时，以符合“时态一致”原则。‎ ‎[例2]　(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.‎ ‎[分析]　去掉been　此处表示“研究表明”，所以用主动语态。‎ ‎[例3]　(2013·四川高考)Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asked me to let her to copy my answers.‎ ‎[分析]　去掉copy前的to　let后跟不带to的不定式作宾补。‎ ‎[例4]　(2013·陕西高考)Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.‎ ‎[分析]　Felt→Feeling　根据句子的结构可知，feel与we之间为主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语。‎ ‎[例5]　(2016·银川一中二模)What you have gained are the result of your hard work. ‎ ‎[分析]　are→is　主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[例6]　(2015·四川高考)It’s been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.‎ ‎[分析]　want后加to　有些动词，如want, decide, plan等后应接带to的动词不定式作宾语。‎ 起承转合查连词 考生应认真分析句子结构，如果是并列句或复合句，要特别注意前后分句或主从句的关系，确保在意义和结构上通顺流畅。‎ ‎[典题感悟]‎ ‎[例1]　(2016·青岛市统一质检)Besides, they cost a lot of paper, that is not very friendly to our environment.‎ ‎[分析]　that→which　paper后为非限制性定语从句，不能用that引导。‎ ‎[例2]　(2016·太原五中模拟)There are many people think that wealth ‎ is better than health.‎ ‎[分析]　people后加who　many people后为定语从句，缺少引导词。‎ ‎[例3]　(2016·陕西师大附中模拟)That he told us is right, but most of the young people haven’t realized this.‎ ‎[分析]　That→What　is前为主语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语，应用连接代词what。‎ ‎[例4]　(2016·银川一中模拟)And you should also have a belief you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.‎ ‎[分析]　belief后加that　belief后为同位语从句，引导词that不作成分，也没有任何含义，但却不能省去。‎ ‎[例5]　(2014·陕西高考)We ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.‎ ‎[分析]　but→and　前后为并列关系而非转折关系，故but改为and。‎ ‎[例6]　(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. ‎ ‎[分析]　去掉but或but→yet　although不能与but连用，故将but→yet或去掉but。‎ ‎[例7]　(2013·全国卷Ⅰ)In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.‎ ‎[分析]　during→when　during表示“在……期间”，但它是介词，不能引导状语从句。‎ 指代关系查代词 考生平时要系统掌握it的各种用法，并学会准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用。答题时，要顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文。‎ ‎[典题感悟]‎ ‎[例1]　(2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质检)I’m going to a conference in you town in May, from 16th to 20th.‎ ‎[分析]　you→your　此处指我要去你/你们的城市去开会，应把you改为your。‎ ‎[例2]　(2016·银川市质检)Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the teacher and some students may even give up learning English.‎ ‎[分析]　find后加it　本句中find为谓语动词，difficult作宾补，中间缺少形式宾语it。‎ ‎[例3]　(2016·洛阳市模拟)That is the man I met him in Beijing last year.‎ ‎[分析]　去掉him　the man后为定语从句，引导词在从句中作met的宾语，可以省略。此处作met宾语的引导词whom/who/that已省略，met后就不需要再加him。‎ 搭配之中查介词 英语中很多短语和固定搭配都是与介词构成的，短文改错中介词的考查具有举足轻重的地位。考生应特别关注短语或固定搭配中的介词搭配。‎ ‎[典题感悟]‎ ‎[例1]　(2016·四川高考)Dad cleaned the house, and then went on shopping.‎ ‎[分析]　去掉on　go shopping为固定短语，意为“去购物”，go on shopping意为“继续购物”。‎ ‎[例2]　(2014·四川高考)Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm goes off.‎ ‎[分析]　with→about　句意：今天，我想谈一下火警响后你们应该做什么。talk about sth.意为“谈论某事”，talk with sb.意为“与某人谈话”。‎ ‎[例3]　(2016·江南十校联考)Modern science has given clear evidence the smoking can led many diseases.‎ ‎[分析]　lead后加to　lead to“导致，促成”，为固定短语。‎ 一见形、副思转换 遇到形容词、副词时，考生应考虑它们之间的转换。无论是短文改错还是语法填空，形容词与副词之间的转换都是经常考查的。‎ ‎[典题感悟]‎ ‎[例1]　(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Much rare animals are dying out.‎ ‎[分析]　Much→Many　much修饰不可数名词，rare animals为复数形式，故把Much改为Many。‎ ‎[例2]　(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.‎ ‎[分析]　terrible→terribly　应该用副词来修饰形容词worried，故用terribly。‎ ‎[例3]　(2016·江西九江一中模拟) I’ll study more harder than ever before so that I can make more money in the future.‎ ‎[分析]　去掉more或more→much　hard的比较级为harder，再加more就属于重复。‎ 文通理顺查逻辑 考生应特别关注文章的“文通理顺”，“文通”指行文合乎英文词法、句法；“理顺”指行文逻辑符合人们普遍认可的道理。‎ ‎[例1]　(2016·重庆万州区一诊)The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up. ‎ ‎[分析]　第二个up→down　气球漏气后很显然会降落。‎ ‎[例2]　(2016·山师附中高三一模)Since you have visited Greece several times, I would like to know whether you have seen the old buildings here.‎ ‎[分析]　here→there　用there指代Greece。 ‎ 一、短文改错“四步解题流程”‎ 二、短文改错坚持“四项基本原则”‎ ‎1．改动处以最少为原则。短文改错题要求每句最多有两处错误。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，只能是增加一词、减少一词或把一个词改成另一个词。‎ ‎2．实词以改变词形为原则。在短文改错题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随意增删。‎ ‎3．虚词以添加或删除为原则。历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2 至3处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。例如：‎ ‎①They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early ... (去掉that)‎ ‎②He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (the前加in)‎ ‎4．以保持句子原意不变为原则。做短文改错题时，一般不应改变句子原意。改错时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意。做到换词不改意、加词不增意、去词不减意。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其佳者而从之。例如：‎ I have spent most my money, so I cannot ... (在my前加of)。也有同学去掉most，这种改法虽改正了语法错误，但改变了原意。作者想说的是“花掉了大部分的钱，而不是全部”。 ‎ (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)‎ My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area. It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.‎ ‎1．第一句that→where　介词to的宾语从句中缺少动词live的状语，故将that改为where。‎ ‎2．第二句去掉but　英语中的“虽然……但是……”， though和but不能连用。‎ ‎3．第四句had→have　根据情景可知，此处使用一般现在时表示目前的情况。‎ ‎4．第五句honest→honesty　根据句意和结构可知，此处作表语应该使用名词形式，故将形容词honest改为名词honesty。‎ ‎5．第六句or→and　根据句意可知，此处fresh vegetables和high quality oil应该是并列关系，故or改为and。‎ ‎6．第六句using→used　根据句意可知，此处的主语fresh vegetables and high quality oil和谓语动词use是动宾关系，故应该使用被动语态。‎ ‎7．第七句在dreams后加of　根据句意可知，此处应该表示“梦想，幻想”，故应该使用dream of。‎ ‎8．第七句the→a　此处应该表示“在短期内”，名词period是可数名词，意为“时期，一段时间”，当其用单数形式且前有形容词作定语时，前面要用不定冠词a。‎ ‎9．第八句our→his　根据句意和逻辑关系可知，此处作定语的形容词应该和主句的主语he一致，故将our改为his。‎ ‎10．第八句steady→steadily　谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。‎ (2016·全国卷Ⅱ)‎ The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday. We can chose between staying at home and take a trip. If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.‎ ‎1．第二句how→what　what to do中，what是代词作do的宾语，how是副词词性，一般用how to do sth.。‎ ‎2．第三句chose→choose　情态动词can后面接动词原形。‎ ‎3．第三句take→taking　taking和前面的staying是并列关系。‎ ‎4．第四句but→and　此处前后之间是并列关系。‎ ‎5．第五句about后加the　world是独一无二的，在独一无二的名词前面需加定冠词the。‎ ‎6．第六句your→our　根据主语we可知用our。‎ ‎7．第六句knowledges→knowledge　knowledge表示“知识”时，是不可数名词。‎ ‎8．第七句can→should或者去掉can　suggest表示“建议”，后面接宾语从句时，从句中谓语用should＋动词原形，should可以省略。‎ ‎9．第八句thought→think　此处表示目前的情况，所以用一般现在时。‎ ‎10．第九句many→much　many和much都表示“许多”，前者表示复数概念，后者表示不可数概念。此处指不会花很多钱。钱是不可数名词，所以用much。‎ (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life. At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself. However, my parents didn’t seem to think such. They always tell me what to do and how to do it. At one time, I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.‎ ‎1．第一句year→years　此处指13到19那几年，所以用year的复数形式。‎ ‎2．第二句worse→worst　worst与句中的best是并列关系。‎ ‎3．第三句去掉the　at first表示“起初”，是固定搭配，其中没有冠词。‎ ‎4．第三句yourself→myself　句子主语是I，所以用myself。‎ ‎5．第四句such→so　(don’t) think so (不)这样想。so用于believe, hope, suppose, tell, say, do之后，用以避免重复。‎ ‎6．第五句tell→told　此处讲的是指13到19那几年的事情，所以用一般过去时。‎ ‎7．第六句freely→free　此处需要形容词作表语。be free to do sth.“随心所欲做某事”。‎ ‎8．第七句wear→wearing　by是介词，表示“通过”，后面接动词ing形式。‎ ‎9．第八句to→for　leave A for B表示“离开A地去B地”。‎ ‎10．第九句whenever后加I　whenever引导的时间状语从句中缺少主语，此处指我需要帮助时，所以加I。‎